Worldwide Mapping of Best Practices and Lessons Learntmedia4sec.eu/downloads/d1-2.pdf · Worldwide...

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Co-funded by the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme of the European Union

WorldwideMappingofBestPracticesandLessonsLearnt

DeliverableD1.2

MEDI@4SECTheEmergingRoleofNewSocialMediainEnhancingPublicSecurityGrantAgreementno700281

PLEASE NOTE THAT THIS REPORT IS A FINAL DRAFT AND IS AWAITING FINALACCEPTANCEBYTHEEUROPEANCOMMISSION.

When citing please use: MEDIA4SEC (2016) Worldwide MappingofBestPracticesandLessonsLearnt

Authors:SebastianDenef(FraunhoferIAO)ArnoutdeVries&HansvanVliet(TNO)MarianoCecowski(XLAB),JordiDiego&RubénFernández(LocalPoliceValencia)JonCoaffee&KatHadjimatheou(UniversityofWarwick)EmmanouilKermitsis&NikosMoustakidis(KEMEA)KlaudiaTani(EOS)PilardelaTorre(EFUS)FionaWilliamson(PoliceServiceofNorthernIreland)CoverImageSource:CClicensebyhttp://bit.ly/2enkEeB

TheresearchleadingtotheseresultshasreceivedfundingfromtheEuropeanUnion’sHorizon2020ResearchandInnovationProgramme,underGrantAgreementno700281.


Contents

Contents.................................................................................................................................................................iiExecutiveSummary............................................................................................................................................i1. Introduction................................................................................................................................................31.1 MEDI@4SEC.........................................................................................................................................31.2 MotivationandAim..........................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.

2. RelatedWork,Methods&Limitations.............................................................................................52.1 LiteratureReview..............................................................................................................................52.2 DataSources........................................................................................................................................52.3 Methods&Structure........................................................................................................................62.4 Limitations...........................................................................................................................................7

3. BestPracticePatterns.............................................................................................................................93.1 OverviewofthePatterns................................................................................................................93.2 ThePatterns......................................................................................................................................10

LEASADOPTSOCIALMEDIA......................................................................................................................11SOCIALMEDIAFOUNDATION....................................................................................................................13SOCIALMEDIAEDUCATION.......................................................................................................................15MAINACCOUNT...............................................................................................................................................17SOCIALMEDIASTRATEGY..........................................................................................................................19SOCIALMEDIAPOLICIES............................................................................................................................21MODERNITINFRASTRUCTURE................................................................................................................23MOBILEDEVICES.............................................................................................................................................25LOADBALANCE................................................................................................................................................27SOCIALINTRANET..........................................................................................................................................29INTELLIGENCE.................................................................................................................................................31SOCIALMEDIAANALYTICS.........................................................................................................................33ENFORCINGTHELAW...................................................................................................................................35INTAKE.................................................................................................................................................................37LISTINGMISSINGPEOPLEORCASUALTIES........................................................................................39SOCIALMEDIAMONITORING....................................................................................................................41FILTERLOCALSOURCES..............................................................................................................................43INCIDENTMONITORING..............................................................................................................................45CIVILSERVANTSMONITORING................................................................................................................47CROWDMANAGEMENT................................................................................................................................49SEEKCONNECTHELP....................................................................................................................................51CRIMINALINVESTIGATIONS......................................................................................................................53UNDERCOVEROPERATIONS.....................................................................................................................55CROWDSOURCECRIMETIPS......................................................................................................................57HOUSETOHOUSE...........................................................................................................................................59REPORTCRIMEANONYMOUSLY..............................................................................................................61ANALYSINGSOCIALMEDIA........................................................................................................................63SUBPOENADATA.............................................................................................................................................65


ENGAGEMENT&COMMUNICATION......................................................................................................67INFORMINGCITIZENS...................................................................................................................................69HUMANSIDESTORIES..................................................................................................................................71PREVENTION.....................................................................................................................................................73CRIMEMAPPING..............................................................................................................................................75ALERTTOOL......................................................................................................................................................77ANSWERINGCITIZENS.................................................................................................................................79EDUCATINGCITIZENS...................................................................................................................................81FACEBOOKADS................................................................................................................................................83TWEETATHON..................................................................................................................................................85BEINGPREPARED...........................................................................................................................................87COMMUNITYENGAGEMENT......................................................................................................................89TARGETGROUPENGAGEMENT................................................................................................................91TARGETEDACCOUNTS.................................................................................................................................93ONLINEPATROL..............................................................................................................................................97ORGANIZEVOLUNTEERING.......................................................................................................................99RECRUITMENT...............................................................................................................................................101WEBCARE..........................................................................................................................................................103REFUTERUMOURS.......................................................................................................................................105REPUTATIONMANAGEMENT..................................................................................................................107REASSURANCE................................................................................................................................................109CITIZENSADOPTSOCIALMEDIA...........................................................................................................111ORGANISEPROTESTS..................................................................................................................................113DIYJUSTICE......................................................................................................................................................115DIYCITIZENJOURNALISM........................................................................................................................117DIYACCOUNTS...............................................................................................................................................119DIYINTELLIGENCE.......................................................................................................................................121DIYWATCHDOG............................................................................................................................................123DIYINVESTIGATION....................................................................................................................................125NEIGHBOURHOODWATCH.......................................................................................................................127CRIMINALSADOPTSOCIALMEDIA.......................................................................................................129PLANNING.........................................................................................................................................................131ILLEGALMARKETPLACE..........................................................................................................................133GANGRECRUITMENT..................................................................................................................................135FACEBOOKTHUGGING................................................................................................................................137STALKING..........................................................................................................................................................139IDENTITYTHEFT&FRAUD......................................................................................................................141THREATENING&RANSOM.......................................................................................................................143REVENGEPORN.............................................................................................................................................145PROPAGANDA.................................................................................................................................................147GROOMING.......................................................................................................................................................149

4. Discussion&Outlook.........................................................................................................................1514.1 DiscussionintheEuropeanForumofUrbanSecurity.................................................1514.2 Discussion&Outlook..................................................................................................................154

5. References....................................................................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.


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ExecutiveSummary

Thisreportsummarizesbestpracticesandlessonslearnedforsocialmediauseinpublicsecurity. The goal of this report is to create an inventory of best practices, lessons-learned,androlesandresponsibilities,toanalysespecificallyhowsocialmediaisbeingusedbypoliceandotherpublicsecurityplanners,withinandoutsideEurope.Byprovid-inganoveralldescription,weaimtosparkdiscussionsandprovideacommonlanguageforsocialmediauseinthefieldofpublicsecurityplanning.Using data from academic literature review, the review of blogs, books, existing bestpracticedescriptionsandexpertknowledgethisreportcomparessocialmediapractices.InspiredbyChristopherAlexander’sworkon ‘pattern languages’ forurbanspacesandbuildings,weanalysedthedataandlookedforpatterns.Tofurtherrefineourfindings,wepresentedthepracticepatternstosocialmediaandsecurityexpertsandinterviewedthemabouttheirperspectiveandcurrentpractices.Asaresult,weidentified69practicepatternsthatdescribeandstructuretheuseofso-cialmedia forpublicsecurity (Figure1). Thepatternsarestructured in threegroups,describinghow(1)lawenforcementagencies(LEAs),suchasthepolice,(2)citizensand(3)criminals,areusingsocialmediaand impactpublicsecurity.With49patterns, thefocusofthisworkisongroup(1),thesocialmediauseofLEAs.

Figure 1: 69 patterns describe social media use by LEAs, Citizens and Criminals

LEAS ADOPTSOCIAL MEDIA

SOCIAL MEDIAFOUNDATION

MAINACCOUNT

SOCIAL MEDIASTRATEGY

SOCIAL MEDIA POLICIES

MODERN ITINFRASTRUCTURE

MOBILEDEVICES

SOCIALINTRANET

SOCIAL MEDIAEDUCATION

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS

REPORT CRIME ANONYMOUSLYCROWDSOURCE

CRIME TIPS

HOUSE TOHOUSE

ANALYSING SOCIAL MEDIA

UNDERCOVER OPERATIONS

SUBPOENADATA

ENGAGEMENT &COMMUNICATION

INFORMINGCITIZENS

ALERT TOOL

HUMAN SIDE

STORIES

EDUCATING CITIZENS

TWEETATHON

BEING PREPARED

CRIMINALS ADOPTSOCIAL MEDIA

PROPAGANDA

IDENTITYTHEFT & FRAUD

THREATENING & RANSOM

PLANNING

GANGRECRUITMENT

FACEBOOK THUGGING

CITIZENS ADOPTSOCIAL MEDIA

DIY ACCOUNTS

NEIGHBOURHOODWATCH

DIY INVESTIGATION

DIY JUSTICE

ORGANISEPROTESTS

DIYINTELLIGENCE

DIY CITIZENJOURNALISM

DIY WATCH

DOG

STALKING

GROOMING

REVENGEPORN

ILLEGAL MARKET

PLACE

SOCIAL MEDIAANALYTICS

INTELLIGENCE

PREVENTION

ANSWERING CITIZENS

CRIME MAPPING

FACEBOOK ADS

COMMUNITYENGAGEMENT

ONLINEPATROL

TARGET GROUP ENGAGEMENT

ORGANIZE VOLUNTEERING

TARGETEDACCOUNTS

RECRUITMENT

ENFORCINGTHE LAW

INTAKESEEK

CONNECTHELP

FILTER LOCAL SOURCES

SOCIAL MEDIAMONITORING CROWD

MANAGEMENT

LISTING MISSING PEOPLE OR

CASUALTIES

CIVILSERVANTS

MONITORING

INCIDENT MONITORING

WEBCARE

REPUTATION MANAGEMENT

REASSURANCEREFUTERUMOURS

LOADBALANCE


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Eachpatternhasauniquename(writtenincapitalletters)anddescribesasolutiontoarecurringproblemor context. Followingan imageanda very concise summaryof thepattern,thisdeliverableprovideslinkstoonlineresourcesthatdetailthegivenpractic-es.Thepatternshavebeendesignedtobeprintedandsharedasaninputforworkshopsandstrategicdiscussionsofpractitionersandpublicsecurityplanners.

Patternslinktootherpatternsandtherebyformgroups.ThemaingroupsforLEAsarethe use of social media for INTELLIGENCE, ENFORCING THE LAW, CRIMINALINVESTIGATIONSandENGAGEMENT&COMMUNICATION.Additionally,wedescribearange of SOCIAL MEDIA FOUNDATION practices that allow organisations to preparethemselvesandsustaintheuseofsocialmedia.Reflectingonthiswork,weshowthattypicallyLEAsstarttheirsocialmediaeffortsbyimplementing the INFORMINGCITIZENSpattern,whichhasbecomeaquasi standard.LEAswidelyacknowledgethebenefitsofusingsocialmediaforENFORCINGTHELAW,especially in crisis situations. With regards to SOCIAL MEDIA MONITORING andCRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS the scope and technological depths of adaptation varies.Whilealreadycommonpractice inselectedcountries,suchas theNetherlandsandtheUnited Kingdom, a more interactive COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT, typically points tomore experience in using social media, as it requires organizational change that em-powerslocalofficerstopubliclypostandinteractdigitallywithcitizens.OtherpracticessuchasONLINEPATROLarestill in its infancyandrequireLEAs toestablishavisiblepresenceinonlinespaces.

While selected patterns are widely used and feature many examples, other practiceshaveonlybeenapplied inselectedcontextsandareatanexperimentalstage.Wethusdonotconsiderthisworkastatictheory.Instead,weunderstandourreportasasnap-shot of current practices thatwill and should evolve. Beyond this deliverable,we arecurrentlylookingintoprovidingaversionofthepatternsonline,toallowsforthatevo-lutiontohappen.Discussingourresultswithpractitionersshowedthatourdescriptionscovertheircur-rentpractices.Italsorevealedtheneedforfutureresearchtoprovidemoreinsightsintothehow,beyondsocialmedia,organizationscaninnovateandcopewiththeincreasingspeedoftechnologicalinnovation.Aswedetail intheendofthereport, thispracticereport isacompilationshowingthegreatpotentialofsocialmedia forpublicsecurity. Itshouldnotbeconfusedwithare-porton the stateof current stateof social adaptation. Indeed,ourwork indicates thatadoptiongreatlyvariesandmostLEAshaveyettodefinetheirroleandresponsibilitiesindigitisedsocieties.


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1. Introduction

1.1 MEDI@4SEC

The MEDI@4SEC project focuses on understanding the opportunities, challenges andethical considerationsof enhancing socialmediause forpublic security: the good, thebadandtheugly.Thegoodcomprisesusingsocialmedia forproblemsolving, fightingcrime,decreasingfearofcrimeandincreasingthequalityoflife.Thebadistheincreaseofdigitisedcriminalityandterrorismwithnewphenomenaemergingthroughtheuseofsocialmedia.Theuglycomprisesthegreyareaswheretrolling,cyberbullying,threats,orlivevideosharingoftacticalsecurityoperationsarephenomenatodealwithduringincidents.Makinguseofthepossibilitiesthatsocialmediaoffer,includingsmart‘worka-rounds’ iskey,whilerespectingprivacy, legislation,andethics.Thischangingsituationraisesaseriesofchallengesandpossibilities forpublicsecurityplanners.MEDI@4SECwill explore this through a series of communication and dissemination activities thatengageextensivelywith a rangeof end-users tobetterunderstand theusageof socialmediaforsecurityactivities.MEDI@4SECwillseekabetterunderstandingofhowsocialmediacan,andhowsocialmediacannotbeusedforpublicsecuritypurposesandhigh-lightethical, legalanddata-protection-relatedissuesandimplications.Activitiescentrearoundsixrelevantthemes:DIYPolicing;Everydaysecurity;Riotsandmassgatherings:The darkweb; Trolling; and Innovativemarket solutions. MEDI@4SECwill feed into,support and influence changes in policy-making and policy implementation in publicsecuritythatcanbeusedbyend-userstoimprovetheirdecisionmaking.Bystructuringourunderstandingoftheimpactofsocialmediaonpublicsecurityapproachesinauser-friendlywayMEDI@4SECwill provide an evidence-base and roadmap for better poli-cymakingincluding:bestpracticereports;acatalogueofsocialmediatechnologies;rec-ommendationsforEUstandards;futuretrainingoptions;and,ethicalawarenessraising.

1.2 WorkPackage1

TheroleofWorkPackage1(WP1) is to linktheprojectactivitiesandoutcomestotheexistingbodyofknowledgethroughaseriesofstocktakingandinventoriesontheinflu-enceofsocialmediaonpublicsecurityplanningandthepotentialthreatsandchallengesthisuptakebringsabout.In this project, socialmedia are defined as “agroupof internetbasedapplications thatbuildontheideologicalandtechnologicalfoundationsofWeb2.0,andthatallowthecrea-

tionandexchangeofUserGeneratedContent”(Kaplan&Haenlein2010:61).Socialmediathatwe predominantly focus on are themorewidely used socialmedia apps, notablyFacebook,Twitter,WhatsApp,Youtube,and Instagram,butalso (new)emergingsocialmedia that arewidely adopted and thatwe comeacross.Online chat groups, fora andmarketplacesournotourkeyfocus,butwillbetoucheduponwhererelevant.


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1.3 DeliverableD1.2

TheambitionoftheMEDI@4SECistoestablishacommunityaroundthetopicofsocialmediainpublicsecurityandprovideabetterunderstandingtopublicsecurityplanners.Thatiswhytheprojectwillorganizeaworkshopseriesinwhichstakeholderscandis-cuss and exchange knowledge in the field. To provide input for theseworkshops,wehavealreadyconductedanextensiveliteraturereview(D.1.1)and,withthisbestprac-ticereport(D.1.2),gothesecondstep,byanalysingexistingpractices,approachesandmodesofsocialmediacommunicationbetweencitizensandsecurityoperators,aswellasstrategiesonengagementandparticipationofcitizens.

