WORLD WORLD WAR IIWAR II

Part 2Part 2

BACKGROUNDBACKGROUNDThe U.S. was basically The U.S. was basically unpreparedunprepared for war in December 1941. FDR for war in December 1941. FDR had used the PWA (Public Works had used the PWA (Public Works Administration) to build Administration) to build aircraftaircraft carrierscarriers. We had instituted the . We had instituted the first peacetime first peacetime draftdraft and begun and begun the the GoodGood NeighborNeighbor policy in the policy in the Western Hemisphere, but these Western Hemisphere, but these were only small steps.were only small steps.

THE WAR IN EUROPETHE WAR IN EUROPEU.S. was in a U.S. was in a 22 frontfront war war

against the against the AxisAxis Powers Powers ((GermanyGermany, , ItalyItaly and and JapanJapan) ) from the beginning. from the beginning.

It was necessary to prioritize It was necessary to prioritize and our #1 goal was to defeat and our #1 goal was to defeat HitlerHitler in Europe. in Europe.

Timeline of Events in EuropeTimeline of Events in Europe9/39-6/40 Nazi 9/39-6/40 Nazi blitzkriegblitzkrieg

(lightening warfare) of Poland (lightening warfare) of Poland and western Europeand western Europe

Summer/Autumn 1940 – Summer/Autumn 1940 – Battle of Battle of BritainBritain (Luftwaffe vs. (Luftwaffe vs. Royal Air Force (RAF) Royal Air Force (RAF) –Hitler unable to gain Hitler unable to gain airair control so postpones control so postpones planned invasion. planned invasion.

–Believed Britain would “wither Believed Britain would “wither on the vine” = 1on the vine” = 1stst MISTAKEMISTAKE. . Britain was now led by Prime Britain was now led by Prime Minister Minister WinstonWinston ChurchillChurchill. .

US began policy of US began policy of Lend-Lend-LeaseLease Aid Aid

Spring 1941 – Successful Spring 1941 – Successful German invasion of German invasion of EasternEastern Europe and North Europe and North AfricaAfrica with with Italian aidItalian aid

Winston Churchill

June 1941 – German invasion of June 1941 – German invasion of USSRUSSR Operation Operation BarbarossaBarbarossa = 2 = 2ndnd MISTAKEMISTAKE–U.S. offered U.S. offered Lend-LeaseLend-Lease to USSR to USSR–Early success first 6 months – Early success first 6 months – problems in problems in winterwinterScorchedScorched EarthEarth policy denied policy denied suppliessupplies

Train Train gaugegauge not compatible not compatibleSplit forcesSplit forcesSeasonalSeasonal timing – bitter cold timing – bitter coldGuerilla Guerilla counteroffensivecounteroffensiveSoviet Leader Soviet Leader JosephJoseph StalinStalin

Joseph Stalin

12/41 German/Italian declaration 12/41 German/Italian declaration of war on of war on U.S.U.S. = 3 = 3rdrd MISTAKE MISTAKE

Spring/Summer 1942 –Nazis Spring/Summer 1942 –Nazis regain momentum in regain momentum in USSRUSSR

9/42 9/42 MaximumMaximum Nazi Control – Nazi Control – Europe, North Africa, Europe, North Africa, Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic Ocean and ready for Ocean and ready for EgyptEgypt; ; Britain and Soviets barely Britain and Soviets barely hanging onhanging on

10/42 the Battle of El 10/42 the Battle of El AlameinAlamein –German German AfrikaAfrika KorpsKorps (tanks) (tanks) led by Field Marshall Erwin led by Field Marshall Erwin Rommel (Rommel (DesertDesert Fox) v. ) v. British general Bernard British general Bernard MontgomeryMontgomery

–Goals: Goals: oiloil fields and fields and SuezSuez CanalCanal

Erwin RommelErwin Rommel

11/42 11/42 TURNING POINT IN THE TURNING POINT IN THE WARWAR–Invasion of North Africa-Invasion of North Africa-Operation Operation TorchTorch; First time ; First time AlliesAllies attack; U.S. General attack; U.S. General Dwight D. Dwight D. EisenhowerEisenhower (Ike) (Ike) appointed supreme appointed supreme commander; HQ = commander; HQ = CasablancaCasablanca – invasion sites at Morocco and – invasion sites at Morocco and Algeria; Field commander U.S. Algeria; Field commander U.S. General George S. General George S. PattonPatton; ; German German surrendersurrender 5/43 5/43

