WorldHistoryH QP2;annobib

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Thesis:

China, one of the modern world's greatest powers, impacted the world, during ancienttimes and even today. In course of history, the Chinese have revolutionized warfare. Although moreknown for their great militaristic inventions in weaponry, China's war strategies do not fall short.Great Chinese philosophers contributed to the creation of those strategies, even reforming the

Chinese military and government along the way. Articles/EBSCOHost:

Arkin, William M. “Targeting China.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientist Vol. 57 Issue 4.

7 (2001): 75. Web. 14 Dec. 2011.

In this article, we were informed that the United States is taking precautionsbecause, now, the Chinese posses nuclear weapons. It states that the documentoutlines two potential U.S. and China adversarial scenarios. One results to aconflict with North Korea, and the other, a China and U.S. confrontation, assumingthat the Chinese will strike first. (Primary)

Chai, Winberg. “Missile Envy: New Tension in China-U.S.-Taiwan Relations.” Asian Affairs:

An American Review Vol. 34 Issue 1. (2001): 37-45

When China launched its first successful anti-satellite missile into space, it causedan alarm across the Taiwan Strait. Views in the U.S. were mixed as to whether they launched the missile to start a militarization of space or to force the UnitedStates to sign a treaty that states to avoid arms race. (Primary)

Copper, John F. “The ‘Glue’ That Holds China Together.” World & I Vol. 17 Issue 7.

Web. 15 Dec. 2011.

In this article, the Chinese government said America was jealous of China’ssuccesses and was threatened by its growing military strength. So, they said thatthe U.S. was going to hold China back using “spiritual pollution” and “democraticevolution.”

Freeman, Karen. “The Un-fought Chemical War.” Bulletin of Atomic Scientists Vol. 47 Issue 10.

12 (1991): 30-39. Web. 8 Jan. 2012.

This article states that there were humans being used to test the affects of chemical warfare, suggesting that a chemical warfare would have happened in thePacific during World War II. The Allies had the ability to initiate a chemical warfarein the Pacific, arguing that it was in retaliation for the Japanese use of chemical

weapons against the Chinese. The department of army asked the National Academy of Sciences to study the long-term effects of exposure tochemical warfare and 6720 soldiers participated in the experiment.

Gabriel, Richard A. "Battle of Jingxing." World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras.

ABC-CLIO, 2012. Web. 5 Jan. 2012.

This article informs us how the weapons they were using have improved becauseof the war. They had improved crossbows and did not use chariots. They would



still use weapons from the previous period. Horses were also a big part of Chinesewarfare for they provided mobility on the battlefield.

Gabriel, Richard A. "Mongol Armor and Weapons." World History: Ancient and Medieval

Eras. ABC-CLIO, 2012. Web. 6 Jan. 2012.

This article stated that the Mongol soldiers wore either a brown or a blue tunic,the kalat , and they wore fur in the winter. They wore thick leather boots with feltliners during the winter. The Mongols have influenced Genghis Khan and hissoldiers throughout this war. From this war, the first war with the Xiaxia at 1207CE, Genghis adopted the silk undershirt for his troops. This silk undershirt is quitecomparable to the flak jacket in modern armies. The Mongols also used a varietyof arrows, some arrows had iron tips for piercing armors, fire arrows and whistlingsignal arrows. They also carried a lasso, a small dagger, a battle axe, or a mace.

Garthoff, Raymond L. “Unconventional Warfare in Communist Strategies.”

Forreign Affairs Vol. 40 Issue 4. 566-575. Web. 6 Jan. 2012.

This article discusses the role of warfare in the Communist world, starting with thefundamental role that plays in general Communist strategies. Their views onexpediency and unconventional warfare strategies are very different. Communistleaders assign a major role to active civil violence.

Hamer, Mick. “Blast From the Past.” New Scientist Vol. 188 Issue 2524. 5:11

(2005): 33-35. Web. 12 Dec. 2011.

This article tells us about gunpowder and its uses. The Chinese, during the HanDynasty, invented gunpowder. It was the cutting edge of military technology, foundin canons and firearms. The saltpeter, charcoal, and sulfur used to creategunpowder makes is highly explosive.

Kristensen, Hans M., Norris, Robert S. “Chinese Nuclear Forces.”

Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists Vo. 64 Issue 3. 7 (2008): 42-44. Web. 6

Jan. 2012.

