WORLD WAR LOOMS

In response to the fighting in Europe, the United States provides economic and military aid to help the Allies achieve victory.

Learning Objectives:Section 4 - America Moves

Towards War • 1. Describe the U.S. response to the outbreak

of war in Europe in 1939.2. Explain how Roosevelt assisted the Allies without declaring war.3. Summarize the events that brought the United States into armed conflict with Germany.4. Describe the American response to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

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The United States Musters Its Forces

Moving Cautiously Away from Neutrality• 1939, FDR persuades Congress to pass “cash-

and-carry” provision• Argues will help France, Britain defeat Hitler, keep

U.S. out of war

America Moves Toward War4SECTION

The Axis Threat• 1940, FDR tries to provide Britain “all aid short

of war”• Germany, Japan, Italy sign Tripartite Pact, mutual

defense treaty- become known as Axis Powers

• Pact aimed at keeping U.S. out of war by forcing fight on two oceans

Continued . . .

SECTION 4: AMERICA MOVES TOWARD WAR

• In September of 1939 (invasion of Poland), Roosevelt persuaded Congress to pass a “cash & carry” provision that allowed nations to buy U.S. arms and transport them in their own ships

America sold weapons to Allied nations for cash

Chapter 16 Section 4MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS

• A – What impact did the outbreak of the war in Europe have on U.S. foreign and defense policy?– Revision of the Neutrality Acts;– Dramatically increased defense spending;– Institution of the nation’s first peacetime draft.

THE AXIS THREAT RISES, BRITAIN GETS OUR SUPPORT

• Axis powers were making great progress across Europe – France fell to Germany in 1940

• The Axis powers were formidable – Germany, Italy and Japan

• Hoping to avoid a two-ocean war, FDR scrambled to support Britain

• He provided 500,000 rifles and 80,000 machine guns and numerous ships

• B – Why did Roosevelt take one “unneutral” step after another to assist Britain and the – Soviet Union in 1941?– FDR believed that the best way to stop the

axis powers was to help their opponents – mainly Britain and the Soviet Union.

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4SECTION

Building U.S. Defenses• Nazi victories in 1940 lead to increased U.S.

defense spending• First peacetime draft enacted—Selective Training

and Service Act:- draftees to serve for 1 year in Western Hemisphere only

continued The United States Musters Its Forces

Roosevelt Runs for a Third Term• FDR breaks two-term tradition, runs for reelection• Republican Wendell Willkie has similar views on war• FDR reelected with 55% of votes

U.S. BUILDS DEFENSE• Meanwhile, Roosevelt got Congress to increase

spending for national defenses and reinstitute the draft

• FDR ran for and won an unprecedented third term in 1940

• The majority of voters were unwilling to switch presidents during such a volatile time in history

FDR pushed for huge defense spending

Franklin Delano Roosevelt Defeated Wendell Willkie in the 1940 Presidential

Election

• D – Why did the United States enter into an undeclared shooting war with Germany in fall of 1941?– German U-boats were

attacking American ships.

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4SECTION

The Lend-Lease Plan• FDR tells nation if Britain falls, Axis powers free

to conquer world- U.S. must become “arsenal of democracy”

• By late 1940, Britain has no more cash to buy U.S. arms

• 1941 Lend-Lease Act—U.S. to lend or lease supplies for defense

“The Great Arsenal of Democracy”

Supporting Stalin• 1941, Hitler breaks pact with Stalin, invades

Soviet Union• Roosevelt sends lend-lease supplies to Soviet

Union

Continued . . .

THE GREAT ARSENAL OF DEMOCRACY

• To support Britain, FDR established a “Lend-

Lease Plan” which meant the U.S. would lend or lease arms to nations whose defense was vital to America

• America was becoming the “Great Arsenal of Democracy” supplying weapons to fighting democracies

• E – How was oil a source of conflict between Japan and the United States?– Japan needed oil, and the United States had

placed an embargo on it to protest Japanese aggression in Indochina.

U.S. arsenal of the world

U.S. SUPPORTS STALIN

• In June of 1941, Hitler broke the agreement he made with Stalin in 1939

• FDR began sending lend-lease supplies to the USSR

Canned pork prepared in Ohio for lend-lease shipment to the USSR. Canned pork prepared in Ohio for lend-lease shipment to the USSR.