Dwight D. EisenhowerDwight D. Eisenhower

George S Patton

–StalingradStalingrad has been under Nazi has been under Nazi siege since 9/42 – Russian siege since 9/42 – Russian counterattackcounterattack & force German & force German surrendersurrender 2/43; German losses 2/43; German losses = = 1,000,0001,000,000

Spring 1943 – Allies control Spring 1943 – Allies control MediterraneanMediterranean & Battle of the & Battle of the AtlanticAtlantic begins; goal = control of begins; goal = control of shipping lanes- convoys v. shipping lanes- convoys v. WolfpackWolfpack (German subs); New (German subs); New technology = technology = sonarsonar

6/43 – 6/43 – PattonPatton takes Sicily takes Sicily7/43 – Russia slowly forcing 7/43 – Russia slowly forcing

Germans out of USSR – Battle of Germans out of USSR – Battle of KurskKursk

9/43 – INVASION OF ITALY – Battle 9/43 – INVASION OF ITALY – Battle of of AnzioAnzio - - MussoliniMussolini forced out, forced out, new leader new leader BadoglioBadoglio promised promised easy surrender – heavy American easy surrender – heavy American casualties; victory in casualties; victory in RomeRome 6/5/44 6/5/44 but fighting continues on the but fighting continues on the peninsula for some timepeninsula for some time

June 6, 1944 = D-Day – June 6, 1944 = D-Day – NormandyNormandy Invasion = Invasion = Operation Operation OverlordOverlord–IkeIke as Supreme Commander as Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in ETO of Allied Forces in ETO ((EuropeanEuropean Theatre of Theatre of Operations)Operations)

–Largest Largest amphibiousamphibious invasion invasion ever – jointly with British, ever – jointly with British, Canadians, and Free FrenchCanadians, and Free French

–Nazi Advantages = Nazi Advantages = commanded by commanded by RommelRommel & & heavily heavily fortifiedfortified and dug in and dug in

–Allied Advantages = access Allied Advantages = access to to weatherweather reports & reports & airair powerpower

–5 Beaches = Gold, Juno, 5 Beaches = Gold, Juno, Sword, Utah and OmahaSword, Utah and Omaha

–War now just a matter of time War now just a matter of time – – VictoryVictory is assured is assured

July 1944 – daily air July 1944 – daily air bombingbombing of Germany & attempted of Germany & attempted assassinationassassination of Hitler by of Hitler by German OfficersGerman Officers

August 1944 – liberation of August 1944 – liberation of ParisParis by Patton and Free by Patton and Free French under Charles De French under Charles De GaulleGaulle

12/44- 1/45 – Battle of the 12/44- 1/45 – Battle of the BulgeBulge in Belgium = last in Belgium = last German German offensiveoffensive

3/45 – Invasion of Germany begins 3/45 – Invasion of Germany begins EastEast and and WestWest

4/30/45 – Hitler and Eva Braun Hitler 4/30/45 – Hitler and Eva Braun Hitler (married 4/29/45) commit (married 4/29/45) commit SuicideSuicide – – both took poison capsules & Hitler shot both took poison capsules & Hitler shot himself in the head.himself in the head.

Their bodies were partially cremated Their bodies were partially cremated and buried, later found by Russian and buried, later found by Russian soldiers, taken and reburied in an soldiers, taken and reburied in an unmarked grave in Magdeburg, unmarked grave in Magdeburg, Germany. 1970 – exhumed, burned & Germany. 1970 – exhumed, burned & ashes dumped in the Elbe River.ashes dumped in the Elbe River.