Further,wehavewitnessedthatinthisrelativelynewandstillexperimentalfield,prac-titioners can benefit greatly from international knowledge exchange and the learningfromtheexperiencesofothers.Suchexchangecanhelp tocomparepracticesandem-powerearlyadopterswithreferencesandexamples.Inthelongrun,thisexchangecanhelptoharmonizesecuritypractices,especiallyamonglawenforcementagenciesacrossEurope.Thecoremotivationforthisreport,hence,istosparkandenablediscussionsamongthevarious stakeholders in the fieldof socialmediaandpublic security.For thesediscus-sions,weprovideacomprehensiveoverviewofsocialmediapracticesforpublicsecuri-tythatcanevolveintoastandardframeworkandsharedlanguageforpractitionersandpolicymakers.

Drivenby thismotivation, this reportaims toprovideanoverview that showsa com-prehensivemapofsocialmediapractice in the fieldofpublicsecurity.Our focus isonmakingsocialmediapracticeeasilyaccessibleanddeliverpointerstoothersourcesforadditionaldetails.


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2. RelatedWork,Methods&Limitations

2.1 LiteratureReview

AspartofD.1.1,wehaveconductedanextensiveliteraturereviewof382publications.The review provides an extensive overview of research and other publications in thefieldofpublicsecurityandsocialmedia.Theliteraturereviewfocusedonthefollowingsixthemes:

• DIY policing: citizens employing socialmedia for criminal investigation, crimepreventionorensuringpublicsecurityindependentofpolice.Citizenstakingini-tiative/takingoverpolicetasks.

• Riotsandmassgatherings:theroleofsocialmedia(data)duringriotsandmassgatheringsandensuringpublicsecuritybymonitoring,signallingandcommuni-catingwiththepublic.

• Everyday security: the everydaypolicing of public security, including coopera-tionwithcitizensviasocialmedia‘communitypolicing’andsocialmedia/bigda-taintelligence.

• The DarkWeb: organised (international) crime and their high-tech use of thedarkweb,theinfluenceonpublicsecurity,andthecounterpolicingactivities.

• Trolling: all kinds of online bullying (cyber bullying), ofwhich some activitiesarecriminaloffencesandsomearenot.

• Innovativemarketsolutions:newcommercialproductsforincludingsocialme-diainpolicework.Forexampleappsforsmartphones,socialmediamonitoringtoolsetc.

For thepurposeof thedeliverable athand,wehave scanned the literature review forbest practice and lessons learned and included these examples in the description ofpractices(Chapter3).

2.2 DataSources

Ourselectionanddescriptionofbestpracticesisgroundedinavarietyofdifferentdatasources.First,asmentionedabove,thisreportisbasedonanextensiveliteraturereviewof382publications. These publications include academic studies on social media topics andalsoother,non-academicpublicationsonthetopic.Aspartoftheexistingliteraturere-view we also reviewed existing best practice reports, such as a report of the FP7COMPOSITEprojectonbestpracticesinpolicesocialmediaadoption.Wealsoreviewed


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blogs,suchastheDutchwebsitesocialmediadna.nl,thathasalonghistoryofreportingonthetopic.

Second,we leveragedtheexistingexpertise in theMEDI@4SECprojectconsortium.Asprojectpartnerswereamongthefirsttostudysocialmediaforpublicsecurity,wehadseveraldiscussionsandreviewedtheknowledgeandexperienceavailableintheproject.OfgreatimportanceherewastheexpertiseavailableattheteamsatFraunhoferIAOandTNO,whoconductedvariousstudiesinthefieldofpolicesocialmediause.Third,toincludetheperspectiveofmunicipalities,wereviewedstrategicsecurityplansof cities for practice and social media adoption. This analysis had been originallyplannedtobeapartoftheliteraturereviewinD.1.1,inprojectmeetingsandafterinitialreviews, we came, however, to the conclusion that these documents provide greatervalue as part of the practice reports. The strategies were collected through a calllaunchedbyEfusamongitsmembers.23strategiesfromdifferentEuropeancitieswerecollected and reviewed, including cities in France, Italy, the Netherlands, the UK andSwitzerland.Fourth, we presented our findings to 30 external experts and discussed the practicedescriptionswith them.Theexperts includedpoliceofficers, researchersandcityoffi-cialsfromBelgium,Germany,Greece,Ireland,theNetherlands,Slovenia,Portugal,Spain,Switzerland, theUnitedKingdomand theUSA.Theexpertsprovidedadditional exam-plesandpointedtomissingaspectscurrentlyrelevantintheirwork.

Fifth,weorganizedaworkshopthroughthenetworkofourprojectpartner,theEurope-anForumforUrbanSecurity(EFUS).Attheworkshop,wepresentedtheresultsofthereportanddiscusseditsapplication intheworkcontextsof thecitiesof theworkshopparticipants.

2.3 Methods&Structure

Methodologically,thisworkis inspiredbythepatternlanguageconceptofChristopherAlexanderandthegroundedtheorymethod,proposedbyGlaserandStrauss(1967).

Forpresentingandmakingsenseofthedata,weapplytheconceptofapatternlanguagedevelopedbyChristopherAlexander.ChristopherAlexander(1964,1979,1999,2002a,2002b,2009),asanarchitectandresearcher,hasstudied the interactionbetweenhu-manactivityanddesignedartefactsandspaces.Tounderstandexistingconfigurations,Alexander proposes the concept of pattern languages. He argued that “every place isgivenitscharacterbycertainpatternsofeventsthatkeeponhappeningthere”(1979,p.55) and that these “patterns of events are always interlockedwith certain geometricpatterns in the space” (1979,p. 75). Eachpattern “is a rulewhichdescribes a typeofstrongcentre that is likely tobeneeded,ona recurringbasis, throughoutaparticularenvironment” (2002b, p. 345). A pattern language is a collection of patterns that de-scribesanoverallconfiguration.


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In the field of computer science, Alexander’s work has been influential in sharingknowledgeinsoftwareengineering(Gamma,etal,1995).Erickson(2000a,2000b)sug-gestspatternlanguagesasa‘LinguaFranca’indesignprocessesforcomputingsystems,addressingtheneedtodesignsystemsininterdisciplinaryteamsthat integratewell inexistingworkplaces.Thesepatternsandtheirrelationships“canbeusedasa languagefordiscussingchangesandreflectingontheirpossibleimpacts,bothintermsoftheac-tivitiesoftheorganization,andintermsofthequalitiesofworklifewhichitsmembersvalue.”(Erickson,2000a,p.366)

AsdetailedinDenef,Oppermann,Keyson,(2011),Alexander’screationofapatternlan-guagecanbeframedasaninstanceofresearch,whereaninitialinterest,inthiscasethequality of life indesigned spaces, leads to a theory in a bottom-upprocess. From thisperspective,wecanlinkAlexander’sworktothemethodologicalconsiderationsbyGla-ser and Strausswork on grounded theory (1967). In grounded theory, the lens of re-searchisnotdefinedapriori;instead,itevolvesinthecourseofthestudy,groundedinandtargetedforthephenomenonathand.Inspiredbytheconceptsofgroundedtheory,ourpatternlanguageofsocialmediaprac-tice inpublicsecurityevolved inagroundedprocessandbyaconstantcomparisonofpracticeexamplesfoundinourdata.

Asaresult,wepresentourfindingsinapatternlanguageinchapter3.Inaconciseform,eachpatterndescribesaproblemorcontext,thesolutionandisvisualizedusinganim-age.Thesedescriptionsareshortinordertoenablethereadertoquicklygraspageneralidea,beforeexploringitsdetails.Theshortnessalsoallowsforeasilyprovidingtransla-tionsandformakingthepatternsatoolinworkshopsonthetopic.Thatisalsowhythepatternsaredesignedinawaythattheycanbedirectlyprintedfromthisreport.Eachpattern is detailedwith examples that link to specific cases or other online resourcesthatprovidemoreinformation.Patternscanalsolinktootherpatternsandthusdescribegroupsandrelations.Wevisu-alisetheserelationsintheoverallpatternlanguagegraph.Itisimportanttonoticethatthehierarchyonlyvisualisesthemainconnectionsanddependencies.Toimproveclari-ty,wedonotvisualizealllinksthatarementionedinthetext.

2.4 Limitations

Giventheambitiousscopeofthereportandtherelativeshorttimeframeinwhichithasbeencreated,ithasanumberoflimitations.

Providingaworldwidemappingofsocialmediapracticeinthefieldofurbansecurityis,bydefinition,an impossibletask.Notonlydoweseethemany lawenforcementagen-cies around theworld apply various practices, they,moreover, evolve rapidly. That iswhythisreportcannotlistorgroupallpracticesandiscertainlyincomplete.


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Whilewehave insights intomanyof theexamplesandpractices thatwedescribe,wealsocannotalwaysguaranteethequalityoftheirimplementationandwhetherornotaparticularimplementationorexamplehasdeliveredtheresultsthatitpromised.Wealsohavenotdevelopedastandardorsystemthatwouldallowustospecifythecri-teriathatqualifiesapracticeasa“best”practice.Inthisreport,werelyonthejudgmentofexpertsandpractitionersinthefield.

Wehaveusedthedatathatwegatheredtocreatestructurethatsupportsthepresenta-tion and communication about the subjectmatter. The grouping and structure of thedescribed practice, however, does not follow strict system and there are probably anumberofotherswaystostructureandgroupourfindings.

Wefurtherwouldliketopointoutthatwehavenotanalysedtheethicalorlegalimplica-tionsofeachindividualpractice.Aforthcomingresearchanddeliverableintheprojectwillspecificallyaddresstheseissues(D.1.3).Giventheselimitations,wedonotunderstandthisreportasanend,butratherasabe-ginningandmeanstosparkdiscussionsinthefieldofsocialmediaandpublicsecurity.Weencouragepractitionersandresearchersaliketoquestionourfindingsandcontrib-utetoourunderstandingofthisdiverseandhighlydynamicfield.


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3. BestPracticePatterns

3.1 OverviewofthePatterns

Theresultingpatternlanguagegroupsthepatternsintothreesections.Thefirstgroupdescribes how LEA’s ADOPT SOCIAL MEDIA (law enforcement agencies); the secondgroup describes how CITIZENS ADOPT SOCIAL MEDIA, the third how CRIMINALSADOPT SOCIALMEDIA. For LEAswe further group the activities into SOCIALMEDIAFOUNDATION,describingtheactivitiesusedtoprepareandenablesocialmediause,aswell as INTELLIGENCE, ENFORCING THE LAW, CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS andENGAGEMENT&COMMUNICATION(Figure2).

Figure 2: Graph of the pattern language

LEAS ADOPTSOCIAL MEDIA

SOCIAL MEDIAFOUNDATION

MAINACCOUNT

SOCIAL MEDIASTRATEGY

SOCIAL MEDIA POLICIES

MODERN ITINFRASTRUCTURE

MOBILEDEVICES

SOCIALINTRANET

SOCIAL MEDIAEDUCATION

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS

REPORT CRIME ANONYMOUSLYCROWDSOURCE

CRIME TIPS

HOUSE TOHOUSE

ANALYSING SOCIAL MEDIA

UNDERCOVER OPERATIONS

SUBPOENADATA

ENGAGEMENT &COMMUNICATION

INFORMINGCITIZENS

ALERT TOOL

HUMAN SIDE

STORIES

EDUCATING CITIZENS

TWEETATHON

BEING PREPARED

CRIMINALS ADOPTSOCIAL MEDIA

PROPAGANDA

IDENTITYTHEFT & FRAUD

THREATENING & RANSOM

PLANNING

GANGRECRUITMENT

FACEBOOK THUGGING

CITIZENS ADOPTSOCIAL MEDIA

DIY ACCOUNTS

NEIGHBOURHOODWATCH

DIY INVESTIGATION

DIY JUSTICE

ORGANISEPROTESTS

DIYINTELLIGENCE

DIY CITIZENJOURNALISM

DIY WATCH

DOG

STALKING

GROOMING

REVENGEPORN

ILLEGAL MARKET

PLACE

SOCIAL MEDIAANALYTICS

INTELLIGENCE

PREVENTION

ANSWERING CITIZENS

CRIME MAPPING

FACEBOOK ADS

COMMUNITYENGAGEMENT

ONLINEPATROL

TARGET GROUP ENGAGEMENT

ORGANIZE VOLUNTEERING

TARGETEDACCOUNTS

RECRUITMENT

ENFORCINGTHE LAW

INTAKESEEK

CONNECTHELP

FILTER LOCAL SOURCES

SOCIAL MEDIAMONITORING CROWD

MANAGEMENT

LISTING MISSING PEOPLE OR

CASUALTIES

CIVILSERVANTS

MONITORING

INCIDENT MONITORING

WEBCARE

REPUTATION MANAGEMENT

REASSURANCEREFUTERUMOURS

LOADBALANCE


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3.2 ThePatterns

Inthefollowing,welistallofthepatterns,sortedbybranchandtheirnodes.


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Image Source: PSNI

LEASADOPTSOCIALMEDIA

Social media have changed manyaspects of public and private livesanddirectlyimpactpublicsecurity.

Therefore, LEAs adopt socialmediaand understand the relevance fortheir work and we consider theadoption of social media by publicsecurityorganization in itselfabestpractice.


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• TheuseofsocialmediasuchasTwitter,FacebookorYouTubeisallowingtheinter-actionbetweenthecitizensandthepoliceaswedetailinENGAGEMENT&COMMUNICATION.

• Socialmediaalsoprovideadatasourceforinvestigations,aswedetailinCRIMINALINVESTIGATIONS.

• SocialmediacanalsosupportENFORCINGTHELAWandINTELLIGENCEactivitiesofLEAs.

• Inourinterviewsandinpreviouswork,wedidnotfindasingleLEAthatchosetoadoptsocialmediaandlaterconsideredthatabaddecision.Instead,wefindthator-ganizationsthatinitiallyonlyusedsocialmediaforaparticulareventoronlyforaspecialpurpose,laterkeptusingitandadoptedinbroaderwaysthanoriginallyplanned(theGermanFrankfurtpolicee.g.onlyusedFacebooktemporarilybutnowrunsapermanentFacebookpresenceathttps://www.facebook.com/PolizeiFrankfurt).

• ReasonsforLEAsfornon-adoptionofsocialmediaininvestigationsarerestrictionsthatdonotallowtoaccesssocialmediafromtheworkplace.AccordingtoLexisnex-is,accessisthesinglebiggestdriverfornon-useininvestigations,afactorthathasincreasedfrom2012onwards:http://www.lexisnexis.com/risk/insights/law-enforcement-social-media-infographic.aspx

• ThePoliceServiceofNorthernIreland(PSNI)introducedsocialmediaaround2011inabidtoengagemoremeaningfullywiththecommunitytheyserve.PSNIranapi-lotschemewithFacebookpagesinanumberofareasbeforerollingoutFacebookandTwittertoallDistrictsinNorthernIreland.Therearecurrently32PSNIFace-bookaccountsand35PSNITwitteraccounts.AsPSNI’ssocialmediausehasdevel-opedtheyhavealsointroducedacorporateInstagramaccountandacorporateYoutubeaccount.EngagementoverthesocialmediachannelshasgrownsteadilyandPSNIcurrentlyhaveasocialmediafollowingof612,805peopleinapopulationof1.8million.


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Image Source: CC license by

https://www.flickr.com/photos/franziska/253254397

SOCIALMEDIAFOUNDATION

Social media adaptation requires asolidorganizationalfoundation.

Therefore,LEAspreparethemselvesby introducing social media strate-gy, infrastructure, organisation andeducation.


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• Socialmediaadaptationrequiresasetofpracticesandinfrastructurethatpreparetheorganizationandcreateaninfrastructure,onwhichsocialmediaadaptationthrives.Thefollowingpracticepatternprovidedetailsonthis:

o SOCIALMEDIAEDUCATIONo MAINACCOUNTo SOCIALMEDIASTRATEGYo SOCIALMEDIAPOLICIESo MODERNITINFRASTRUCTUREo MOBILEDEVICESo LOADBALANCEo SOCIALINTRANET


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Image Source: CC License

https://www.flickr.com/photos/alanstanton/6061830410

SOCIALMEDIAEDUCATION

Using social media requires newknowledgeandskills.

