WORLD WIDE DISTRIBUTION OF “PETROLEUM”

PRESENTATION ON_

Presenting by Group ‘C’

WHAT IS PETROLEUM?• A thick, flammable, yellow-to-black mixture of gaseous, liquid,

and solid hydrocarbons that occurs naturally beneath the earth's surface.

• Petroleum is energy, stored deep in the earth by nature. This is a non-renewable energy source. Petroleum includes crude oil, condensate and natural gas.

• It is found trapped in underground rocks. This is why it is called PETROLEUM (‘PERTA’ means Rock and ‘OLEUM’ means Oil).

HOW IS PETROLEUM FORMED?Scientists believe petroleum hydrocarbons come from the remains of tiny animals and plants that lived millions of years ago. The idea that oil was created from dinosaurs is a myth, there simply were not enough of them to create such large amounts of oil.

It was produced when sea creatures died and got covered with sand and clay. Under high pressure , these dead organisms changed into petroleum and natural gases.

COMPOSITIONS OF PETROLEUM

Hydrocarbon Average Range

Alkanes (paraffins) 30% 15 to 60%

Naphthenes 49% 30 to 60%

Aromatics 15% 3 to 30%

Asphaltics 6% remainder

Element Percent range

Carbon 83 to 85%

Hydrogen 10 to 14%

Nitrogen 0.1 to 2%

Oxygen 0.05 to 1.5%

Sulfur 0.05 to 6.0%

Metals < 0.1%

USES OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTSPetroleum may be

taken to oil refineries and the

hydrocarbon chemicals separated

by distillation and treated by

other chemical processes, to be used

for a variety of purposes like:

Bunker Fuel • Detergent • Plastics • Jet Fuel • Diesel Fuel • Synthetic Fibers • Fertilizers and Pesticides

• Paint • Gasoline • Photographic Film • Food Additives • Heating Oil • Synthetic Rubber • Make up • Medicine • Candles

HISTORY OF THE WORLD PETROLEUM INDUSTRY

• 6th Century BC - The army of Kir II, first shah of Achaemenid Empire ( present - Iran), used Absheron oil in weapons of fire to invade castles and cities.

• 450BC - Herodotus described oil pits near Babylon

• 325BC - Alexander the Great used flaming torches of petroleum products to scare his enemies

• c100AD - Plutarch described oil bubbling from the ground near Kirkuk in present day Iraq

• 347AD - Chinese reported to have drilled holes in ground using bamboo to extract oil

• 1273 - Marco Polo recorded visiting the Persian city of Baku, on the shores of the Caspian Sea in modern Azerbaijan, he saw oil being collected from seeps for use in medicine and lighting

• 1594 - A stone dated 1594 and signed by Allahyar Mahammad Nurogly is found in an oil well (kolodets) 35 metres deep in Baku (in settlement Balak

• 1637 - Baku oil is marked as a 'terrible weapon by ignition' in a "List of gun stocks' of Moscow state.hani); this well is dug by hand.

• 1801 - First coal powered steam engine

• 1807 - Streets of London lit by coal oil

• 1857 - Development of the kerosene lamp - provided clean burning light

• 1859 - Col. Edwin Drake struck oil 69ft below the surface of the ground in Titusville, Pennsylvania.

• 1895 - Invention of combustion engine

• 1896 - Henry Ford's first motor car

THE FIRST PETROLEUM WELLThe first petroleum was drilled in Pennsylvania, USA in 1859.

Early modern discoveries if petroleum relied on these small surface wells. In the United States, bores that were used for water began producing crude oil. At that time, petroleum was called coal oil.

The discovery of petroleum eventually closed the nineteenth century whale-oil-industry.

PETROLEUM PRODUCTION DISTRIBUTION

• According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), in 2014 over 66% of world oil production came from the top ten countries: Saudi Arabia 542 Mt (13%), Russia 529 Mt (13%), United States 509 Mt (12%), China 212 Mt (5%), Canada 208 Mt (5%), Iran 166 Mt (4%), Iraq 160 Mt (4%), Kuwait 158 Mt (4%), United Arab Emirates 157 Mt (4%) and Venezuela 151 Mt (4%). Total oil production was 4,200 Mt.