May 8, 1945 = May 8, 1945 = V-EV-E DayDay (Victory in (Victory in Europe) = Germany surrendersEurope) = Germany surrenders

THE HOMEFRONTTHE HOMEFRONTWar effort is organized under War effort is organized under

New Deal type organizations:New Deal type organizations:–Office of War Office of War MobilizationMobilization – – coordinates agencies coordinates agencies (umbrella)(umbrella)

–Selective Selective ServiceService Commission (draft board) Commission (draft board) eligible from age 18 to 35eligible from age 18 to 35

–Office of Office of PricePrice Administration – Administration – price controls and rationing of price controls and rationing of products for civiliansproducts for civilians

–Office of War Office of War InformationInformation – – propaganda & newspropaganda & news

–War War LaborLabor Board – strike Board – strike controlcontrol

–War War ManpowerManpower Commission – Commission – labor for munitions factorieslabor for munitions factories

–War War ProductionProduction Board – Board – Military needs are #1Military needs are #1

War good for the War good for the economyeconomy–Full employment – Full employment – 3030 million in million in war production jobs, many war production jobs, many women (women (RosieRosie the the RiveterRiveter) & ) & 1515 million in military million in military serviceservice = 2 to = 2 to 1 ratio1 ratio

–US spends $400 billion on the US spends $400 billion on the war with war with 2/32/3 raised from the raised from the sale of war sale of war bondsbonds

FDR re-elected to 3FDR re-elected to 3rdrd term (1940) term (1940) & 4& 4thth term (1944) “Don’t Change term (1944) “Don’t Change HorsesHorses in the Middle of the in the Middle of the StreamStream””

Harry Harry TrumanTruman takes over when takes over when FDR dies in April 1945FDR dies in April 1945

Battle of Battle of ProductionProduction refers to the refers to the ability of the US to produce more ability of the US to produce more munitionsmunitions than the enemy – this than the enemy – this is the single most important is the single most important factor in the allied victoryfactor in the allied victory

Harry Truman

Tremendous Tremendous publicpublic support of the support of the war effort = jobs, service, bonds, war effort = jobs, service, bonds, songs, victory songs, victory gardensgardens & & scrapscrap drivesdrives

Internment of Internment of Japanese-AmericansJapanese-Americans from West Coast – from West Coast – 17,60017,600 fought fought in Italyin Italy

Lasting effects on US Lasting effects on US –Opportunities for Opportunities for womenwomen–End of the End of the GreatGreat DepressionDepression–Science – Science – atomicatomic bomb, jets, bomb, jets, rocketsrockets & medicine & medicine

Internment Camps

Internment Camps

WAR IN THE PACIFICWAR IN THE PACIFIC Japanese pattern of aggression Japanese pattern of aggression

–seizure of seizure of KoreaKorea in 1910 in 1910 –attack on Chinese attack on Chinese ManchuriaManchuria in in 1931 1931

–attacks on the remainder of attacks on the remainder of ChinaChina in 1937 in 1937

–attack on the French colony of attack on the French colony of IndochinaIndochina in June 1941 in June 1941

President President RooseveltRoosevelt responded responded –forbid the sale of forbid the sale of oiloil, , ironiron and and steelsteel to Japan to Japan

–froze their froze their bankbank accounts in the accounts in the US. US.

Japanese leaders were following Japanese leaders were following a policy aimed at conquering all a policy aimed at conquering all of of AsiaAsia and eventually the rest of and eventually the rest of the world. This was to be done to the world. This was to be done to honorhonor the emperor the emperor HirohitoHirohito. To . To do this they needed do this they needed oiloil. Only the . Only the USUS stood in their way. stood in their way.

The attack on The attack on PearlPearl HarborHarbor – December 7, 1941December 7, 1941–Attempt to remove the US from Attempt to remove the US from the the PacificPacific long enough to seize long enough to seize the East Indies & claim the the East Indies & claim the islands of the Pacific. The islands of the Pacific. The Japanese expected to be so Japanese expected to be so strongly in place by the time the strongly in place by the time the US rebuilt that the US would US rebuilt that the US would simply have to simply have to acceptaccept it it

–Was ordered by Japanese War Was ordered by Japanese War Minister Hideji Minister Hideji TojoTojo

–Was planned by chief naval Was planned by chief naval strategist Isoroku strategist Isoroku YamamotoYamamoto

That mornings map.That mornings map.