Therefore, LEAs run trainings andhave simulated environments tomake officers familiar on how tomakebestuseofit.


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• OnewayoftrainingaresimulatepostingsonsocialmediabycreatingmessagesandcontentsthataLEAwouldpost,e.g.foraTWEETATHON.Thisallowsreviewingthecreatedmessagesintermsofcontentandstyle.ZurichpolicepreparedtheirTWEETATHONlikethat.

• Asidefrominternaltraining,thereareBlabvideoconferences(searchblab&policeonTwitter):https://twitter.com/lawscomm/status/727519273938214912

• ThePoliceServiceofNorthernIreland(PSNI)runssocialmediaawarenessandHootsuitetrainingforeverysocialmediauser.Socialmediausersonlyreceiveac-cesstoHootsuiteaftertrainingiscompleted.Atthetimeofwriting,thePSNIDigitalHubarecurrentlyworkingwithDistrictTrainerstodesignandimplementare-freshertrainingpackageforestablishedsocialmediausers.TheDigitalHubalsoan-ticipatecreatingpracticeFBandTwitterpagesforsocialmediauserstopracticeinduringtrainingsessions.


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Image Source: PSNI

MAINACCOUNT

When using socialmedia, the ques-tion is how to create and organizesocial media accounts and it is achallenge to develop a wide reachfortheaccounts.

Therefore,LEAssetuponemainac-count per social network for an or-ganization instead of departmentalaccounts.


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• Settinguponemainaccountpersocialnetworkforanorganizationinsteadofde-partmentalaccountsallowstobuildingasharedfollowerbase.Departmentalac-counts(e.g.forrecruiting)oftenlackfollowersandthereforehavealimitedreach.Mainaccountsarethenusedasthecentralpointofcommunication.

• Asanexceptiontherearealsoforcesthatusetwoaccounts,suchastheBerlinpoliceforcethatuseanadditionalTwitteraccountforcaseswhenitpostsmanymessagesofaspecialincident(Compare:https://twitter.com/PolizeiBerlin,https://twitter.com/PolizeiBerlin_E),thisis,however,rare.

• Toaddressspecificlocalissuesandcreateamorepersonalsocialmediapresence,LEAsuseanumberofTARGETEDACCOUNTS.


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Image Source: Pixabay

SOCIALMEDIASTRATEGY

Effective and efficient social mediause requires goals and an actionplan.

Therefore, LEAs define a strategythatdefines issues,goalsandactionplans.


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• Likeanygoodstrategyasocialmediastrategyshouldincludedthefollowingas-pects:

o Analysisofthestatusquoandidentificationoftheissuestoaddresswithso-cialmedia.

o Describegoalsthatare“SMART”(Specific,Measurable,Achievable,Relevant,Time-bound)

o Policiesandaconcreteactionplanofhowtoreachthesegoals• Whilesomeforcesdefineastrategybeforetheybecomeactiveonsocialmedia,es-

peciallypoliceforcesattheforefrontofadoption,runexperimentalprojectsfirst,andderivestrategyatalaterstage.

• Thereareseveralsocialmediapolicestrategydocuments,seeSocialMediaDNAbookChapter6:

o http://www.socialmediadna.nl/bookandBelgium(Gent):o http://www.slideshare.net/socialmediadna/sociale-mediastrategiepolitie

• Basedonthestrategy,itispossibletodevelopSOCIALMEDIAPOLICIES.


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- Image Source: PSNI

SOCIALMEDIAPOLICIES

Socialmediausagemustrespectthelegal frameworkof anorganization,it might require official approvaland iscarriedoutbya largergroupof peoplewhomight have differentideasandexperiencehowtouseit.

Therefore,LEAscreatesocialmediapoliciesandguidelinesthatdescribehow toacton socialmedia.Policiesdescribe e.g. communication withcitizensand legalaspectsof investi-gations.


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• TheIACPCenterforsocialmediaprovidesaguidelineforpolicymakingdocuments:http://www.iacpsocialmedia.org/GettingStarted/PolicyDevelopment.aspx

• ModelPolicydevelopedbytheInternationalAssociationofChiefsofPolice(IACP):http://www.iacpsocialmedia.org/Portals/1/documents/Social%20Media%20Policy.pdf

• GuidelinebyNSWPoliceForce,Australia:http://www.police.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/file/0010/261874/Official_Use_of_Social_Media_Policy.pdf

• NotsecurityspecificECguidelineonsocialmediapolicies:http://ec.europa.eu/ipg/docs/guidelines_social_media_en.p

• Belgiangovernmentpolicy:http://communicatie.vlaanderen.be/nlapps/docs/default.asp?fid=171

• Tips:o http://www.slideshare.net/socialmediadna/dos-and-donts-twittero http://www.slideshare.net/socialmediadna/twittertips201o http://www.slideshare.net/socialmediadna/twittertips202o http://www.slideshare.net/socialmediadna/twitterdosanddonts

• Dutchhandbookforcommunicationincrisissituations:http://www.ifv.nl/kennisplein/sociale-media/publicaties/handboek-communicatie-in-crisissituaties


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MODERNITINFRASTRUCTURE

Socialmedia use often requires theintegration with existing LEA ser-vices, mobile computing, softwareandreal-timeinformation.

Therefore, LEAs update their IT in-frastructure and toolbox to enablesocialmediausage.


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• GermanBavarianPolicecurrentlyintroduceSAPHana,anin-memorydatabasesys-tem.

o http://news.sap.com/germany/bayerische-polizei-nutzt-kunftig-sap-hana-als-plattform-fur-effektivere-polizeiarbeit/

• TheGuardiaCivilinSpainhasimplementasystemnamedSIGOwhichhasbeende-velopedbyAccenturetoprovideforintegratedpoliceinfoandoperationsmanage-ment.

o https://www.accenture.com/t20160519T222108__w__/ie-en/_acnmedia/Accenture/Conversion-Assets/DotCom/Documents/Global/PDF/Industries_9/Accenture-Interview-Antonio-Barragan-SIGO.pdf

o https://www.accenture.com/us-en/success-spanish-civil-guard-summary• TheinfrastructureoftenenablesMOBILEDEVICES.


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https://www.flickr.com/photos/westmidlandspolice/12305414466

MOBILEDEVICES

The use of social media during thedayrequiresofficerstohavemobileInternet.

Therefore, LEAsequip theirofficerswith smart phones or tablets withmobileInternetaccess.


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• IncreasinglyLEAsequipeveryofficerwithamobiledevice.• Oneconceptistomakestreetcopseffectiveonthestreet:

http://socialmediadna.nl/meos/• TheGuardiaCivilinSpain,forexample,hasdeployed3000mobileunitstoallow

officerstoremotelyaccessvitalinformationatanytime.• Someorganizationshandoutadditionaldevicesforsocialmediause.ThePoliceSer-

viceofNorthernIreland(PSNI)usesiPadsandiPhonestopostandengageonsocialmedia.PSNIofficersandstaffdonothaveaccesstosocialmediaontheircommonterminalsorthroughtheirworkissuedBlackberrydevices.DistrictsandDepart-mentswithinPSNIhavebeenresponsibleforpurchasingdevicesfortheirownus-ers.PSNIiPadsaresetupbyPSNIICS(InformationCommunicationSystems)topre-ventdownloadsofunapprovedapps.DevicesarealsoenrolledonAirwatch,asys-temwhichenableslocation,remotewipingandremotepasswordreset.Arecentis-sueencounteredisthatfirstandsecondgenerationiDevicesarenolongercompati-blewithcurrentappsresultingintheneedtopurchasenewdevices.IdeallyPSNIwouldliketofindalongtermandcostefficientsolutiontoreplacingdevices.


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https://www.flickr.com/photos/atomictaco/7960716222

LOADBALANCE

In a crisis situation, internationalpublic attention can easily exceedservercapabilitiesofalocalauthori-ty.

Therefore, LEAs use social mediachannelsasanextracommunicationinfrastructurethatcanhandleheavyserverloads.


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• ForthemurdercaseofJoannaYeatesduringChristmas2010whofirstwentmissingandlaterwasfounddead,theAvonandSomersetConstabularyhadtodealwithhighpeaksindemand.Inthatcase,thepublic’sinterestoverwhelmedrentedinfra-structureforthewebsitemakingitinaccessibleduringpeaktimes.Thepolicethere-forechosetouseasetofsocialmedianetworkstopublishimportantinformation.YouTubeservedasthenetworktodistributeCCTVfootageandaskingthepublicforinformation.AlsothepoliceactivelyusedTwitterandFacebooktocommunicate.Af-terafirstsuspectturnedouttobeuninvolved,thepolicechosetosubmitthemes-sage,whentheyhadcapturedthesecondsuspectandcollectedenoughevidencetochargehimwiththemurder,throughTwitter.Thecarefullycraftedtweet(“WehavechargedVincentTabakwiththemurderofJoannaYeates#joyeates#yeateswww.avonandsomerset.police.uk/jo”)wentimmediatelyviralandspreadacrosstheInternet.Usingthissetofsocialmediaplatformallowedthepolicetobethecen-tralvoiceandremaincommunicatingevenincaseswhentheirownwebsitewasun-reachable.(Source:COMPOSITEProject)

• In2011,theNorwegianpoliceusedFlickrforimagesearchintheUtoyacase.ChildrenonthatIslandcouldnotgetthroughto112andtheonlythingtheycoulddowasuseTwitterandothermeanstoexpresstheirneedforhelpandprovideinformationonthesituation.


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Image Source: socialmediadna.nl

SOCIALINTRANET

Socialmedia offer the ability to im-prove internal knowledge exchangeandcommunication.

Therefore, LEAs introduce internal(enterprise) social media solutionsthat help them share infor-mation/knowledge and collaborateinternally.


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• IntheNetherlandPolitie+(NL)isasocialintranet,basedonopensourcesoftwareplatform

• OthersusecommercialtoolsuchasYammerorBlueLineGrid(US).o https://www.bluelinegrid.com/

• Forknowledgestorageandsharing,LEAsalsouseinternalpolicewikis.


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https://www.flickr.com/photos/ajc1/6357759479

INTELLIGENCE

Socialmediacontainalargeamountof data that might be relevant topublicsecurity.

Therefore,LEAsusesocialmedia togatherintelligence.


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• Intelligencerelatedpractices:o SOCIALMEDIAANALYTICS

• Sometimes,UNDERCOVEROPERATIONScanbeapartofINTELLIGENCE,too.


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https://www.flickr.com/photos/makou0629/1145908929

SOCIALMEDIAANALYTICS

High volumes of unstructured dataand traffic are generated fromvari-oussocialmediabefore,duringandafteraneventoranemergencyinci-dentperiod.

Therefore, LEAs use software toolsfor data analytics for unstructureddatawithmachinelearningthatletsyou search and analyse text, image,audio, and video from virtually anysource uncovering trends, patternsandrelationships.


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• UK’sMetropolitanPoliceService(MPS)beganatrialwithHPduringthesummeroftheLondonOlympicstodeployindustryleadingsocialmediaanalyticstools(IDOL-IntelligentDataOperatingLayer)tomanagehighvolumeofdatatrafficproducedduringtheOlympicGameseventperiod.http://www8.hp.com/us/en/software-solutions/information-data-analytics-idol/HPproposedthistrialtohelpbetterun-derstandingandutilizingsocialmediaanalysis(SMA)forcommunityengagementhttp://www8.hp.com/h20195/v2/GetPDF.aspx/4AA5-8755ENW.pdf

• TheBRIDGEEUprojectconductedresearchonaninformationintelligencetoolwhichaggregates,simulates,collectsandanalysessocialmedialivedatacomingfromthefieldsofemergencyincidents.

• Accordingtoatechcrunchreport,policeareincreasinglyusingsocialmediasurveil-lancetools:https://techcrunch.com/2016/09/23/police-are-increasingly-using-social-media-surveillance-tools/

• Exampletools:o Palantir:https://www.palantir.com/solutions/intelligence/o BlueJay:https://brightplanet.com/bluejay/o LexisNexis:http://www.lexisnexis.com/risk/newsevents/press-

release.aspx?id=1381851197735305o AnalystNotebook:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MfzJVY0wad8o GeotimeandRiskMaparealsousedforanalytics.o Toolscanalsouseotherdata,notonlysocialmediasources.


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https://www.flickr.com/photos/perspective/7643017690

ENFORCINGTHELAW

Social media can support law en-forcementactivities.

Therefore,LEAsusesocialmedia todiscoverpeoplewhoviolatethelaworseemtointendtodoso.


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• Thepracticeisdetailedinthefollowingdescriptions:o INTAKEo SOCIALMEDIAMONITORING

§ FILTERLOCALSOURCES§ INCIDENTMONITORING§ CIVILSERVANTSMONITORING

o CROWDMANAGEMENTo LISTINGMISSINGPEOPLEORCASUALTIESo SEEKCONNECTHELP


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Image Source: Alertcops

INTAKE

Peopleareusedtousesocialmediatocommunicatewitheachotherandto contact and interactwithorgani-zations. Also for reporting crime,crime tips or other relevant infor-mation.

Therefore, LEAs use social mediachannels such as apps or Twitter(DM's) to have people submit in-formationaboutincidentsorcrimes.


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• Intakeismostoftendonethroughwebsites,sometimesonanationallev-elhttp://www.politie.nlintheNetherlands.

• IndividualUKforces,e.g.theMetropolitanPolice,alsouseonlinecrimereporting(https://online.met.police.uk/).

• Whilenottrustedbyallforces,communicationapps,e.g.WhatsApphavebeenusedforsuchpurposeintheNetherlands,too.

• Also,forcesissuespecificemergencyapps:e.g.AlertCops(ES),Fress112(ES),Re-porty(Isr)andotherPoliceapps,suchasthenationalDutchpoliceapp.

• UseofWhatsAppfor(non)emergencycalls/reportsintheNetherlands:https://www.politie.nl/nieuws/2016/maart/18/politie-zeeland-west-brabant-naast-0900-8844-ook-via-whatsapp-bereikbaar.html

• …andinIndia:http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Jaipur-police-launch-WhatsApp-helpline-for-people/articleshow/51813427.cms

• Ushahidi,whichtranslatesto“testimony”inSwahili,wasdevelopedtomapreportsofviolenceinKenyaafterthepost-electionviolencein2008.https://www.ushahidi.com/

• DutchcitiesprovideanapplicationcalledBuitenBeter(http://www.buitenbeter.nl)whereresidentsreportcomplaintstothemunicipality.Notifiersreceiveamessageonhowthecomplaintisdealtwith.http://www.rotterdam.nl/Clusters/BSD/Directie%20Veiligheid/Document%202014/Veilig010ENG.pdf


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https://www.flickr.com/photos/deltamike/567062831

LISTINGMISSINGPEOPLEORCASUALTIES

Incrisis situations thewhereaboutsofpeoplecanbeunknown

Therefore,LEAsusesocialmedia tolist missing people or account forpeople.

•


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• Socialmediawebsitesofferpeopletoposttheirwhereaboutsandlookforpeople:o FacebookSafetyCheckhttp://socialmediadna.nl/facebook-safety-check/o GooglePersonFinderhttp://socialmediadna.nl/google-person-finder/

• TheDutchredcrossrunsthesite:‘Ikbenveilig’(Iamsafe)http://www.ikbenveilig.nl


41


https://www.flickr.com/photos/loozrboy/7311771718

SOCIALMEDIAMONITORING

Socialmediaprovideasenseofwhatisgoingon forpublic securityplan-ners (before, during or after inci-dentsforexample).

Therefore, LEAsmonitor socialme-diaonvarioussecuritytopics.


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• LEAsmonitorsocialmediaforthreats,incidents,rumoursandothercriticalinfor-mation.