This article informs us about China’s nuclear weapons capability. In 2008, it wasreported that China has the most active missile program in the world. It continuesto develop and deploy missile units such as DF-31. A chart shows the quantity andtype of Chinese arsenal including land-based missiles, submarine-launchedballistic missiles, and aircraft missiles.

Martin, Harold H. “How Tough are Chiang’s Chinese?” Saturday Evening Post

Vol. 231 Issue 10. 09:06 (1958): 28-60. Web. 6 Jan. 2012.

This article tells us about a development of a map of the mainland. Itreflected the Chinese’s efforts to strengthen defenses against the alliancebetween Nationalist China and South Korea. (Primary)

Spence, Jonathan D. “Mao Zedong.” Time. 05:13 (1998). Web. 14 Dec. 2011.



This article informs us about the life of Mao Zedong. It told us about how he lovedswimming and how good he was at “not sinking.” He showed great interest inrealpolitiks as well.

“Sung.” Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. 10:1 (2011): 1-1. Web. 12 Dec. 2011.

In this article, the Chinese agricultural productivity increased because of newtechnologies. With that, also comes ship-building and the use of magneticcompass. Wang An was ambitious leader that wanted to increase the militarystrength with these new technologies. They are also still spreading the use of gunpowder.

Wallace, Robert Daniel. “The Asian Military Revolution: From Gunpowder to the Bomb.”

Canadian Journal of History Vol. 45 Issue 1. (2010): 173-175. Canadian Journal of

History. Web. 12 Dec. 2011.

In this review, Lorge’s thesis states that modern warfare was created in China,during the 12th and 13th centuries, with the development and use of gun powder and combined-arms warfare. Primitive guns were invented by harnessinggunpowder in bamboo tubes containing projectiles. A huge number of bombs,grenades, and small rockets were developed and used commonly.

Whitelaw, Kevin. “China Aims High.” U.S. News & World Report Vol. 143 Issue 21.

12:17 (2007): 42-45. Web. 13 Dec. 2011.

This article informs us about a debate that started because Beijing blasted off space weapon. The Space weapon, though, had a glitch. This space weaponbroadened the U.S. research potential. (Primary)

Websites/Google:

“Han Dynasty (206 B.C.Â–220 A.D.)” Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History Web. 9 Mar. 2012.

In this article, it was stated how Emperor Wudi helped reformed China’sgovernment after their civil war and the death of their late emperor.

“ Ming Dynasty (1368Â – 1644)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Web. 28 Feb. 2012.

This article informs us about the cultural restoration and expansion thatChina went through during the Ming Dynasty. Painters that were recruited bythe court were ordered to return to realistic representation style. Mingexamples reflected strong West Asian influences. A special court bureau

was used to ensure that there was a uniform of standard decorationestablished for production, such as textiles, lacquer, metalwork, andceramics.

"Jin Dynasty (China, AD 265-316 317, AD 317-420)." Encyclopedia Britannica Online.

Encyclopedia Britannica. Web. 10 Mar. 2012.



This article informs us about the downfall of the empire after emperor Wu Di’sdeath. The country followed the pattern of decline of previous dynasties and thesociety turned feudalistic. It tells us how the fall of the government reformed duringthe Jin dynasty leading to the Six Dynasties period.

Pillsbury, Michael. “Deng Xiaoping’s Strategic Thought.” Chinese Views on Future

Warfare: Part One. National Defense University Institute for National Strategic

Studies. Web. 11 Dec. 2011.

This section of the book informs us how the Chinese created their strategies. Itspecifically talks about Deng Xiaoping, one of the people that created their strategic movements. He believed that the development of China can not beseparated from the world. He put forward a whole set of ideas on creatingsocialism with vitality and revitalizing the Chinese nation. (Primary)

"Sui Dynasty (581-618)." China Tours,China Tour Package,China Tour Company, Small Group,

Beijing, Xian, Shanghai, Guilin. Web. 3 Mar. 2012.

In this article, it was stated that the Sui Dynasty had great reformations andcontributions to the world. It informs us about how the Emperor Wendireformed the government using the System of Three Cabinets and SixDepartments. Also, the astronomer that created the lunisolar calendar that isvery similar to our present day lunisolar calendar. This was also when theZhaozhou bridge, the most ancient bridge, was built.

"Tang Dynasty." ThinkQuest . Oracle Foundation. Web. 6 Mar. 2012.

This article informs us that many things happened in the Tang Dynasty. During the

Tang Dynasty, Buddhism declined and Confucianism became more popular. Also,many great poets, such as Li, Po, tu Fu, and Pho Chu-I, emerged. Printing booksand sharing ideas helped the culture unite.