Attack VisualAttack Visual

• The first attacks would hit the USS Oklahoma, West Virginia, Arizona, and Nevada.

•The second attack would hit USS Pennsylvania, and cruisers:San Francisco, and New Orleans.

USS ArizonaUSS Arizona

Positioned in Positioned in “Battle Row”.“Battle Row”.

Hit within 10 min. Hit within 10 min. after attack began.after attack began.

Bomb crashed Bomb crashed through the 2 through the 2 armored deck, armored deck, igniting its igniting its magazine.magazine.

Went down with Went down with 1,300 lives.1,300 lives.

USS Arizona MemorialUSS Arizona Memorial

““Created to honor the survivors of Pearl Created to honor the survivors of Pearl Harbor, their families and friends, and Harbor, their families and friends, and to all those who died.”to all those who died.”

The ship has been preserved as a tomb The ship has been preserved as a tomb for those who went down with the ship.for those who went down with the ship.

Erected in 1962.Erected in 1962.

–Was launched from Was launched from aircraftaircraft carrierscarriers –Was Was notnot followed by an followed by an invasioninvasion

December 8, 1941 – April 1942December 8, 1941 – April 1942–American owned American owned PhilippinesPhilippines was was attacked and invadedattacked and invaded

–Commander Douglas Commander Douglas MacArthurMacArthur was ordered to evacuate to was ordered to evacuate to AustraliaAustraliaPromised his men that “I will Promised his men that “I will returnreturn””

–The Americans left behind were The Americans left behind were defeated at defeated at CorregidorCorregidor (the (the biggest US military defeat in biggest US military defeat in history)history)

Douglas MacArthur

–BataanBataan Death March Death MarchAmerican POWs and American POWs and captured Filipino fighterscaptured Filipino fighters

Forced to march Forced to march 6565 miles miles12,50012,500 died diedSurvivors were sent to Survivors were sent to KoreaKorea on what the men on what the men called called HellHell ShipsShips

Worked as slave labor for Worked as slave labor for the Japanesethe Japanese

May 42May 42– Japan controlled the Pacific Japan controlled the Pacific Ocean and was poised to attack Ocean and was poised to attack either either AustraliaAustralia, , IndiaIndia or or HawaiiHawaii..

–They headed south in attempt to They headed south in attempt to invade Australia from the eastern invade Australia from the eastern coast.coast.

–The US Navy forced them back at The US Navy forced them back at the Battle of the the Battle of the Coral SeaCoral Sea

–This was the first Japanese This was the first Japanese setbacksetback

June 42June 42–Japan turned Japan turned easteast to take out to take out the rest of the American Navythe rest of the American Navy

–TURNING POINT OF THE WAR IN TURNING POINT OF THE WAR IN THE PACIFIC – BATTLE OF THE PACIFIC – BATTLE OF MIDWAYMIDWAY

–American cryptographers had American cryptographers had broken large portions of the broken large portions of the Japanese code.Japanese code.

–Our analysis machine was code Our analysis machine was code named named MagicMagic

–Using these intercepts Admiral Using these intercepts Admiral Chester Chester NimitzNimitz knew the knew the Japanese air craft carriers were Japanese air craft carriers were headed toward either the island headed toward either the island of of MidwayMidway or or HawaiiHawaii

–American forces located the American forces located the Japanese fleet and sank Japanese fleet and sank 44 Japanese carriersJapanese carriers

–We only lost 1We only lost 1–This battle was the last This battle was the last Japanese Japanese offensiveoffensive

Chester Nimitz

–From this point on the Battle of From this point on the Battle of ProductionProduction became a major became a major factorfactor

–We could replace ships and build We could replace ships and build additional ships additional ships

–The Japanese were not able to The Japanese were not able to do thisdo this

–Strategy against Japan was Strategy against Japan was planned by the planned by the JointJoint Chiefs of Chiefs of Staff in Washington, chaired by Staff in Washington, chaired by Gen. George Gen. George MarshallMarshall

George Marshall

– It involved a three pronged attackIt involved a three pronged attack

1.1. Attack across the Central Attack across the Central PacificPacific – – Nimitz – Supreme Commander of Nimitz – Supreme Commander of the Central Pacific – navy and the Central Pacific – navy and marinesmarines