• Monitoringisdoneatlocal,regional,nationalandinternationallevelstoimprovesituationalawareness.Seereport:http://www.datacivilrights.org/pubs/2015-1027/Social_Media_Surveillance_and_Law_Enforcement.pdf

• Monitoringisdoneasanearlywarningmechanism,duringincidentsandformoni-toringtheeffectsofLEAactions.

• LEAsuse(clustersof)keywordsand/orgeographicsearchesonopensocialmediasourcestounderstandwhat’sgoingonandmonitorthem,locationoreventbasedthreats.

• Duringevents,LEAsusetoolstoanalysemoodandsentiments.ThePoliceServiceofNorthernIreland,regularlymonitorssocialmediaforlargescaleevents.ThePSNIuseHootsuiteInsights,FacebookandTwitter.

• IntheNetherlands,thereistheSocialMediaFireworkmonitorhttp://socialmediadna.nl/vuurwerk-monitoring-jacht-op-hinder/

• LEAsalsomonitorsocialmediamemesthatmightbecomeathreatonanadhocbasis:suchasProjectX,FireChallenge,Planking,etc.See:http://socialmediadna.nl/category/memes-2/

• LEAsalsomonitorsocialmediafordeaththreats:http://www.doodsbedreiging.nl• AspecialtypeofmonitoringisINCIDENTMONITORING• Thispracticeiscanbeperformedusingreal-timesocialmediamonitoringandreal-

timecontents.o IntheNetherlands,thereisaLiveSocialMediaSafetyMonitor(wijkmonitor)

http://socialmediadna.nl/vuurwerk-monitoring-jacht-op-hinder/o Livestreamingvideoservices,suchasPeriscope,alsoallowformonitoring

§ http://socialmediadna.nl/periscope-impact-op-veiligheid/• TheUKstartedaninitiativetomonitorsocialmediaforhatecrime:

https://t.co/D1FaurLO67• Monitoringisrelatedtothefollowingpatterns:

o FILTERLOCALSOURCESo CIVILSERVANTSMONITORING


43


https://www.flickr.com/photos/darkroomproductions/5410984464

FILTERLOCALSOURCES

In crisis situations, social media isusedby localandremotepeople. Inorder to create situational aware-ness it is important to distinguishbetweenlocalandremotesources.

Therefore, LEAs identify peoplepostingfromthegroundorusealgo-rithms that can identify this behav-iour.


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• Alow-techsolutionistoidentifyandlistpeoplewhoareknowntopostpostfromtheground.Algorithmscanhelptoidentifyanddistinguishlocalsourcesfromtheoverallsocialmediaconversationaroundatopic.

o In:LearningfromtheCrowd:CollaborativeFilteringTechniquesforIdentify-ingOn-the-GroundTwitterersduringMassDisruptions.KateStarbird,GraceMuzny,LeysiaPalen.


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Image Source: CC license by:

https://www.flickr.com/photos/kecko/13984307012

INCIDENTMONITORING

LEAs need to know the develop-mentsofanincident.

Therefore,LEAsusesocialmedia tomonitor ongoing incidents orevents.


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• LEAsalsocreatinghashtagsforincidentsasawayofchannellinginformation.• Commercialofferingssupportincidentmonitoring

o Twitcident/PublicSonarhttp://publicsonar.com/• LEAscancreate‘dropboxes’forincidents,suchasLEEDIR

(http://socialmediadna.nl/leedir/)ormicromappingsoftwaresuchasUshahidi.• TheBelgianProvinceofWalloonBrabanthassealedapartnershipwithVISOV,a

French-speakingVirtualOperationsSupportTeam#VOSTtoprovidethemwithsupportduringacrisisintermsof:sortinganddetectionofrelevantimages,analysisofthegeneralpublic’scrisisperceptionandbehaviour,spatialisationviageo-targetinganddiffusionofofficialmessages.http://www.visov.org/


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https://www.flickr.com/photos/thomashawk/61076493

CIVILSERVANTSMONITORING

Civil servants can use social mediainwaysthatareillegalordonotfol-lowpolicies.

Therefore,LEAsmonitors thesocialmediaactivitiesoftheirownpeople.


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• PoliceforcesthatrunTARGETEDACCOUNTSarefollowingandmonitoringtheseaccountstocheckwhetherthecontentsfollowtheirpoliciesandregulations.

• Websitessuchashttp://www.thefacebookfired.com/listpeoplewhogotfiredbe-causeoftheirsocialmediapostings(notonlycivilservantsandnotlimitedtopro-fessionalaccounts).


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Image Source: CC licence by

https://www.flickr.com/photos/amy_elizabeth_west/3876549126

CROWDMANAGEMENT

Large events require organizers tomanagecrowds.

Therefore,LEAsusesocialmedia tomanagecrowds.


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• Twitterismostoftenthemediumofchoicetomanagecrowds.o http://socialmediadna.nl/social-media-for-social-order-crowd-control-bij-

evenementen/• Formanyyears,theRotterdampoliceisusingsocialmediaduringtheRotterdam

SummerCarnival.o http://socialmediadna.nl/zomer-carnaval-en-crowd-control/

• AnotherDutcheventisGlazenHuis,whereLEAshavebeenusingsocialmediaforcrowdcontrol.

o http://socialmediadna.nl/glazen-huis-en-crowd-control/• AlsocityofficialsinAmsterdamusesocialmediaforcrowdmanagement.

o http://socialmediadna.nl/troonswisseling-veilig-door-feest/• DutchTNOorganisationreportsonusingsocialmediatodirectpeople.

o http://socialmediadna.nl/crowd-in-control/• Therearealsoappsthatmeasurecrowddensitybasedonsocialmediaandappus-

age.http://socialmediadna.nl/app-druktemeter/• Thereareappssupportingthekettlingtactic.

o http://socialmediadna.nl/sukey/• ThePoliceServiceofNorthernIrelandissueregularinformation,trafficadviceand

gethomesafeadviceinrelationtolargeeventsacrosstheirsocialmediaplatforms.PSNIalsoissuerelevanttrafficadvicewhileeventsareongoing.


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Image Source: Twitter/"Beacons of Hope" Pa-

per

SEEKCONNECTHELP

In crisis situations there arepeopleseeking resources and other’s whowanttoprovidethem.

Therefore,LEAsusesocialmediaasaplatformthatconnectseekerswithpeople who can help. People e.g.might look for temporary housing,medical resources, etc. and postsuch needs. Organizations or indi-vidualsprovidingresourcescanpostthattoo.Thereisthedangerofsuchsystemtobeabusedbythirdpartieswho have other interests (terroristseekingaplacetohide).


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• DuringtheHaitiEarthquake2010twitterbecameatoolforde-centralcoordination:o In:Learningfromon-the-groundmedicaltwitterersduringthe2010Haiti

earthquake.AleksandraSarcevic,LeysiaPalen,JoanneWhite,KateStarbird,MossaabBagdouriandKennethAnderson.

• DuringtheMunich2016shooting,publictransportwasstoppedandpeoplefromoutsidethecitycouldnotleaveandneededaplacetostay.Throughtwitter,peopleofferedtheirhomesfortemporarystays.


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Image Source: CC license

https://www.flickr.com/photos/bcemergencyphotos/6583466115

CRIMINALINVESTIGATIONS

Social media can help solve crimesinvariousways.

Therefore, LEAs make social mediapartoftheirinvestigationmethods.


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We describe the various ways of supporting investigations in these related patterns:

• CROWDSOURCECRIMETIPS• REPORTCRIMEANONYMOUSLY• HOUSETOHOUSE• ANALYSINGSOCIALMEDIA• UNDERCOVEROPERATIONS• SUBPOENADATA


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UNDERCOVEROPERATIONS

Investigations can require interact-ing with suspects in covert opera-tions.

Therefore,LEAscreateafakeonlinepersona to impersonate people andbefriendthesuspectundercover.


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• ThispatternrequiresaSOCIALMEDIAPOLICYthatclarifiesthelegalaspectsandprocedures.Thequestionwhomtoimpersonateandwhichphotosandcontentstouseneedstobeansweredwithinthelegalframework.Usually,thisrequiresacourtorder.

• Duringthe2011UKriotspoliceusedFlickrforimagesearchofoffendersSeereport:http://www.datacivilrights.org/pubs/2015-1027/Social_Media_Surveillance_and_Law_Enforcement.pdf

• ExampleinISISFacebookcase(jurisprudenceforundercoveroperationsinsocialmedia):http://socialmediadna.nl/politie-mag-middels-gefingeerde-accounts-rechercheren/

• DarkWebFBIoperationSilkRoad:https://www.wired.com/2015/01/silk-road-trial-undercover-dhs-fbi-trap-ross-ulbricht/and

• SilkRoad2.0operation“Onymous”:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Onymous

• InDIYJUSTICEthisiscommonpracticetoo:Anonymousandpedophilehunters:http://socialmediadna.nl/category/diydetectives/

• UndercoveroperationsinFacebookgangs:http://socialmediadna.nl/internet-banging/

• SometimesundercoveroperationsareusedasanINTELLIGENCEgatheringtool,priortocriminalinvestigations.


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Image Source: Youtube

CROWDSOURCECRIMETIPS

Bystandersandwitnessesmayhaveinformationthatisrelevanttocrimeinvestigations or address securitychallenges.

Therefore,LEAsusessocialmediatoask the public for help, targeted ornot.


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• Equippedwithsmartphones,bystandersandwitnessesmayhavecapturedinfor-mationthatisrelevanttocrimeinvestigationsoraddresssecuritychallenges.

• LEAsusesocialmediatoaskthepublicforhelp,e.g.during:BostonMarathonAt-tack:ReportofResponsibleOfficer;UKRiots2011:Identificationofsuspects;Shoot-ingMunich2016:Specialsitetosubmitinformation.

• LEAsuseofpolicewebsitetoaskcitizensfortheirhelptosolveacase(e.g.politie.nlintheNetherlands).Thepubliccangivetipsorindicatehowtheyseethethingisgone(whatisthescenario?).Peoplewillbekeptinformedofnewdevelopmentsinthecase.

• Anothertypeofcrowdsourcingcrimetipsisbyusingthetraditionalmedia(TV)inconjunctionwithsocialmedia,likethesecondscreenwiththeDutchprogramme‘OpsporingVerzocht’(NL).

• Usingsocialmediaforcrimetipssubmission,is,however,notapracticethatpoliceforcesencourage,astheydonotwantsensitiveinformationtobesubmittedpubliclyorviacorporatesystems.ThePoliceServiceNothernIreland(PSNI)regularlyissueappeals,updatesonarrestsandchargesandcrimepreventioninformationontheirsocialmediachannels.PSNI,however,donotacceptreportsofcrimeontheirsocialmedia.Thepublicareadvisedtocontactpolicebyphonetoreportcrime.

• LEAscreatepodcaststomakecrimecasespublicandaskcitizensforhelp.o http://socialmediadna.nl/podcast-serial-met-een-echte-moordzaak/o http://socialmediadna.nl/de-verslavende-werking-van-serial/

• “Crowdsolve”isaplatformdesignedtohelpsolvecrimes.o http://socialmediadna.nl/crowdsolve/

• LEAsusePinteresttosharewantedpeoplelists:o http://socialmediadna.nl/pinterest/

• InUKthroughtheappFacewatchIDprovidesanonlineportalenablingPoliceandcommunitiestoworktogethertowardsreducingcrime.Thepolicepostimagesoftheindividualstheyareseekingtoidentify.Theindividualspicturedarebeingsoughtasbothpersonsofinterestandwitnessestocrimes.https://facewatchid.info/

• TheDutchBurgernetprovidesamobileservicewherepeoplecanregistertoreceivepolicemessagesaskingtobeonthelook-out.BurgernetisanationalNLinitiative;acooperationbetweenpolice,municipalitiesandcitizens.ParticipantsofBurgernet(citizensthatjoinedBurgernetasamember)receiveavoiceortextmessagewiththerequesttolookforapersonorvehicleintheirarea.http://www.burgernet.nl(seealso:http://socialmediadna.nl/burgernet/)

• TheSpanishNationalPoliceofficialwebpagehasasectionforcitizencollaboration,toreportallegedlycriminalfacts.Thisreportisnotequivalenttoaformalreport,anditisconfidential.http://www.policia.es/colabora.php


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https://www.flickr.com/photos/nolagirl1969/12147810455

HOUSETOHOUSE

When doing house-to-house callsmost people are not home, and ittakesalotofeffort.

Therefore, LEAs perform house-to-houseenquiriesusingsocialmedia.


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• SometimespeoplearealreadyorganisedinasocialmediagroupsuchasFacebookorWhatsApp,butalsotheyuseothermeanstoreachalocalcommunity,forexamplethroughcellbroadcastedSMSorapoliceappwherecitizenshaveregisteredusingtheirpostalcode.

• Emaillistsarealsocommonlyusedtoreachouttolocalcommunities,andsomeTwittercopsuselistsoflocalcommunitymemberstoreachoutto.

• Examples:o FromSMSbombtoPoliceapp:http://socialmediadna.nl/digitaal-

buurtonderzoek-van-sms-bom-tot-politie-app/o Whatsapp:http://socialmediadna.nl/whatsapp-buurtwacht/Studyonpos-

sibilitiesofimplementingdigitalhousetohouse(Dutchon-ly):http://socialmediadna.nl/cocreatie-2-0/

o “Digitaalbuurton-ton-derzoek”https://www.politieacademie.nl/onderwijs/overdescholen/spl/opsporing-scafes/opsporingscommunicatie/Paginas/Opsporingscommunicatie.aspx


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Image Source:

https://www.flickr.com/photos/carbonnyc/3209823136

REPORTCRIMEANONYMOUSLY

Witnesses and victims might notwant to be identified when report-ingcrimes.

Therefore, LEAs offer channels ortoolstoreportcrimesanonymously.


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• IntheUK,thereistheCrimeStoppersinitiative:o https://crimestoppers-uk.org/

• IntheNetherlands,thereisMeldMisdaadAnoniem:o http://socialmediadna.nl/bambuser/o http://socialmediadna.nl/m/


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https://www.flickr.com/photos/danielaguilar/2968034304

ANALYSINGSOCIALMEDIA

Information on social media canhelpsolvecrimes.

Therefore, LEAs monitor and ana-lysedataonsocialmediathatisrel-evantforcrimecases.


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Note: This practice is similar to MONITORING and SOCIAL MEDIA ANALYTICS, but in this case specific in the scope of a crime case.)

• Possibleusesare:o Gatheringof(digitalforensic)evidenceo Findingperpetratorso Findingactsofcriminaloffenseso Profilingbyusingdataofsocialmediasourceso SocialNetworkanalysis(SNA)

• iRN,theinternetRechercheorResearchNetworkusedofOpenSourceInvestiga-tions,seehttp://socialmediadna.nl/irn-internet-research-netwerk/(othertoolsavailableaswell,butmostlyclassifiedinfo)

• Referencetousagefigures:https://www.lexisnexis.com/risk/downloads/whitepaper/2014-social-media-use-in-law-enforcement.pdf

• Analysisisalsodonefornon-criminalpurposes.ThecityofLausanne,inpartnershipwithAddictionSuisseandtheIdiapResearchInstitute,hasdevelopedaprojectofdataminingin“Foursquare”tostudythebehaviourofpeopleatnight,tobettertar-getawarenessactions,includingtheworkofnightcorrespondents,andtodocumenttheuseofLausannenightweekendnights.http://www.addictionsuisse.ch/recherche-scientifique/youthnight/


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- Image Source: EFF

SUBPOENADATA

Sometimes it is necessary for lawenforcement to gain access to pri-vate information stored on socialnetworks.

Therefore, following court orders,LEAs can request data from socialnetworkproviders.


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• This practice becomes visible in transparency reports from Apple, Google, Microsoft, Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest: http://socialmediadna.nl/transparancy-reports/


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https://www.flickr.com/photos/codeforamerica/25355387251

ENGAGEMENT&COMMUNICATION

Socialmedia offer the possibility todirectly communicate with citizenbi-directionally.