"The Song Dynasty in China | Asia Topics in World History." Asia for Educators.

Web. 10 Mar. 2012.

The use of explosive gunpowders in rockets, cannons, bombs, and minesdeveloped in the Song Dynasty. Their military engineers discovered gunpowder tobe helpful in siege warfare. The Chinese and Mongols extensively used weaponsinvolving gunpowder. Gunpowder was first used in the 700s, during the SongDynasty, as a fire-producing compound; the Chinese made bombs with gunpowder and other components such as scrap iron and other metals, which were eventuallyused in combat with the use of catapults in various types of warfare, specificallysiege warfare.



“The Use of Chariot and Bronze Weapons in Warfare.” Chinese Dynasties Part One: The Shang

Dynasty Through the Tang Dynasty. Web. 8 Mar. 2012.

This article informs us about the advancement of bronze technology and the use of bronze weapons. This advancement gave the Shang military forces a great

advantage over their enemies. They developed the bronze-tipped halberd andspear, the compound bow, and started using horse drawn chariots.

"Qin Dynasty." ThinkQuest . Oracle Foundation. Web. 2 Mar. 2012

This article tells us about how Emperor Qin Huangdi reformed China through hisstandardized weights, writing, and measures, promoting trade. He also unifiedChina. Although, his death caused rage and rebellion across China, leading theminto their next dynasty, the Han Dynasty.

Books/NetLibrary:

Barfield, Thomas J. The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China.

Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell, 1989.

Ban Chao was in control from 31-101 B.C.E. He was dispatched in 73 as an envoyto the kingdom of Shanshan. He did more than successfully fulfill his mission; heintercepted and destroyed a Xiongnu embassy and returned ShanShan to Chinesecontrol. Ban was later sent out to Khoten, because of his success, and he returnedthem under the Chinese rule. After 31 years of service, he finally returned toChina.

Bonavia, David. “The Warlord Period.” The History of Nations: China.

New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. Print.

This book informs us about warlordism. China was split into a number of kingdomsuntil the third century. After the first unification of China, military revolt and fullscale civil war were only held temporarily in abeyance. The greatest militaryphilosopher of ancient times, Sun Tzu, had declared that “all war is deception.”The Chinese commander would be admired most if he mastered the practices of night maneuvers, surprise attack, treachery, bribery, and shifting alliances andused them before going to the field with his troops.

Wu, Sun. “The Art of War.”

The early Chinese military armies consisted of peasants armed with simple bows,spears, and stone maces. Sun Wu said, “For to win one hundred victories in onehundred battles is not the acme of skill. To subdue the enemy without fighting isthe acme of skill.” His philosophies were applied in many different places.(Primary)

Zurlo, Tony. China: Deng Xiaoping’s Black-and-White Economic Cats.

Greenhaven Press, 2003. Print.



Deng Xiaoping took power in 1978 with the support of the Chinese people. Hebegan his economic reform in the countryside. At harvest time, if a household haspaid their taxes with their crops, they can sell any thing in the free market.(Primary)

Images:

"Arts." Zhaozhou Bridge. Web. 1 Mar. 2012.

The Zhauzhou Bridge was named after its country, located in the Heibei Province.The Zhaozhou Bridge spans 64.4 meters and has a width of 9 meters. This bridgeis still in great condition after over 1,000 years, many floods, and manyearthquakes. The Zhaozhou Bridge was given the title the 12th InternationalHistoric Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers, inSeptember 1991.

"Composite Crossbow from the Song dynasty." Image. Instructional Resources

Corporation. World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras. ABC-CLIO, 2012. Web. 7 Jan.

2012.

China used the crossbow around the 4th Century BCE. By the 2nd century BCE, theChinese had long range repeater crossbows with trigger mechanisms, armor piercing darts, and rotating bases. They have also acquired a range of 200 yards



"Hall of terra-cotta soldiers." Image. Andreas Neumann. World History: Ancient and Medieval

Eras. ABC-CLIO, 2012. Web. 6 Jan. 2012.

This image shows the hall of terra-cotta soldiers in Xian, China. Soldiers would get

a statue and they would “bury” the statue with their emperor.

"The Song Dynasty in China | Asia Topics in World History." Asia for Educators. Web.

8 Mar. 2012.

This picture is a sketch of the weaponry the song dynasty. On the left is a sketch of the whip arrow, and on the right is a sketch raised flower and ball bombs.

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