2.2. Attack from Australia to New Guinea Attack from Australia to New Guinea to the Philippines – army – led by to the Philippines – army – led by MacArthurMacArthur, Supreme Commander of , Supreme Commander of the Southwest Pacificthe Southwest Pacific

3.3. Regain China under Regain China under ChaingChaing Kai Shek Kai Shek (Communist leader Mao Zedong also (Communist leader Mao Zedong also fought the Japanese)fought the Japanese)

ChaingChaing

KaiKai

ShekShek

American and other allied forces American and other allied forces did not generally fight in the did not generally fight in the same campaigns, but same campaigns, but BritishBritish and and AustralianAustralian troops were active troops were active against Japan in the Pacific, India against Japan in the Pacific, India and Burma areasand Burma areas

8/42 Battle of 8/42 Battle of GuadalcanalGuadalcanal in the in the Solomon Islands was the first US Solomon Islands was the first US offensiveoffensive in the Pacific in the Pacific

9/43 MacArthur takes New 9/43 MacArthur takes New GuineaGuinea

19441944–Close in on Japan using Close in on Japan using island island hoppinghopping campaign: take the campaign: take the easiereasier islands in a chain and islands in a chain and surround them all with surround them all with navynavy, , then use planes to continue then use planes to continue bombing the remaining islands bombing the remaining islands while the rest of the while the rest of the navynavy moves to the next chain and on moves to the next chain and on toward toward JapanJapan (p 580)

– Battle of the Philippine Sea Battle of the Philippine Sea (Marianas (Marianas Turkey ShootTurkey Shoot) – only ) – only kamikazeskamikazes now left for Japanese air now left for Japanese air forceforce

– Battle of Battle of Leyte GulfLeyte Gulf – destroyed – destroyed Japanese Japanese navynavy – MacArthur – MacArthur “returns” to the Philippines – victory “returns” to the Philippines – victory in 2/45in 2/45

2/45 2/45 Iwo Jima Iwo Jima (sulfur island) – (sulfur island) – Marine Memorial – 27 Medals of Marine Memorial – 27 Medals of Honor – only 1,000 out of Honor – only 1,000 out of 22,00022,000 Japanese surviveJapanese survive

Michael Michael StrankStrank

b. 1919 Jarabenia, Czechoslovakia. b. 1919 Jarabenia, Czechoslovakia. d. 1945 Iwo Jima, Japan. d. 1945 Iwo Jima, Japan.

Their leader and Sergeant, it was Mike Their leader and Sergeant, it was Mike who got the order to climb Mt. Suribachi. who got the order to climb Mt. Suribachi. Mike picked his "boys" and led them Mike picked his "boys" and led them safely to the top. Mike explained to the safely to the top. Mike explained to the boys that the larger flag had to be raised boys that the larger flag had to be raised so that "every Marine on this cruddy so that "every Marine on this cruddy island can see it." It was Mike who gave island can see it." It was Mike who gave the orders to find a pole, attach the flag the orders to find a pole, attach the flag and "put'er up!" and "put'er up!"

At home as a boy, Mike was studious, At home as a boy, Mike was studious, had a photographic memory, played the had a photographic memory, played the French Horn and once slugged a baseball French Horn and once slugged a baseball out of Points Stadium in Johnstown. In out of Points Stadium in Johnstown. In 1936, Mike ran down to the river to see 1936, Mike ran down to the river to see for himself the terrible Johnstown flood. for himself the terrible Johnstown flood. He brought this report back to his family: He brought this report back to his family: "Don't worry--it will recede." "Don't worry--it will recede."

Mike's right hand is the only hand of a Mike's right hand is the only hand of a flagraiser not on the pole. His right hand flagraiser not on the pole. His right hand is around the wrist of Franklin Sousley, is around the wrist of Franklin Sousley, helping the younger man push the heavy helping the younger man push the heavy pole. This is typical of Mike, the oldest of pole. This is typical of Mike, the oldest of the flagraisers, always there to help one the flagraisers, always there to help one of his boys. Two months before the of his boys. Two months before the battle Mike's Captain tried to promote battle Mike's Captain tried to promote him but Mike turned it down flat: "I him but Mike turned it down flat: "I trained those boys and I'm going to be trained those boys and I'm going to be with them in battle," he said. with them in battle," he said.