Therefore,LEAsusevariouswaysofcommunicating and directly engag-ingwithcitizens.


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Engagement and Communication is typically done via:

• WEBCARE• RECRUITMENT• COMMUNITYENGAGEMENT• INFORMINGCITIZENS


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Image Source: Politie Eenheid Rotterdam

INFORMINGCITIZENS

LEAsneedtoinformcitizens.

Therefore,LEAsusesocialmedia tospread information to citizens di-rectlythroughsocialmedia.


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• Manypoliceforcesprovideregularinformationtothepublicthroughtheirlocalandcorporatesocialmediachannelsaboutcrime,policingsuccesses,dailypolicingexpe-riences,humanexperiencesandlocalevents.

• Informingcitizensisdetailedinthefollowingpatterns:o TWEETATHONo HUMANSIDESTORIESo CRIMEMAPPINGo FACEBOOKADSo PREVENTIONo EDUCATINGCITIZENSo ANSWERINGCITIZENSo ALERTTOOLo CROWDSOURCECRIMETIPS


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Image Source: Hanover Police

HUMANSIDESTORIES

Normally news media reports dif-ferentonlawenforcementactivities.LEA's would like to tell their ownstory. This can stimulate the(in)formalrelationbetweencitizensand your organization and make itmorehumane.

Therefore, LEA's communicate thehumansideofdailyexperiencesandshare a more personal picture oftheirwork.


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• Examplesincludebehind-the-scenesphotos,relatedaspects(e.g.storiesofpolicedogs).

• PosthumansidestoriesonFacebookandTwitter:e.g.“PoliceofficersinRomecookdinnerforanelderlycouple”:https://www.facebook.com/questuradiroma/posts/1014697258638294

• Copblogs:Inblogspoliceofficerstellstoriesabouttheirdailyworkandwhatitdoestothem.Theseblogsshowthepersonbehindthepoliceofficer:‘Politieverhalen’.

• PolicestoriesonYoutube:https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLnk0uCZqeOMmUnZn6-Y4Nrt5SBS4yQaF6

• PSNIInstagramhighlightslocalradiopresentersspendingtimewithpolice–https://www.instagram.com/p/BJ0EiAsDkzF/?tagged=psniPSNIinstagramhigh-lightspartnershipworkatapubliceventhttps://www.instagram.com/p/BJ-Ll7ljqxU/?tagged=psniPSNIsharehumaninterest,behindthescenesanddailypolicingstoriesonanongo-ingbasisacrossalltheirsocialmediachannels.


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https://www.flickr.com/photos/manel/15911277781

PREVENTION

Spreading preventive informationcanimprovepublicsecurity.

Therefore,LEAsusesocialmedia toshareinformationtoexplaincitizenshowtoincreasetheirsafety.


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• YouTubepreventioninformation,suchasModusoperandiforburglaries:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubH8oViMFFk

• GetHomeSafeAdvicebythePoliceServiceofNorthernIre-landhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ij6u5-pkU_E

• Dutchexamples:o TwitterandFacebookthemepages,suchasonHumantrafficking:

http://socialmediadna.nl/mensenhandel/o http://kenjevrienden.nu/o http://www.digibewust.nl/o https://www.digivaardigdigiveilig.nl/o http://mijnkindonline.nl/o http://www.aardigdigivaardig.nl/o http://www.digitaalpesten.nlo http://www.kennisnet.nl/themas/mediawijsheid/dont-worry-be-

whatshappy/• VideosbytheZurichPolice:https://www.facebook.com/StadtpolizeiZH/videos


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https://www.flickr.com/photos/moonlightbulb/6936492978

CRIMEMAPPING

Seeing physical locations of crimescanhelptounderstandsafetyissues.

Therefore, LEAs provide digitalmapsandsharetheseonsocialme-diatopointtocrimes.


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• Thewebsitewww.police.ukprovidesinformationoncrimemappingthroughouttheUK

• Berlinpolicepostsmapofpickpocket-ing:https://www.facebook.com/PolizeiBerlin/posts/565257776991664

• TheRedZonemap(http://socialmediadna.nl/redzone-map/)helpspeopletogetaroundthecityinasafeway,bypreventingredzoneswherecrimeishappeningmostfrequently.

• MapsalsocommunicateresultsofpredictivepolicingmapssuchastheappKapoAargau(Switzerland)http://socialmediadna.nl/kapo-aargau/


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Image Source: BURGERNET

ALERTTOOL

In various cases, there is infor-mation that is time critical for citi-zens.

Therefore,LEAsuse tools to informcitizens about time critical infor-mation. This allows to inform citi-zens fast, evenwhen there is no oronlyaslowresponsebypublicsecu-rity organizations. It also allows toovercomelinguisticproblemsandisavailable for citizens with disabili-ties.


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• AmberAlert:FacebookAmberAlerthttp://socialmediadna.nl/amber-alert-op-facebook/

• BurgernetisaplattformforDutchcitizens:http://socialmediadna.nl/burgernet/• AdsonFacebooktowarntouristsforwhitedrugs:

http://www.socialmediadna.org/ads/• Weatheralert:TheofficialTwitteroftheCabinetofemergencycommunicationand

securityoftheValencianCommunityoffersinformationandusefuladvicetofacetheproblemsofaclimaticevent:

o http://www.abc.es/espana/comunidad-valenciana/abci-cuatro-pequenos-incendios-alicante-y-valencia-jornada-calor-sofocante-201607311759_noticia.html

o http://www.europapress.es/comunitat-valenciana/noticia-lluvias-dejan-cerca-30-litros-metro-cuadrado-cortes-pallas-20160810133001.html

• Exampleafter2016Munichshooting:https://twitter.com/PolizeiMuenchen/status/756535565223354370(Textreads:+++ATTENTION+++Avoidtheareaaroundthe#OEZ[Ashoppingmall].Stayinyourapartments.Leavethestreets!+++)

• TheSouthEasternEuropeDisasterRiskMitigationandAdaptationProgramme(SEEDRMAP)wasusedforalertingduringnaturaldisastersinSouthEasternEu-rope.


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https://www.flickr.com/photos/belsim/4943227066

ANSWERINGCITIZENS

Citizens have questions for law en-forcement agencies but typically donotask,becauseitiscumbersometodoso.

Therefore, LEAs answer citizenquestion in special (mostly chat)sessions and provide answers tofrequentlyaskedquestionsonlineorthroughanapp.


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• AskthePolice(UK):Websiteandappinformationresourcecontaininganswerstoawidevarietyofthegeneralpublic’smostfrequentlyaskedpolicingquestions.“Thewebsiteprovideslinkstorelevantnationalorganisationsplusthefacilitytoratetheanswerandemailaspecificquestiondirectlywhichwillbeansweredwithin24workinghours.Policeforcesareabletoinputadditionallocalpoliceinformationandadviceforthebenefitoftheircommunities.”(Source:https://www.askthe.police.uk/content/@1.htm).

• TheVraagdepolitie.nlwebsiteintheNetherlands,includeschatroomsandalmostweeklythemesessionsoncertaincrimetypes.

• ThePoliceServiceofNorthernIreland(PSNI)runTwitterhourswherethepubliccanaskquestionsandseekadvicefrompolice.ThemostregularTwitterhouriswiththeChiefConstable@ChiefConPSNI,usingthehashtag#AskChiefCon.Theseareruntwiceayear.OthercommandteamsatDistrictLevelalsoruntheirowntwit-terhours.

• TheBelgian@CrisisCenterBEwasreplyingtocitizensduringtheBrusselsbombingandatthesametimewouldusedTwitterandFacebooktospreadvaluableinfor-mationfor2-4weeksaftertheattacks.


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Image Source: Police Valencia

EDUCATINGCITIZENS

Peopledon’tknowtherisksofsocialmediafortheirsafety.

Therefore, LEAs offer education,particularly to childrenandparentsto use the internet in a responsibleway.


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• TheSpanishNationalPoliceandGooglecooperatetooffertalkstoschoolchildrenabouttheopportunities,risksandtoolsthatpresentstheInternetinordertouseitinaresponsibleway.Identifytheftandharassmentarethemostfrequentcybercrimessufferedbyteenagers.

• McGruffTheCrimeDog:http://socialmediadna.nl/mcgruff/aimedateducatingchildren

• KashDash:http://socialmediadna.nl/kash-dash/• Eyewitnessgame:HeroorZero:http://socialmediadna.nl/kroongetuige-game-

hero-of-zero/• TumnpasTerrorismGame:http://socialmediadna.nl/tumpas-teroris-game/Train

yourselftodetectdeviantbehaviour• AppMostWanted:http://socialmediadna.nl/most-wanted/Trainyourselftorecog-

nizefaces.• ThomasGabrielRüdigerofthePoliceAcademyBrandenburgrunsGermanseminars

inschooloncyberGROOMING.• TheValenciaLocalPolice,intheirtasktoprotectthecitizens,disseminateinfor-

mationabouttherisksresultingfromanirresponsibleuseoftheInternetandthesocialmediathroughtalksintheschoolsofValencia.http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/2720930/0/tribunal-supremo-redes-sociales-escenario-inimaginable-abusos-sexuales-menores/http://www.europapress.es/navarra/noticia-detenida-menor-difundir-redes-sociales-fotos-companera-semides-20160505104429.html

• ThePoliceServiceofNorthernIrelandshareinformationaboutinternetandonlinesafetyonanongoingbasisacrosstheirsocialmediachannels–https://www.facebook.com/PSNI.Newry.Mourne/

• IntheCityofLimoges,thelocalsecurityandpreventionofcrimestrategyincludesactionstoeducatestudentsaboutthedangerofusingsocialmediaandinternetingeneral.

• IntheCityofMontreuil,thelocalsecurityandpreventionofcrimestrategyincludescrimepreventionamongyouthexposedtodelinquencyandviolence,throughapro-fessionalnetworktodevelopactivitiestoeducateaboutuseofinternetandinformaboutitsconsequences.

• ThecityofBlois,describeshowyoungpeopleareunawareoftheserisksbydigitaltechnologyandinternetpracticesaremostoftenunknownbyparents.Toraiseawarenessoftheuseofsocialmediabyyoungpeople,thecityofBloishavedevel-opedaprojecttoeducateyoungpeoplethroughthetheatre.


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https://www.flickr.com/photos/extranoise/125981126

FACEBOOKADS

In special casesLEAsneed to inter-actwithselectedaudiences.

Therefore, LEAs use Facebook ad-vertisingtoreachspecifictargetau-diences.


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• ThishasbeenusedbyDutchpoliceforcestospecificallyaddressdefinedtargetgroups.

o Seehttp://www.socialmediadna.org/ads/


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Image Source: Sebastian Denef

TWEETATHON

Citizenshavelittleinsightintowhatgovernment organizations are do-ing.

Therefore, LEAs, for a defined timeperiod (usually 24h), post a lot ofwhattheyaredoingontwitter(andwhat they typically would not re-port).


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• Thiscanalsobeusedtodrawattentiontoaspecialtopic(e.g.reportingonacertaintypeoftheft).Typically,organizationspostseveralhundredmessagesinthistimeperiodandrunapresscampaign.

• Thisalsoworkstopromotenovelsocialmediachannels.ASOCIALMEDIAPOLICYisveryhelpful.Thishasbeendonebye.g.theManchesterPoliceForce,ZurichPoliceForce,BerlinPoliceForce,PSNI

• Thereisalsoaglobalinitiative:http://poltwt.net/andhttp://lawscommunications.com/category/global-police-tweet-a-thon/


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Image Source: Twitter

BEINGPREPARED

Crisis situations requireLEAs to in-formcitizenspromptly.

Therefore, LEAs prepare for crisissituations by developing messagetemplates theycanuse incrisessit-uations.


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• ThecitypoliceinZurichhaspreparesforsendingmessagesinmultiplelanguagesinordertoinformcitizensandvisitorsofthecityincaseofanemergencysituation.

• PoliceforcesusetheriotsinManchesterandthe2016shootinginMunichasexam-plesofthemessagestheyneedtoshareintimesofcrisis.

• Beforethe2011riots,thepoliceinManchesterhadpreparedcontentsforsendingincaseofbackfiresonsocialmedia.


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COMMUNITYENGAGEMENT

For community organizers, it is im-portant to build close and personalrelationships with certain stake-holdersandcitizens.

Therefore,LEAsusesocialmediaonalocalorpersonallevel(e.g.perdis-trict)andincombinationwithphys-icalmeetings,allowingofficerstodi-rectly connect with the local com-munityandlocalpartners.


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• OneinitiativeiscalledCoffeeCoporCoffeewithaCop:http://coffeewithacop.com/• PopUpPoliceStation:pop-uppolicestationinabuildingmall,orsomewhereonthe

street:e.g.“localpolicemanWilcoBerenschothasofficehoursonthestreetinRot-terdam,tweetsabundantlyandskypeswithcitizens”.

o ThefollowingnewspaperarticleshowshowthisisnotsuccessfulintheUKhttp://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/new-pop-up-police-stations-fallen-3130329

• MobileMediaLab(NL):TheMobileMediaLab(mobilebyusingatruck)isusedtoinvestigatethethoughtsandexperiencesofcitizensaboutthevariousmeansofcommunicationwhichthepoliceuse.Thinkofthewebsitepolitie.nl,Policeapp,fold-ersorsocialmediaaccounts(FacebookandTwitter).https://www.politie.nl/themas/mobile-media-lab.html

• E.g.GreaterManchesterPolicehttp://www.gmp.police.uk/content/WebsitePages/6C386353FE565CCF80257B48004ABAF5?OpenDocument

• Zurichpolicedepartmenthastwocommunitypoliceofficerswhospend50%oftheirtimeonlineandrunpersonalac-counts.http://www.persoenlich.com/prcorporate-communication/unsere-naivitat-und-kreativitat-sind-teil-des-erfolgs

• Nextdoor(US)https://nextdoor.com/agency/• PSNIuselocalFacebookandTwitteraccountstoactivelyengagewithlocalcommu-

nitiesandandprovidedirecttoaudienceaccountsofdailypolicing.Eg:https://www.facebook.com/PSNI.Down/https://www.facebook.com/PSNI.Foyle/

• TheCityofRotterdamhasdevelopedanapplicationcalledBuurtBestuurt(http://www.buurtbestuurt.nl)toinformandinvolveresidentsinfindingsolutionsofthesecurityproblemsoftheneighbourhood.Residentscanalsousetheapptosendtheirsuggestions,messagestothecommitteeandalsoforNEIGHBOURHOODWATCH.

• Safetipinisaverynewfreemap-basedmobilephoneapplication,developedinDel-hi,whichcollectsandsharessafety-relatedinformationpostedbyusers.Itbuildsonthepremisethatcommunityparticipationandengagementwillmakeourcitiessaf-er.SafetipinisavailablegloballyandautomaticallyprovidesalocalmaptosmartphonesusingGPS.GPS.http://safetipin.com/about/whatIsSafetipin

• TalkLondonhasbeencreatedbycityhallasaplacetodiscussLondon’sbigissues.Thecitylooksforpublicopinionstohelpsteerthebigpolicydecisionsofthefuture:onhousing,theenvironment,transport,safety,jobsandtheeconomy.http://talklondon.london.gov.uk/topics/safety-0

• ThecityofParishaslaunchedaplatformtoassociateParisresidentsinmajordeci-sionsconcerningthedevelopmentoftheircityincludingsecurity.https://idee.paris.fr/co-construisons-paris

• ThispracticerequiresthecreationofTARGETEDACCOUNTS.• Thereareseveralcountriesinwhichthispracticehasnot(yet)beenintroduced,as

itisuncommonforofficerstopostpublicly,iftheyarenotpressofficers.


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TARGETGROUPENGAGEMENT

Sometimes LEAs need to interactwithaspecialtargetgroup.