CountryProduction

(bbl/day)

United States 13,973,000 Saudi Arabia (OPEC) 11,624,000

Russia 10,853,000

China, People's Republic of 4,572,000

Canada 4,383,000

United Arab Emirates (OPEC) 3,471,000

Iran (OPEC) 3,375,000 Iraq (OPEC) 3,371,000

Brazil 2,950,000 Mexico 2,812,000

Kuwait (OPEC) 2,767,000 Venezuela (OPEC) 2,689,000

Nigeria (OPEC) 2,427,000 Qatar (OPEC) 2,055,000

TOP OIL-PRODUCING COUNTRIES, MILLION BBL/DAY (EIA)

• Global Production of Petroleum• Total Crude Oil Supply (thousand barrels per day)

• Total Production of Refined Petroleum Products (thousand barrels per day)

Source: International Energy Statistics (http://www.eia.gov)

Bangladesh Produce (bbl/day) 4,800 and lies in the 98th Global Production Country

• Global Consumption of Petroleum Total Refined Petroleum Consumption (thousand barrels per day)

OIL CONFLICTS • The term oil war is used to

describe a conflict about petroleum resources.

• It is generally refers to any conflict occurring in a geographical location that contain oil, and the participants may or will have intentions to take control over petroleum products.

List of Wars (Some major wars)

1. Chaco wars (1932-35)

2. Nigerian civil war (1967-70)

3. Iran-Iraq war (1980-88)

4. Gulf war (1990-91)

5. Iraq war (2003-2011)

6. 2014 military intervention against ISIS (2014-)

7. 2014 core coalition intervention in serya (2014-)

OIL PRICE

• Oil price mans the spot piece of a barrel of benchmark crude oil. The term crude oil simply means petroleum as it comes from the ground, before refining. Benchmark crude or marker crude is a crude oil that serves as a reference price for buyers and sellers of crude oil.

• Oil price is measured by USD per barrel (US$/bbl) From 1999 to mid 2008 the price of oil rose significantly. It happened because of the demand of rising economic power like china and india.

• The financial crisis of 2007-2008 decreased the price growth. On 23th December it became 30.28$ a barrel. It rebounded after the crisis and was 100$ a barrel in January 2011. For the next three and a half year it was about 90$ to 120$.

• It again started decreasing due to declining demand in emerging countries. By February 3,2016 oil was below 30$

• Some analysis predicted that it may further decline to 18$ a barrel.

REASON FOR THESE UPS AND DOWNS• The supply of oil depends on many factors like legal and tax framework,

cost for extraction, cost for technology, and political situation in the producing country.

• Both domestic and inter country conflict can cause the instability of oil price.

• For example during the Vietnam war (1950s-1970s) it declined below 20$ but it reached a peak of 65$ during the Persian gulf crisis.

• Power struggle between super powers cause the dramatic fall of price.• Speculation for future market cause the sudden increase.

COUNTRIES WITH THE LARGEST PROVEN OIL RESERVES (MMBBL).

Rank Country Barrels (bbl)

1 Venezuela 298,400,000,000

2 Saudi Arabia 268,300,000,000

3 Canada 171,000,000,000

4 Iran 157,800,000,000

5 Iraq 144,200,000,000

6 Kuwait 104,000,000,000

7 Russia 103,200,000,000

• Rank CountryBarrels (bbl)

• 8 United Arab Emirates 97,800,000,000

• 9 Libya48,360,000,000

• 10 Nigeria37,070,000,000

• 11 United States36,520,000,000

• 12 Kazakhstan30,000,000,000

• 13 Qatar25,240,000,000

• 14 China24,650,000,000

REFERENCES• http://www.petroleum.co.uk/

• http://resources.schoolscience.co.uk/ExxonMobil/knowl_old/2/petroleum.html

• http://www.aapg.org/about/petroleum-geology/petroleum-through-time/what-is-petroleum

• http://www.geohelp.net/world.html

• http://www.hugovandermolen.nl/environmental%20affairs/Petroleum%20production%20and%20distribution.php

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_production

• http://www.statista.com/statistics/307194/top-oil-consuming-sectors-worldwide/

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_reserves

• http://www.hugovandermolen.nl/environmental%20affairs/Petroleum%20production%20and%20distribution.php

• http://gswindell.com/stats.htm

• Lee, H., Molburg, J., Wang, M., “Allocation of Energy Use in Petroleum Refineries to Petroleum Products: Implications for Life-Cycle Energy Use and Emission Inventory of Petroleum Transportation Fuels”, Int J LCA 9 (1) 34 – 44 (2004)

• Energetics Incorporated for the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Industrial Technologies Program, “Energy Bandwidth for Petroleum Refining Processes”, October 2006