Mike died on March 1, 1945. He was hit Mike died on March 1, 1945. He was hit by a mortar as he was diagramming a by a mortar as he was diagramming a plan in the sand for his boys. Mike is plan in the sand for his boys. Mike is buried in Arlington National Cemetery.buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

Harlon BlockHarlon Block

b. 1924 Yorktown, Texas.  b. 1924 Yorktown, Texas.  d. 1945 Iwo Jima, Japan. d. 1945 Iwo Jima, Japan.

Harlon was an outgoing daredevil with Harlon was an outgoing daredevil with many friends at Weslaco High School. A many friends at Weslaco High School. A natural athlete, Harlon led the Weslaco natural athlete, Harlon led the Weslaco Panther Football Team to the Conference Panther Football Team to the Conference Championship. He was honored as "All Championship. He was honored as "All South Texas End." Harlon and twelve of his South Texas End." Harlon and twelve of his teammates enlisted in the Marine Corps teammates enlisted in the Marine Corps together in 1943. together in 1943.

Harlon was Sgt. Mike's second-in-Harlon was Sgt. Mike's second-in-command. He took over the leadership of command. He took over the leadership of his unit when Sgt. Mike was killed. Harlon his unit when Sgt. Mike was killed. Harlon was killed by a mortar blast hours later on was killed by a mortar blast hours later on March 1 at the age of 21. March 1 at the age of 21.

When his mother Belle saw the Flag When his mother Belle saw the Flag Raising Photo in the Weslaco Newspaper Raising Photo in the Weslaco Newspaper on Feb. 25, she exclaimed, "That's Harlon" on Feb. 25, she exclaimed, "That's Harlon" pointing to the figure on the far right. But pointing to the figure on the far right. But the US Government mis-identified the the US Government mis-identified the figure as Harry Hansen of Boston. Belle figure as Harry Hansen of Boston. Belle never wavered in her belief that it was never wavered in her belief that it was Harlon insisting, "I know my boy." No one--Harlon insisting, "I know my boy." No one--not her family, neighbors, the Government not her family, neighbors, the Government or the public--had any reason to believe or the public--had any reason to believe her. But eighteen months later in a her. But eighteen months later in a sensational front-page story, a sensational front-page story, a Congressional investigation revealed that Congressional investigation revealed that it was Harlon in the photo, proving that it was Harlon in the photo, proving that indeed, Belle did "know her boy." indeed, Belle did "know her boy."

Harlon is buried beside the Iwo Jima Harlon is buried beside the Iwo Jima Monument in Harlingen, Texas.Monument in Harlingen, Texas.

Franklin Franklin SousleySousley

b. Sept. 19, 1925 Hilltop, KY.  b. Sept. 19, 1925 Hilltop, KY.  d. March 21, 1945 Iwo Jima, Japan. d. March 21, 1945 Iwo Jima, Japan.

Franklin was a red-haired, freckle-faced Franklin was a red-haired, freckle-faced "Opie Taylor" raised on a tobacco farm. His "Opie Taylor" raised on a tobacco farm. His favorite hobbies were hunting and dancing. favorite hobbies were hunting and dancing. Fatherless at 9, Franklin became the main Fatherless at 9, Franklin became the main man in his mother's life. Franklin enlisted at man in his mother's life. Franklin enlisted at 17 and sailed for the Pacific on his 18th 17 and sailed for the Pacific on his 18th Birthday. All that's left of Franklin is a few Birthday. All that's left of Franklin is a few pictures and two letters Franklin wrote pictures and two letters Franklin wrote home to his mother: home to his mother:

July 1944, Letter from Training Camp: July 1944, Letter from Training Camp: "Mother, you said you were sick. I want you "Mother, you said you were sick. I want you to stay in out of that field and look real to stay in out of that field and look real pretty when I come home. You can grow a pretty when I come home. You can grow a crop of tobacco every summer, but I sure as crop of tobacco every summer, but I sure as hell can't grow another mother like you." hell can't grow another mother like you."