Therefore, LEAs use social mediaand special applications to interactwith groups like students or refu-gees.


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• Informingrefugees:Refugeesneedinfoandguidelinesduringtheirmovementroutesandsettlementprocedurefortheirownandoverallpublicsafety.MercyCorps,inpartnershipwithGoogle,TheInternationalRescueCommitteeandothercolleagues,developed,amultilingualwebsiteforrefugeesmovingthroughEurope.Themultilingualwebsiteincludesallrelevantinformationandisthedefaultlandingwebpageonwifihotspotsinrefugeecamps.Itusescurrentinformationandthegeolocationofthepersontoproviderelevantinformation.Thesiteprovidesinfor-mationaboutcommonmilestonesontheroute,includingregistrationandasylumprocesses,emergencycontacts,currencydetailsandwheretofindwater,lodging,medicalcareandotherlocalservices.ThewebsiteisthefirstthingpeopleseewhentheyconnecttotheWi-Fihotspotsmanypartnershostthroughouttheregion.Itcandetectthelocationofthepersonaccessingthesite,andit’supdateddailytoreflectconstantshiftsinconditionsandlaws,likerestrictionsonmovementsandrefugeecampclosures.https://refugeeinfo.eu/

• StudentAlert:DuringtheintroductionweekfornewstudentsinGroningen,theNetherlands(KEI-week)in2016,theDutchpolicesetupaWhatsAppnumber(Stu-dentAlert)toprovidethestudentsduringthisperiodwithinformationonsecurityissuesthatareimportanttothem.(https://www.politie.nl/nieuws/2016/augustus/15/veilige-kei-week-whatsapp-met-de-politie.html)

• BeachAlert:WhatsAppnumberforpeoplethatgotothebeachandwanttobein-formedorengagewithpolicethroughWhatsApp.

• PokemonGoneighbourhoodwatchhttp://socialmediadna.nl/pokemon-go/andhttps://twitter.com/FrankSmilda/status/763786561267924993

• Vraaghetdepolitie.nlisawebsiteandyoutubechannelspecificallyaimedatyouth.Wellknownvloggershelplaunchthewebsiteon“Vloggersvragenvuur”:https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLHPZxlXruRwKCaoEm5HyTI5XjWNU22zmn


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TARGETEDACCOUNTS

Personal interaction requires asmallercommunityofpeople toad-dress.

Therefore, LEAs set up local ac-counts or specific chan-nels/platforms to address a smallercommunity. Often, these accountsarerelatedtoadistrictofacityoraspecific group of people (e.g. stu-dents).


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• TheGreaterManchesterPolicehasbeenanearlyadopterofusinglocalaccounts.Youcanfindthelistoftheiraccountshere:http://www.gmp.police.uk/content/WebsitePages/6C386353FE565CCF80257B48004ABAF5?OpenDocument

• IntheNetherlandstherearethefollowingcategoriesofaccounts:o Neighbourhoodaccounts(Twitter,Facebookatminimum,sometimes

YouTubeorInstagram).o ThenthereareTwitcopaccounts,some2000+accountsperlocalunit,some-

timesjustoneneighbourhoodtwitcop,sometimesacombinedaccountof2orthreecops.Twitcops(DutchNationallice,http://wijkagent.twittergids.nl/).Researchoncommuni-ty/neighbourhoodofficersusingTwittercanalsobefoundintheMEDIA4SECdeliverablesD1.2.http://socialmediadna.nl/twittercops/

o ThenthereareThemeaccounts(onthemesasburglaries,etc).Thosearejustpoliceaccounts.

o Publicprosecutionalsohasaccountsperregion,sometimesapublicprose-cutorhasapersonalaccountandtherearesomethemeaccounts(suchashumantraffickingforexample)

o Learnmore:http://www.politieenwetenschap.nl/download/sSWg08So9wKUBBpKOWwnQ6j3qozOzl5OTlwwOLJt/bOLYjnTTlb5SOTe84hf5fwqCVLC49UyKdNnHfOI9/(page65)

o Therearealsoaccountforspecialpurposes:forexamplepolicehelicoptershaveTwitteraccounts(https://twitter.com/DePolitiehelihttps://twitter.com/PSNIAirSupport)becausepeoplewerecomplainingaboutthenoise,theynowtellonTwitterwhytheyflyout.Otherpolice,suchasUKorUSalsohavespecialaccounts,foraK9unit(https://twitter.com/PolitiehondRdam),orsometimesevendogs(https://twitter.com/pdteal)orahorseshavesocialmediaaccountstoim-provetheimageofthepolice.

• PoliceServiceOfNorthernIreland32Facebookaccountswhichincludeaccountsfor30localpolicingareas,aRoadsPolicingaccountandacorporatePSNIFacebookac-count.Thereare35Twitteraccountswhichincludeaccountsfor30localpolicingareas,acorporateaccount,aRoadsPolicingaccount,anAirSupportaccountandac-countsfortheChiefConstableandoneofourAssistantChiefConstables.InitiallyFacebookaccountsforeachoftheareasweresetupaspagesand‘ghost’Fa-cebookprofilesenableduserstoposttopageshoweveranissuewasidentifiedwhenthePSNIcouldnotdiscernwhichuserwaspostingtothepage.Facebookalsoactivelyseekoutghostprofilesanddeletethem,meaningthataccesstothepageswasconstantlyatrisk.Thisledtotheintroductionofsocialmediamanagementtool,Hootsuite.HootsuiteallowsPSNIsocialmediatobemanagedcentrally.PSNIofficersandstaffhavenoaccesstosocialmediathroughtheircommonterminalssocanonlyusetheirPSNIissuemobiledevices(iPadsoriPhones).Socialmediaisnotaccessibletousersthroughtheirworkmobilephones(Blackberrys)andtheyarenotallowedtousetheirpersonaldevices.Hootsuiteisavailableonmobiledevicesonanappormobiledesktopversion.ThetwoversionsfeaturedifferentfunctionssoPSNIsocialmediausershavetoswitchbetweenappandmobiledesktoptogetfullfunctionality.Themobiledesktopversionisnoteasilyviewedorusedonamobilephone.Com-plaintsfromofficerswhopreviouslyhadaccesstothenativeFBandTwitterappsarefrequentwhileuserswhohaveonlyusedHootsuitearerare.PSNIconductedasurveyonFacebookandTwitterlastyeartoaskthepublicinNorthernIrelandwhattheywantedfromPSNIsocialmedia.Themajorityofpeoplesurveyedindicatedthat


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theypreferredalocalpolicesocialmediapresencewhichprovidedlocalinformationaboutcrimeandpoliceactivitiesintheareatheylivedin.Localpoliceofficersandstaffaretrainedtopostontheirlocalsocialmediasites,ensuringthatthecommuni-tyareengagingwiththeirlocalpolice.

• TheZurichcitypolicehasintroducedtwosocialmediacopsin2016,thefirstGer-man-postingonlinecommunitypolicingcops:

o https://www.facebook.com/eli.stapoo https://www.facebook.com/stapojean


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Image Source: Sebastian Denef

ONLINEPATROL

Citizens spend more and more oftheirtimeinvariousonlinespaces.

Therefore, LEAs understand socialmedia as a public space in whichthey need to patrol to have visiblepresences that ensures that theonlinespaceisnotfreeoflaws.


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• BoudewijnMayeurofthePolitieLimburg-ZuidintheNetherlandshasbeenrunningavirtualpolicestationinHabboHotel,asocialgamenetwork,frequentedbychil-dren.

• Finishpoliceforceshavebeenoneofthefirsttohavepoliceforcesthatarededicat-edtopatroltheonlinespace.

• TheZurichpoliceforcestartedin2016tohavetwoofficerswhospend50%oftheirtimeinonlinenetworks.

• Thispracticeisanemergingpracticethatisnotpracticedbyallpoliceforcesyet.


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https://www.flickr.com/photos/danielthornton/8618932799

ORGANIZEVOLUNTEERING

Places andproperties affected fromthepublicdisordercausedbyriotingneedcleaning,recoveryandrestora-tion.

Therefore,LEAsusesocialmedia toorganize volunteers in helping tocleanhelpandmakecontributiontopublicsafety.


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• UKRiots2011:Campaignsupportedbyover60,000peoplewith#RiotCleanupbe-comingoneofthemostpopularhashtagsonTwitterduringthedaysoftheriotspluscrowdfunding&charitycampaigns

o http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740624X14000847/pdfft?md5=2b47f21b4f212237972407b0d30703e2&pid=1-s2.0-S0740624X14000847-main.pdf

• 2013floodsinGermany:http://www.flurfunk-dresden.de/2013/06/22/hochwasser-2013-und-die-sozialen-medien-was-bleibt/

• ProjectCleanXproject(similartoLondonandVancouver):http://socialmediadna.nl/reconstructie-2-2/

• VancouverCleanUpprojectaftertheriots:http://socialmediadna.nl/vancouver-riots/


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Image Source: Youtube, Polizei NRW

RECRUITMENT

Public security organizations needtoattractyoungtalent.

Therefore,LEAsusesocialmedia toreachandattractyoungapplicants.


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• RecruitmentcanbeveryeffectivewhenwithacomprehensiveSOCIALMEDIASTRATEGYandpartofnormalsocialcommunications.Germanpoliceforcesreporthowevencommunicationonsocialmedianotrelatedtorecruitmenthelpsmakingpeopleawareofthepoliceandrecognizethemasamodernorganization.

• EventhoughtheGermanpoliceforcewascritizedforthisunusualrapvideo,ithelpedrecruitment:

o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F3Doswuy_xQo asecondversion:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=htTVAXMQYoE

• #Crimediggers:Aspartofarecruitmentcampaigntorecruitdigitaldetectives,theNetherlandspolicehasbuiltanonlinechallenge.Throughthe“CrimeDiggers”chal-lenge,participantscangetacquaintedwithbothdigitalandfinancialinvestigations:https://www.crimediggers.nl/

• InNorthernIrelandPSNIalsoactivelyadvertisejobapplicationsforallpositionswithinPSNIonsocialmedia.

o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IpJS5RgnWBoo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9rmkUoGTSPE


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WEBCARE

Giventheinfluencethatsocialmediahaveonpublicsafety,itisimportantto take care of the state of socialmedia in termsofpublic safety andtoreactonremarksandcomplaintsofcitizens.

Therefore, LEAs set up a specialteam to monitor social media toprovideservicetocitizensandinflu-ence the online space (and senti-ment).


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• RelatedPatterns:o REFUTERUMOURSo REASSURANCE

• ThecityofDenHagueusesinformationpostedaboutcityissuesonsocialmediatounderstandandresolvetheseissues.TheyhaveworkedwithpeoplewhohavebeeninvolvedinWEBCAREatairlinecompanies.

• Thisisalsohasbeenusedincontroversialways,whereLEAstogetherwithvolun-teercitizens,generateonlinenarrativethemesrelatedtoatransnationalprotestinordertoframeorsilenceoppositionalclaimsofprotestactivistsandpolicecollec-tiveactions.

o The2010SeoulG20Summit:WhenBigBrotherUsesTwitter,Too:Produc-tiveFormsofPolicingandtheRoleofMediaintheSeoulG20ProtestsinSouthKoreaLee,K.,2015(http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cccr.12087/pdf)


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Image Source: reddit

REFUTERUMOURS

On socialmedia, especially in crisissituations,rumorseasilyspread.

Therefore,LEAsusesocialmedia torefuterumors,astheyhaveastrongvoiceinsocialmediathatotherrefertoasatrustedsource.


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• DuringtheUKRiotsin2011alargepartofthecommunicationhasbeentorefuterumours.

o In:SebastianDenef,PetraSaskiaBayerl,andNicoKaptein(2013):SocialMediaandthePolice—TweetingPracticesofBritishPoliceForcesduringtheAugust2011Riots.InProceedingsoftheSIGCHIConferenceonHumanFac-torsinComputingSystems(Paris,France,April27–May2,2013).CHI’13.NewYork,NY:ACMPress.

• BostonMarathon:fingeringthewrongpersons.Seehttp://socialmediadna.nl/category/cases/boston-bombings/andspecifically:http://socialmediadna.nl/boston-bombings-burgeropsporing-en-zelfcorrigerend-vermogen/

• ShootingMunich2016:Policeclarifiedseveralmisleadingandwronginformationaboutadditionalattacks.

• Arumourannotationtoolwithtweets,developedfortheFerguson,Missouri,USAunrestinAugust2014,enablingannotatorstoreadthroughthetweetsandannotatethemasbeingrumoursornorumours.

o In:Bestpracticereferredinacademicliterature:‘Zubiaga,A.,Liakata,M.,Procter,R.,Bontcheva,K.&Tolmie,P.,2015-Towardsdetectingrumorsinsocialmedia’

• Hoaxmap(Germany):http://socialmediadna.nl/hoaxmap/• SocialMediaVerificationhandbook

https://www.slideshare.net/socialmediadna/verification-handbook• FEMArumourcontrolcenter:http://socialmediadna.nl/hoax/• TheWestMidlandsPoliceForceusesocialmedia,primarilyTwitter,tocounterru-

mours.Theyforinstancetweetedofficersstandingoutsidethestationtofightaru-mourofanattackontheirpolicestation.

o In:BartlettJ.,MillerC.(2013),@metpoliceukHowTwitterischangingmod-ernpolicingthecaseoftheWoolwichAftermath.London:Demos.


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https://www.flickr.com/photos/westmidlandspolice/7493222314/

REPUTATIONMANAGEMENT

Trust and credibility are key to theworkoflawenforcementagencies.

Therefore,LEAsusesocialmedia toinfluence and manage the reputa-tionoftheirorganisation.


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• ReputationmanagementisoftendoneusingHUMANSIDESTORIESandpartofWEBCARE

• YoungUkrainianfemalepolicestirssocialmedia:http://europe.newsweek.com/young-kiev-police-recruits-cause-stir-social-media-330060

• PoliceinIceland(andaroundtheworld)usecutenessandfunnymovesonsocialmedia:http://www.adweek.com/adfreak/icelands-police-have-one-worlds-cutest-instagrams-160284

• TheShakeItOffCop:https://twitter.com/ShakeItOffCop,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8XFBUM8dMqw

• Therearealsocases,wherereputationmanagementdoesnotworkasplannedandbringsupcitizencriticism.“MyNYPD”campaign:http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-27126041


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Image Source: http://www.keepcalm-o-

matic.co.uk/

REASSURANCE

In crisis situations, people mightworryaboutthesituation.

Therefore,LEAsusesocialmedia tocommunicateactionsthathavebeentaken to restore public safety andrespondtosocialmediasentiments.


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• UKRiots2011:Alargepartofthecommunicationhasbeentoprovidereassurance.o In:SebastianDenef,PetraSaskiaBayerl,andNicoKaptein(2013):Social

MediaandthePolice—TweetingPracticesofBritishPoliceForcesduringtheAugust2011Riots.InProceedingsoftheSIGCHIConferenceonHumanFac-torsinComputingSystems(Paris,France,April27–May2,2013).CHI’13.NewYork,NY:ACMPress.

• MunichShooting2016:Thepoliceusedtwittertoclarifythesituationandreassurecitizens:https://twitter.com/polizeimuenchen


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https://www.flickr.com/photos/ter-burg/17315216959

CITIZENSADOPTSOCIALMEDIA

Social media provide various waysofempoweringcitizens.

Therefore, citizensuse socialmediatoaddressissuesoftheirconcern.


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• Takingthingsintotheirownhands,citizensusesocialmediatoaddresspublicsecu-rityissues.Thefollowingpatternlistdescribesanumberofpractices:

o ORGANISEPROTESTSo DIYJUSTICEo DIYCITIZENJOURNALISMo DIYACCOUNTSo DIYINTELLIGENCEo DIYWATCHDOGo DIYINVESTIGATIONo NEIGHBOURHOODWATCH


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https://www.flickr.com/photos/cesarastudillo/267809308

ORGANISEPROTESTS

Citizensmayopposeactionsofgov-ernmentorissuesinsociety.