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4SECTION

German Wolf Packs• Hitler deploys U-boats to attack supply convoys• Wolf packs—groups of up to 40 submarines patrol

North Atlantic- sink supply ships

• FDR allows navy to attack German U-boats in self-defense

continued“The Great Arsenal of Democracy”

CONVOY

U.S. SUPPORTS

• German U-boats traveled in “wolf packs” at night torpedoing weapon shipments headed for the Britain and the USSR

• FDR OK’ed U.S. warships to attack German U-boats in self-defense

GR: America Moves Toward War

• 1. Permitted nations to buy U.S. armaments as long as they paid cash and carried the goods away in their own ships.

• 2. Japan, Germany, Italy; if the U.S. declared war on any of the Axis powers, it would have to fight a two-ocean war.

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4SECTION

The Atlantic Charter• FDR’s proposal to extend the term of draftees

passes House by 1 vote• FDR, Churchill issue Atlantic Charter—joint

declaration of war aims• Charter is basis of “A Declaration of the United

Nations” or Allies• Allies—nations that fight Axis powers; 26 nations

sign Declaration

FDR Plans for War

Shoot on Sight• Germans fire on U.S. ship, FDR orders navy to

shoot U-boats on sight• U-boat attacks lead Senate to repeal ban on

arming merchant ships

THE ATLANTIC CHARTER

• Late in 1941, FDR and Churchill met secretly and agreed on a series of goals for the war

• Among their goals were collective security, disarmament, self-determination, economic cooperation and freedom of the seas

• This “Declaration of the United Nations” was signed by 26 nations

FDR, left, and Churchill met aboard the battleship U.S.S. Augusta in

Newfoundland waters

• C – Why was the Atlantic Charter important?– It set forth the war

aims of the Allies.

• Germans begin attacking American merchant ships. US Navy enter undeclared state of war.

GR: America Moves Toward War

• 3. Allowed the president to lend or lease arms and supplies to “any country whose defense was vital to the U.S”

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4SECTION

Japan Attacks the United States

Japan’s Ambitions in the Pacific• Hideki Tojo—chief of staff of army that invades

China, prime minister• Japan seizes French bases in Indochina; U.S. cuts

off trade • Japan needs oil from U.S. or must take Dutch East

Indies oil fields

Continued . . .

Peace Talks are Questioned• 1941 U.S. breaks Japanese codes; learns Japan

planning to attack U.S.• Peace talks with Japan last about 1 month• December 6, Japanese envoy instructed to reject all

U.S. proposals

GR: America Moves Toward War

• 4. punished Japan with a trade embargo

• 5. Collective security; disarmament, self-determination, economic cooperation, freedom of the Jews

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4SECTION

continued Japan Attacks the United States

The Attack on Pearl Harbor• December 7, 1941 Japanese attack Pearl Harbor• 2,403 Americans killed; 1,178 wounded• Over 300 aircraft, 21 ships destroyed or damaged

Reaction to Pearl Harbor• Congress approves FDR’s request for declaration

of war against Japan• Germany, Italy declare war on U.S. • U.S. unprepared to fight in both Atlantic, Pacific

Oceans

JAPAN ATTACKS THE UNITED STATES

• While tensions with Germany mounted, Japan launched an attack on an American naval base

• Japan had been expanding in Asia since the late 1930s

• Early on the morning of December 7, 1941, Japan bombed the largest American naval base – Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

ATTACK KILLS 2,403 AND WOUNDS 1,178; U.S. DECLARES WAR

• The surprise raid on Pearl Harbor by 180 Japanese planes sank or damaged 21 ships and 300 planes

• The losses constituted more than the U.S. Navy had suffered in all of WWI

• The next day, FDR addressed Congress, “Yesterday, December 7, 1941, (is) a date which will live in infamy”

• The United States declared war on Japan and three days later Germany and Italy

GR: America Moves Toward War

• 7. Almost destroyed it

• 8. They had signed a mutual defense treaty with Japan in which they agreed to come to each other’s aid in the event of an attack.