Feb. 27, 1945 Letter from Iwo Jima: Feb. 27, 1945 Letter from Iwo Jima: "My regiment took the hill with our "My regiment took the hill with our company on the front line. The hill was company on the front line. The hill was hard, and I sure never expected war to be hard, and I sure never expected war to be like it was those first 4 days. Mother, you like it was those first 4 days. Mother, you can never imagine how a battlefield looks. can never imagine how a battlefield looks. It sure looks horrible. Look for my picture It sure looks horrible. Look for my picture because I helped put up the flag. Please because I helped put up the flag. Please don't worry and write." don't worry and write."

Franklin was the last flag-raiser to die on Franklin was the last flag-raiser to die on Iwo Jima, on March 21 at the age of 19. Iwo Jima, on March 21 at the age of 19. When word reached his mother that When word reached his mother that Franklin was dead, "You could hear her Franklin was dead, "You could hear her screaming clear across the fields at the screaming clear across the fields at the neighbor's farm." neighbor's farm."

Franklin is buried at Elizaville Cemetery, Franklin is buried at Elizaville Cemetery, KentuckyKentucky

Ira Ira HayesHayes

b. January 12, 1923 Sacaton, Arizona b. January 12, 1923 Sacaton, Arizona d. January 24, 1955 Bapchule, Arizona d. January 24, 1955 Bapchule, Arizona

Ira Hayes was a Pima Indian. When he enlisted in the Marine Ira Hayes was a Pima Indian. When he enlisted in the Marine Corps, he had hardly ever been off the Reservation. His Chief told Corps, he had hardly ever been off the Reservation. His Chief told him to be an "Honorable Warrior" and bring honor upon his him to be an "Honorable Warrior" and bring honor upon his family. Ira was a dedicated Marine. Quiet and steady, he was family. Ira was a dedicated Marine. Quiet and steady, he was admired by his fellow Marines who fought alongside him in three admired by his fellow Marines who fought alongside him in three Pacific battles. Pacific battles.

When Ira learned that President Roosevelt wanted him and the When Ira learned that President Roosevelt wanted him and the other survivors to come back to the US to raise money on the 7th other survivors to come back to the US to raise money on the 7th Bond Tour, he was horrified. To Ira, the heroes of Iwo Jima, those Bond Tour, he was horrified. To Ira, the heroes of Iwo Jima, those deserving honor, were his "good buddies" who died there. deserving honor, were his "good buddies" who died there.

At the White House, President Truman told Ira, "You are an At the White House, President Truman told Ira, "You are an American hero." But Ira didn't feel pride. As he later lamented, American hero." But Ira didn't feel pride. As he later lamented, "How could I feel like a hero when only five men in my platoon of "How could I feel like a hero when only five men in my platoon of 45 survived, when only 27 men in my company of 250 managed to 45 survived, when only 27 men in my company of 250 managed to escape death or injury?" escape death or injury?"

The Bond Tour was an ordeal for Ira. He couldn't understand or The Bond Tour was an ordeal for Ira. He couldn't understand or accept the adulation . . . "It was supposed to be soft duty, but I accept the adulation . . . "It was supposed to be soft duty, but I couldn't take it. Everywhere we went people shoved drinks in our couldn't take it. Everywhere we went people shoved drinks in our hands and said 'You're a Hero!' We knew we hadn't done that hands and said 'You're a Hero!' We knew we hadn't done that much but you couldn't tell them that."much but you couldn't tell them that."

Ira went back to the reservation attempting to lead an Ira went back to the reservation attempting to lead an anonymous life. But it didn't turn out that way . . . "I kept getting anonymous life. But it didn't turn out that way . . . "I kept getting hundreds of letters. And people would drive through the hundreds of letters. And people would drive through the reservation, walk up to me and ask, 'Are you the Indian who reservation, walk up to me and ask, 'Are you the Indian who raised the flag on Iwo Jima" raised the flag on Iwo Jima"

Ira tried to drown his "Conflict of Honor" with alcohol. Arrested as Ira tried to drown his "Conflict of Honor" with alcohol. Arrested as drunk and disorderly, his pain was clear . . . "I was sick. I guess I drunk and disorderly, his pain was clear . . . "I was sick. I guess I was about to crack up thinking about all my good buddies. They was about to crack up thinking about all my good buddies. They were better men than me and they're not coming back. Much less were better men than me and they're not coming back. Much less back to the White House, like me." back to the White House, like me."