Therefore, citizensuse socialmediatoorganiseprotestsormassgather-ings.


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• Hashtagshavebecomeasimpleyeteffectivetoolinorganisingprotestgroups.• PublicFacebookpagesallowinvitationstoallandthushaveawidereach.

o ProjectXhttp://socialmediadna.nl/analyse-2/o HarlemShakehttp://socialmediadna.nl/harlem-shake-in-nederland/

• Asgovernmentssometimestrytocontrolsocialmedia,Firechatisatoolforad-hoclocalnetworks.http://socialmediadna.nl/firechat/

• TheBlackLivesMattermovementusessocialmediatoprotestagainstpolicevio-lence:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter

• IntheArabicSpring,socialmediawasthecoreorganizingtool:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring

• InBrazil,Rolezinho,isaformofprotestwhereblackyouthoccupymalls.http://socialmediadna.nl/rolezinho/

• FollowingterroristattacksinParis,peopleorganizedthe“JeSuisCharlie”move-ment:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je_suis_Charlie

• The“PlatformeCitoyen”isagroupofcitizensformedtohelpwiththeinflowofrefu-geesinBelgium.During2015,theyhadtwolargemarcheswhichwereorganisedthroughouttheirFacebookgroups.

• DuringtheHongKongprotests,groupsusedofFirechat,apeer-to-peersocialmediaapptocircumventthegovernmentalsurveillance:http://socialmediadna.nl/firechat/

• Thesukeyapphelpprotesterstoavoidpolicekettles:http://www.wired.co.uk/article/sukey-protest-app


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https://www.flickr.com/photos/126919879@N03/14926645375

DIYJUSTICE

Citizens are offended by other citi-zens, companies or government ac-tivityandwanttocorrectthewrong.

Therefore,citizensrespondthroughcoordinated retaliation on digitalmedia,includingmobiledevicesandsocialmediaplatforms.


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• Thevigilantismcanincludecitizensplayingjudgeand“namingandshaming”visibil-ity,whereuserspublishthetargetedindividual’spersonaldetailsonapublicsite.

o Examples:VancouverRiots,‘Kopschoppers’incidenttheNetherlandsSource:ResearchbyDanielTrottier

• Thereareseveralgroupsofpedophilehunters.• Anonymoushasconductedvariousonlineactions(doxing,trolling).• FollowingshootingsintheU.S.,peoplebeganpubliclymappinggunowners.

o http://mediashift.org/2013/02/where-the-journal-news-went-wrong-in-mapping-gun-owners053/

• InItaly,agroupofstudentsstartedtocreate“Mafiamaps”tofightorganisedcrime.o http://socialmediadna.nl/mafiamaps/

• Otherexamplesofonlinegroupsusingsocialmedia:o Anonymousdeatheaters:

http://socialmediadna.nl/anonymous-deatheaters/o DarkJustice:

http://socialmediadna.nl/dark-justice/o ThePunisherSquad:

http://socialmediadna.nl/the-punisher-squad/o TheInternetInterceptors

http://socialmediadna.nl/the-internet-interceptors/o TheCreepCatchers

http://socialmediadna.nl/creep-catchers/


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https://www.flickr.com/photos/esthervargasc/10948923353

DIYCITIZENJOURNALISM

Social media allow each individualto broadcast and share a situationthat otherwise nobody reportsabout.

Therefore, citizens report newsthemselves, e.g. by using livestreamingvideoapplicationstocre-ate situational awareness for othercitizens and also other governmen-talagencies.


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• Severalreal-timesocialmediaareusedtoreportoncrimesastheyunfold:o Twitterhasbecomeacoremediumforlivereporting

(ExampleofaknifewieldingmaninNewYorkCity:http://socialmediadna.nl/knifeman-new-york/)

o Citizensalsoreportingwithlifestreamingapps:Cameraad/NULiveandre-al-timevideoplatformPeriscopehttp://socialmediadna.nl/periscope-impact-op-veiligheid/andVine(ExampleduringBostonBombingshttp://socialmediadna.nl/vine/)

o Reddithasbeenfrequentlyusedtoreportonunfoldingincidents:http://socialmediadna.nl/reddit/

• Additionally,blogsareusedtoreportaboutpublicsafetyissues.• Toinformcitizensreport,theyuseappsthatscanpoliceradiocommunicationfrom

aroundtheworld:http://socialmediadna.nl/app-police-scanners/


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Image Source: facebook

DIYACCOUNTS

Authorities canbe slow inadoptingsocialmedia.

Therefore, citizens provide securityrelevant information to other citi-zensbythemselves.


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• Anumberofforumsallowcitizenstohelpothercitizens(sharingpreventiontips,missingpersons,caringforvictims,discussingproblems,etc.)viadifferentfora,newsgroups,facebookgroups,etc.

• Othersofferhelpforvictims,suchastheDutchinitiative:o https://www.slachtofferhulp.nl/

• Unofficialnewsofpoliceandfirefighters:https://de.nepoli.eu/• IntheNetherlandstheP2000networksonvarioussocialmediachannels,isused

forincidentreports,basedontheofficialC2000networkforpolice,firemenandambulanceprofessionals:http://www.p2000-online.net/

• Citizensalsousesmartphoneapplicationstoinformofdifferentreal-timeroadinci-dents(e.g.Waze,Socialdrive).Whiletheseappscanbeusedtoshareusefulinfor-mationinaveryimmediateform,theyalsocancreatesecuritybreaches,accordingtosomeLEAsandarethereforebeingdiscussedcontroversially.

o http://usgovinfo.about.com/od/rightsandfreedoms/a/DUI-Checkpoint-Apps.htm

o https://www.engadget.com/2015/01/26/police-see-waze-as-threat/o https://www.duidefensematters.com/resources/blog/using-waze-to-avoid-

dui-checkpoints-you-probably-shouldn-t-here-s-why


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- Image Source: CC license by

https://www.flickr.com/photos/dinomite/3219513356

DIYINTELLIGENCE

Open data allows citizens to makesense of information for their ownpurposes.

Therefore, citizens collect and storedata,sometimesmapit,anddistrib-uteandshareittomakeitusefulforaspecificcontext.


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• Wikileakscollectsdatafromleaks(e.g.Panamapapers)• Bellingcat:Collectsintelligenceandprovidesreports(e.g.Conflictvehicletracking

projecthttps://www.bellingcat.com/resources/2015/02/03/ukraine-conflict-vehicle-tracking-launch/)

• Politwoopsshowsdeletedtweetsfrompoliticiansandothergovernmentleaders:http://www.politwoops.eu/

• iAWACSisasoftwaretoautomaticallyanalyzesignalsfromsocialme-diahttps://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2016/07/10/how-artificial-intelligence-could-help-warn-us-of-another-dallas/.

• UsingCRIMEMAPPING,mafiamapshighlightcrimeareas:http://socialmediadna.nl/mafiamaps/


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https://www.flickr.com/photos/lourencoparente/8961453394

DIYWATCHDOG

Authoritiescanactoutsidethelaw.

Therefore, citizensuse socialmediatowatchundpubliclyshareLEAsac-tions.


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• Thereareseveralcasesinwhichcitizenswatchdogthepolice:o Copwatchershttp://socialmediadna.nl/copwatchers/o HandsUp4Justice:http://socialmediadna.nl/hands-up-4-justice/o LegalEqualizerhttp://socialmediadna.nl/legal-equalizer/o Five-Ohttp://socialmediadna.nl/five-o/o Ferguson:http://socialmediadna.nl/social-media-bemoeienis-in-ferguson/


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https://www.flickr.com/photos/text100/12177502223

DIYINVESTIGATION

Authorities can be slow, limited orunwillingtomakeinvestigations.

Therefore, citizens use publicsources to investigate and put to-getherthepiecesofinformationthatis(publicly)available.


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• Apps,suchasthe“SelfEvident”supportDIYinvestigations.o http://socialmediadna.nl/self-evident-app/

• BellingcatinvestigatedtheshootingdownofflightMH17inUkraine.o Seereport:https://www.bellingcat.com/wp-

content/uploads/2016/02/53rd-report-public.pdf• Websleuthnetworksworkonidentifyingcorpses(e.g.DoeNet-

work:http://www.doenetwork.org/).• OtherworkonsearchingthemissingMalaysianAirlineairplaneusingamicrotask

platformforsatelliteimages.o http://socialmediadna.nl/digital-humanitarians-modern-sherlocks-deel-2/

• MassiveonlineandofflinesearchofRubenandJulian:o http://socialmediadna.nl/category/cases/rubenjulian/

• ANetflixTVseries,“Makingamurderer”investigatedacase.o http://socialmediadna.nl/amateur-speurder-in-making-a-murderer/


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Image Source: Hans van Vliet

NEIGHBOURHOODWATCH

Citizensmight not feel safe or wellprotectedintheirneighbourhood.

Therefore, citizens organise theirown neighbourhood watch, sup-ported by social media use, e.g.WhatsAppgroupsandspecificapps.


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• IntheNetherlands,neighbourhoodwatchgroupsuseWhatsapptoorganisethem-selves.

• IntheUSA,Nextdoorisaprivatesocialnetworkforneighborhoodwatch(https://nextdoor.com/)

• PokemonGoisalsousedforneighbourhoodwatch:http://socialmediadna.nl/pokemon-go/andhttps://twitter.com/FrankSmilda/status/763786561267924993


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https://www.flickr.com/photos/ahmad_ridhwan/4897260561

CRIMINALSADOPTSOCIALMEDIA

Socialmediacanbeusedforvariouscriminalactivities.

Therefore, criminals use social me-diabefore,duringoraftercrimes.


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• PLANNING• ILLEGALMARKETPLACE• GANGRECRUITMENT• FACEBOOKTHUGGING• STALKING• IDENTITYTHEFT&FRAUD• THREATENING&RANSOM• REVENGEPORN• PROPAGANDA• GROOMING


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https://www.flickr.com/photos/jrjamesarchive/9305591191

PLANNING

Social media offers information toplana crime,but also aplatform todiscusstheplanningofacrime.

Therefore, criminals use social me-diatoplanattacksandcrimes.


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• Terroristsusedmessengerapptelegramtoplanattacks.http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-37033271

• Criminalshavebeenusingsocialmediaforcrimesourcinghttp://radar.oreilly.com/2011/09/crime-sourcing.html

• Insocalled“Flashrobs”,criminalsusesocialmediatoorganizethemselvesandrobstoresingroups.

o https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_robo http://socialmediadna.nl/opsporing-2-0-met-massa-meer-massa/

• Robbersusesocialmediatofindtheirlootbyusingcheck-insonsocialmedia.http://socialmediadna.nl/woninginbraak/


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Image Source:socialmediadna

ILLEGALMARKETPLACE

Social media platforms can provideamarketplace.

Therefore, criminals use social me-diatodealwithillegalgoods.


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• Facebookhasbeenusedforweaponssales,• Instagramhasbeenusedtoselldrugs,

o http://socialmediadna.nl/instagram/o http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=83&artikel=6465484

• andtheDarkWebforalloftheabove.


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https://www.flickr.com/photos/harrisburg_army_recruiting_battalion/5679677477

GANGRECRUITMENT

Social Media enables targeted ac-tions towards those susceptible forjoining a criminal gang or activity(crimesourcing).

Therefore, criminals use social me-diatorecruitnewmemberstotheirgangsororganizations.


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• Gangsusesocialmediatorecruit:o http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/77484541/gangs-go-to-social-

media-to-push-brand-and-recruit• Ethnographicstudyofonlineyouthgangs:

o http://socialmediadna.nl/in-de-h200d-een-eigentijdse-etnografie/o http://socialmediadna.nl/van-de-straathoek-naar-facebook/

• ISISposts‘official’vacanciesonsocialmedia.• Thedarkwebisalsousedforcrimesourcing(askingjobmen,offeringjobs).


137

Image Source: Instagram/dailymail

FACEBOOKTHUGGING

Social media offers a cheap andsometimes anonymous way to letothersknowhow'bad'youare."

Therefore, criminals (gangsmostly)usesocialmediaforbragging.


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• ForensicpsychologistsrevealwhypeoplearepostingevidencetotheircrimesonFacebookandSnapchat:

o http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/psychologists-reveal-people-post-crimes-social-media-article-1.2719307

• “Cellfies”arepublishedfromjail:o http://socialmediadna.nl/celfies-vanuit-de-bajes/

• NarcosInstagramwar:http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3226232/Narcos-Instagram-war-guns-girls-big-cats-big-piles-cash-El-Chapo-s-sons-spark-social-media-battles-Mexican-cartel-members-showing-sickening-wealth.html

• Internetbanging:http://www.slideshare.net/socialmediadna/internet-banging-new-trends-in-social-media-gang-violence-masculinity

• Criminalsfilmingtheircrime:http://socialmediadna.nl/criminelen-die-hun-misdrijf-filmen/


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https://www.flickr.com/photos/lawrencecanto/7479226590

STALKING

On social media, and particularlywithadigitallifestyle,anyonecanbefoundandharassed.

Therefore, criminals can stalk theirvictims on social media or throughsocial media find these persons inreallife.


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• Socialmediaarebeingusedtostalkpoliticians,VIPsandothers.Stalkingisdoneformoneyextortionorotherreasons.

o http://socialmediadna.nl/stalken/• Recentworkontheethicalwrongsofstalking,includingonline,describeshowit

involvesa‘psychologicaltake-over’andthusadeepinvasionoftheprivacyofvic-tims.http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/78019/1/WRAP_1270961-pais-110316-violations_of_privacy_and_law_-_final.pdf


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https://www.flickr.com/photos/c-paras/15823637064

IDENTITYTHEFT&FRAUD

Socialmedia accounts are suscepti-bletomisuse.

Therefore, criminals use social me-dia to steal identities and commitfraudorothercriminalactivities.


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• Profilesandvirtualidentitiesarecoretosocialmedia.• Hackingaccountsallowscriminalstoproducefalsemessages.• ThefalsetweetbyAPofanexplosionatWhiteHousecausedstockstobriefly

plunge.APconfirmedthatitsTwitterfeedwashacked:http://www.cnbc.com/id/100646197Researchersanalysedtheimpactofhacked2013messageclaimingPresidentObamahadbeeninjuredbyWhiteHouseexplo-sionandestimatedthatthetweetcost$139BILLION.http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3090221/The-tweet-cost-139-BILLION-Researchers-analyse-impact-hacked-message-claiming-President-Obama-injured-White-House-explosion.html#ixzz4IvFr9KMy


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https://www.flickr.com/photos/-pmind/6344895369

THREATENING&RANSOM

On socialmedia it appears you cansay anything to anyone, also withbadintentions.

Therefore, criminals use social me-dia to threaten their victims (e.g.with the release of private infor-mationorpictures)andaskforran-soms.


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• Socialmediahavebeenusedtothreatenjudges,prosecutors,policeofficersoreyewitnessestocrimes:http://socialmediadna.nl/getuigen/

• Criminalsalsothreatenvigilantes:http://socialmediadna.nl/cartel-land/• Mexicanjournalisttweetedaboutcartels,cartelstweetedaboutherdeath:

http://socialmediadna.nl/activiste-twitterde-over-drugskartels-kartels-twitterden-over-haar-moord/

• Deaththreatsarecommon,butnotalwaysfoundillegalincourt.o Onthedarkweb,thereisanassassinationmarketwithdeathlists(crowd-

fundedwithbitcoins)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_market


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https://www.flickr.com/photos/smemon/4420336383

REVENGEPORN

Anyone can post any material al-most anonymously on socialmedia,and some platforms have little re-strictions

Therefore, criminals distribute ex-plicit videoswithout the consent ofthevictims.


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• Phenomenalikerevengepornhaveincreasedalsoduetothegreaterfrequencywithwhichyoungpeopleshareexplicitimagesofthemselves.TherisksofsextingaremadeclearbyastudybytheUKSaferInternetCentre,whichshowedthat88%ofsextingpicturesorvideosareputonotherwebsites,sometimesevenonpornsites.FurtherstatisticsillustratingtherisksintheUSAaregiveninareportbyacampaigncalled‘thenationalcampaign’,https://thenationalcampaign.org/resource/sex-and-tech21%ofteengirlsand18%ofteenboyshavesent/postednudeorsemi-nudeimagesofthemselves.

• ApopularcaseistheoneofHunterMooreandIsAnyoneup.Themosthatedmanontheinternet:http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/the-most-hated-man-on-the-internet-20121113

• ThereareotherplatformssuchasMyEx.comandsitesthatevenmakemoneyfromex-esputtingimagesonline.

• IntheUS,researchhasshownthat6out10ex-esthreatentopostcompromisingpicturesonlineandoutofthose1in10actuallydoit.

• Resources:o http://socialmediadna.nl/revenge-porn/(partI)o http://socialmediadna.nl/revengeporn/(partII)o http://socialmediadna.nl/w-wraakporno/o http://mashable.com/category/revenge-porn/o https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenge_porn


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Image Source: license by

https://www.flickr.com/photos/manuspi/4510248155

PROPAGANDA

Social media creates a worldwideplatform to spread any opinion,thought,threatorotherinformationthatcanchangepeople'smindsandhearts.

Therefore, criminals use social me-dia to spreading lies on purpose todoharmorinfluencecertainpeopleorgeneralopinion.


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• Socialmediahavebecomeapropagandachannelforcriminalorganisations.• Twitterhassuspendedmorethan360,000accountsrelatedtoterrorismandISIS:

http://venturebeat.com/2016/08/18/twitter-has-suspended-more-than-360000-accounts-related-to-terrorism-and-isis/

• RightwinggroupshavebeenusingsocialmediatospreadpropagandaonFacebook,especiallyinGermany.

• Trollsandsocialbotsarealsousetospreadfalseinfor-mation:http://socialmediadna.nl/internettrollen-en-botfarms/


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Image Source: Thomas-Gabriel Rüdiger

GROOMING

More and more children can befound (videos and pictures) or areactiveonsocialmediawiththeirac-counts (although social media pro-vidershaveagerestrictions).

Therefore, criminals use social me-dia to get in contact with childrenforpedocriminalbehaviour.


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• Cybergroomingisespeciallyhappeninginonlinegameworldsthataredesignedforchildren.Adultsregisterusingafalseageandusevariousformstocontactchildren.Theyofferthingsthatcostmoneyandeventuallytrytomeetchildren.

• Otherresources:o https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_groomingo http://socialmediadna.nl/grooming/


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4. Discussion&Outlook

4.1 DiscussionintheEuropeanForumofUrbanSecurity

Wehavepresentedanddiscussedapreliminaryversionofthepracticepatternsduringaworkshopof theEuropeanForumofUrbanSecurity.Themaingoalof theworkshopwastodiscussthecurrentstateofpracticeinlocalauthoritiesconcerningsocialmediaadoptionandtocollecttheirfeedbackaboutpracticepatterns.Theworkshopwasdivid-edintofourparts:

1. PresentationoftheMEDIA4SECprojectandparticipants’expectations.2. Presentationofpracticesalreadyimplementedorintheprocessofimplementa-

tionbysomeoftheparticipants.3. Presentation of the pattern language identified during the first phase of the

MEDIA4SECproject(Figure3).4. Workinggroupsession todiscuss thepatternsandhow localauthoritiescould

usethosetosupporttheirsecuritytasks,andwhatcouldbethemainobstacleshamperingimplementation.

Figure 3: Pattern Language and individual patterns, available in English and French

Representativesof localandregionalauthoritiesfrom10citiesand7countriesmainlyconnectedtosecurityandpreventionservices.Aspertheinvitationsent,wewerelook-ing for two types of participants: those who have already developed an initia-tive/practiceusingsocialmediafortheirdailysecuritytasksandthosewhohaveapar-ticularinterestindevelopinganactivityorstrategyusingsocialmedia.Participants present a variety of initiatives: Representatives of the City of the Hague,presentedtheBARTprojectthataimstointegratessocialmediachannelsthroughwhichcitizens,themunicipalityandpolicewouldbeabletoshareresponsibilityforachievingasafelivingenvironment(Figure4),withfeaturesthatcloselyrelatetothepracticesde-


152

scribedinCOMMUNITYENGAGEMENT.ForItaly,intheEmiliaRomagnaRegion,Guide-linestopromotetheroleandimageoflocalauthoritiesthroughsocialmediaarebeingdeveloped.Thisaims to improve thequalityof relationbetween localpoliceandcom-munities, increasepeople'sawarenessof localpoliceworkandrole in thecommunity,andpromoteanew,community-oriented,professionalidentityamonglocalpoliceoffic-ersandtocombineINFORMINGCITIZENSwithCOMMUNITYENGAGEMENT.IntheCityofSetúbalasmartphoneappisbeinglaunch,toprovideanofficialchannelbetweenau-thorities and citizens for reporting public safety issues and crime, similar to the “My112”appinthecityMadrid,asanALERTTOOLandalsotoallowforINTAKE.ThecityofLausanneanalysessocialmediatodocumentalcoholconsumptionandunderstandthecontextofconsumptionatnight, inorderto improvesafetyservices,aswedescribeinANALYSESOCIALMEDIA.

Figure 4: Participant presentation, BART project

Duringthepresentationanddiscussions,participants,identifiedthefollowingusecasesforsocialmediatosupporttheirwork.ThefirstgroupcontainssocialmediausecasesthatwedescribeinthepatternsgroupedbyENFORCINGTHELAWandINTELLIGENCE:

• Socialmediaforintelligenceandcrimemapping.• Socialmediatomonitorgroupsandnetworks.• Socialmediatounderstandhowcriminalsorirregulargroupsact.


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• Socialmedia to understand how socialmedia are used for illegal purposes (cyberbullying,cybercrime,etc.).

• Social media to identify sources of negative propaganda (promoting criminal andviolentacts,recruitingminors.

• Socialmediatoidentifyproblemsandbetterimprovelocalpolicyandaction.• Socialmediatobeawareoftheproblemsthatcitizenshaveinpublicspaces.• Socialmediatomonitorgroupsofcitizensinspecificareas,toidentifyoffendersand

crimehotspots.• Socialmediatoanticipateriotsorbettermanagecrowds.• Socialmediatofightagainstradicalisation.• Socialmediatocounterextremistnarratives.ParticipantsalsodescribedusecasesthatwecoverinthepatterngroupENGAGMENT&COMMUNICATION:

• Socialmediatoeducatethegeneralpublicaboutusingsocialmediasafely,helpingparentstolearnandunderstandhowsocialmediawork.

• Socialmediatoinvolveyoungpeoplewithapreventiveandpositivemessageagainstviolence,topromotecitizenparticipationinpreventionandsurveillance.

• Socialmediatoconnectwithandhelpresidentswhofindthemselvesinasituationofcrisisinagivenareaofthecity.

• Socialmediatoimprovethereputationofthelocalpolice.• Socialmediatopromotethepreventionactivitiesimplementedbymunicipalities.• Socialmediaareone toolamongothers to involvecitizens insecurity issues.They

can be used to encourage citizen participation in local policy-making and in safe-guardingpublicpeace.

Additionally, participants pointed to aspects we describe in SOCIAL MEDIAFOUNDATION:

• Guidelinesandstandardsontheresponsibleuseofsocialmediabythelocalpoliceandpractitionersarenecessary.Inparticular,itisimportanttocoordinateandcen-traliseallpoliceaccounts,andtouseunifiedcommunicationstandards.

• It isnecessarytounderstandwhether it isbettertogivethemanagementofsocialmediaprofilestoexpertsortotrainlocalpoliceandpractitionerstodoso.

• It isessential thatservices thatusesocialmediabeawareofhowtocommunicate(e.g.shortandclearmessages,especiallyonTwitter).Itisimportanttoinvestinthetrainingofpolicemenandlocalauthoritiesontheuseofsocialmedia.

• Thereshouldbeastrategyonwhatinformationanddatatoshareandnot,incom-pliancewiththelawandregulations.Itisimportantalsotobeawarethattheinfor-mationsharedcanbevaluableforcriminals,andthattheycaneasilycollectdataandinformation.

Beyond these aspects, already described in our descriptions, several new topics andquestionsarosethatarenotyetoronlypartlycoveredofthepatternlanguage.SomeoftheseinvolvelegalandethicalissuesthatwillbepartofacomingMEDIA4SECdelivera-


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ble, other were related to the organizational and cultural context of municipalities.Questionsthatremainopenwere,forinstance:

• Howtostoreandmanagetheinformationcollected?• Howtoensureprivacyanddataprotection?• Howtocoordinateandshareinformationwithdifferentmunicipalservicesandwith

partners suchasother localpolice forces, thenationalpolice, intelligence servicesandotherstakeholders?

• Howtoensurethat the informationsharedthroughsocialmediaby localpoliceorlocalauthoritiesreachesallaudiences.Inamulticulturalcity,peoplespeakdifferentlanguage.Howtousesocialmediatocommunicatewithpeopleofdifferentnational-ities,culturesandlanguage?

• Howtomixtheuseofsocialmediaandinteractionwithpeopleinreallife?• Howtodescribeand find thebest talentswhenrecruiting staff?Andwhatare the

rightskillsthatanemployeeshouldhave?• HowtodealwithcitizensthathavenoaccesstotheInternet?Howtoavoidincreas-

ingthedigitaldivide?Overall, we found thatmost of the abovementioned practices and questions are stilltopicsofdebate inmunicipalities, andarenot aswidely implementedas lawenforce-mentagencies.Thereis,however,agreatoverlapoftheneedsoflawenforcementagen-ciesandpublicsecurityplanners.Oneoftheaspectsmoreimportanttocitiesis,howev-er,theinteraction,exchangeandalignmentofsocialmediausewithpartnersandotherstakeholders.Participantsexpressed theirwill and theneed toworkmore thoroughlyon theuseofsocialmedia in public security, focusing on two aspects: the exchange of informationwithotherstakeholderssuchasthepoliceservices,andtheculturalshiftthisrepresentsforlocaladministrations.Theyalsopointedtotheneedtoknowmoreaboutexperiencesdevelopedelsewhere,toshareanddeveloppracticesandtohaveaccesstothetrainingsandotherresourcesdevelopedintheframeworkoftheMEDIA4SECproject.

4.2 Outlook

In this reportwe have presented 69 patterns that describe how citizens and law en-forcement agencies use social media in the field of public security. Nevertheless, thereportshouldnotbeinterpretedasevidenceforhowbroadlyandwidelyLEAsuseso-cialmedia.On thecontrary,wewish tounderline, thatdescribingandgroupingsocialmediapracticefromaroundtheworldisaformofcherrypicking.

Whilethereisawiderangeofpracticeinusingsocialmediaforpublicsecurity,thisen-tirerangeisnotnecessarilyimplementedinasingleEuropeanlawenforcementagency.Thereareonlyfewagenciesthatfullypracticetheentirescope.Asitwasnotourmissiontohighlightorstudythedifferencesinadoption,weleavesuchcomparisonopenforfutureresearch.


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Fromwhatwehavelearned,however,itseemsthatmostforcesonlyapplyafewselect-edpatternssuchasINFORMINGCITIZENSand/orSOCIALMEDIAMONITORING.Whiletheformerhasbecomeaquasistandard,thelattervariousgreatlyinhowitisconduct-ed.While some forcesmonitor socialmedia 24/7 using advanced software solutions,othersonlymonitormanuallyandsporadically.Only few forces have accomplished the necessary organisational changes requires forpracticessuchasCOMMUNITYENGAGEMENTorWEBCAREandONLINEPATROL.The-se practices require LEAs to change and empower officerswith new tasks. EspeciallyONLINEPATROLrequiresLEAstounderstandthemselvesasorganizationsresponsibleandpresentinonlinespace.

When talking to lawenforcement agencies,we also learn that sometimes aspects thatwe describe in SOCIAL MEDIA FOUNDATION are missing. Not all officers are yetequippedwithsmartphonesortabletcomputers.Intheseorganisations,thiswidensthegapbetweenthetechnologythatofficersuseprivatelyandthetoolsthatareavailabletothem in theirworkspace. In this situation,officers face thedilemma.Either theyworkeffectivelyusingtheirprivatedevicesandpubliclyavailabletoolsforpurposesofinter-nalpolicecommunicationandviolatedataprotectionregulations,ortheysticktosome-times-clunkyofficialtoolsandservicesprovidedtothem.

Thatiswhyweseegreatneedforanexchangeofknowledgeandapproachestobetterunderstand how new practice can find its place and grow in existing organisationalstructures.Asthesocialmediaspaceevolvesandnewnetworksemerge,thequestionsofsocialmediauseforpublicsecurityevolve,too.Thepressureforinnovationincreaseand agencies need to understand and how they can develop innovative structures tocopewiththerapidchangesahead.BeyondbestpracticeinusingFacebookorTwitter,lawenforcementagenciesandpolicymakerssee themselvesconfrontedwith thequestionof theirnewrole that theycouldand/orshouldtakeindigitisedsocieties.Often,traditionalstructuresandthinkingclashwiththedigitalworld.Whileagenciescandividetheirworkinthephysicalspacefollow-ingthebordersofstates,citiesanddistricts,itismuchharderandsometimesimpossi-bletodosointhedigitalspace.The patterns also describe the sometimes supportive and sometimes criminal actionsthatcitizenstakeusingsocialmedia.Socialmediahasbecomeatoolofempowermentforcitizensforimprovingsecuritybutalsoforendangeringit.Onlyfewlawenforcementagencieshavealreadydevelopedstrategiesor concrete initiativesofhow todealwiththat changed world and what DIY Policing really means. Currently, citizens can findthemselvesleftaloneintheonlinespace,withLEAsstrugglingtodefineresponsibilitiesandtaketheirrole.

Citygovernmentsalsoaddressthischallenge. Inouranalysisof themunicipalsecuritystrategieswefoundthatitisapriorityforlocalauthoritiestoeducatecitizensabouttherisksofsocialmediafortheirsafety,inparticulartheyoungpopulation.Socialmediaarealsousedasatool toencouragecitizenparticipation inpolicy-makingdecisions.Addi-


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tionally,socialmediaarealsousedtobetteradaptmunicipalactiontospecificsecurityproblems,aswedetailinthepatternANALYSINGSOCIALMEDIA.Aswedescribeabove,thereisgreatpotentialforapplyingandusingthepatternsoflawenforcementagenciesand apply and transfer them to theneedsof public securityplanners.A special focus,however, needs to put on the interaction between different othermunicipal partnersandstakeholdergroupsviasocialmedia,anaspectthatappearsnotasmallerrelevanceforlawenforcementagencies.In theMEDIA4SECproject,wewilluse thepattern languageasameans to furtherex-plore these important issues and support the design of approaches and solutions forpractitionersandpolicymakers.

Concludingthisreport,wewouldliketothankallourinterviewpartnersandsocialme-diaexpertswithinandoutsidetheMEDIA4SECproject,whocontributedgreatlytothiswork.Wealsowouldlikeallourprojectpartnersandreviewersfortheirfeedbackandcommentsthroughoutthewritingprocess.


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Denef, S, Oppermann, R., & Keyson, D.V. (2011). Designing for Social Configurations:PatternLanguagestoInformtheDesignofUbiquitousComputing.InternationalJournalofDesign,5(3),49-65.Erickson,T.(2000a).Linguafrancasfordesign:Sacredplacesandpatternlanguages.InProceedingsoftheACMconferenceonDesigningInteractiveSystems(pp.357-368).NewYork:ACM.Erickson, T. (2000b). Towards a pattern language for interaction design. In P. Luff, J.Hindmarsh,&C.Heath (Eds.),Workplacestudies:Recoveringworkpracticeandinform-ingsystemsdesign.Cambridge,UK:CambridgeUniversityPress.

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