In 1954, Ira reluctantly attended the dedication of the Iwo Jima In 1954, Ira reluctantly attended the dedication of the Iwo Jima monument in Washington. After a ceremony where he was lauded monument in Washington. After a ceremony where he was lauded by President Eisenhower as a hero once again, a reporter rushed by President Eisenhower as a hero once again, a reporter rushed up to Ira and asked him, "How do you like the pomp & up to Ira and asked him, "How do you like the pomp & circumstances?" Ira just hung his head and said, I don't." circumstances?" Ira just hung his head and said, I don't."

Ira died three months later after a night of drinking. As Ira drank Ira died three months later after a night of drinking. As Ira drank his last bottle of whiskey he was crying and mumbling about his his last bottle of whiskey he was crying and mumbling about his "good buddies." Ira was 32."good buddies." Ira was 32.

Rene Rene GanonGanon

b. Manchester, N.H. b. Manchester, N.H. March 7, 1925  March 7, 1925  d. Manchester, N.H. d. Manchester, N.H. October 12, 1979  October 12, 1979 

Rene Gagnon was the Rene Gagnon was the youngest survivor and youngest survivor and the man who carried the man who carried the flag up Mt. the flag up Mt. Suribachi. He was the Suribachi. He was the first survivor to arrive first survivor to arrive back in the US.back in the US.

Rene was modest Rene was modest about his about his achievement achievement throughout his life.throughout his life.

Rene is honored with Rene is honored with a special room in New a special room in New Hampshire's Hampshire's prestigious Wrightprestigious WrightMuseum.Museum.

Rene is buried in Rene is buried in Arlington National Arlington National Cemetery, the Flag Cemetery, the Flag Raiser buriedRaiser buriedclosest to the Marine closest to the Marine Corps Memorial.Corps Memorial.

John John BradleBradle

yy

b. July 10, 1923 Antigo, WI. b. July 10, 1923 Antigo, WI. d. January 11, 1994 Antigo, WI. d. January 11, 1994 Antigo, WI.

"Doc" Bradley was a Navy Corpsman who "just "Doc" Bradley was a Navy Corpsman who "just jumped in to lend a hand." He won the Navy Cross for jumped in to lend a hand." He won the Navy Cross for heroism and was wounded in both legs. heroism and was wounded in both legs.

Bradley, a quiet, private man, gave just one interview Bradley, a quiet, private man, gave just one interview in his life. In it he said . . . "People refer to us as in his life. In it he said . . . "People refer to us as heroes--I personally don't look at it that way. I just heroes--I personally don't look at it that way. I just think that I happened to be at a certain place at a think that I happened to be at a certain place at a certain time and anybody on that island could have certain time and anybody on that island could have been in there--and we certainly weren't heroes--and I been in there--and we certainly weren't heroes--and I speak for the rest of them as well. That's the way speak for the rest of them as well. That's the way they thought of themselves also."they thought of themselves also."

"Of the surviving Flag Raisers, only Bradley was "Of the surviving Flag Raisers, only Bradley was successful in putting his life back together after the successful in putting his life back together after the war."  ---From the best-selling "Immortal Images" by war."  ---From the best-selling "Immortal Images" by Tedd Thomey Tedd Thomey

John Bradley returned to his home town in the John Bradley returned to his home town in the Midwest after the war, prospered as the owner of a Midwest after the war, prospered as the owner of a family business, and gave generously of his time and family business, and gave generously of his time and money to local causes. He was married for 47 years money to local causes. He was married for 47 years and had eight children. and had eight children.

While Bradley had a public image as a war hero, he While Bradley had a public image as a war hero, he was a very private person. He avoided discussion of was a very private person. He avoided discussion of his war record saying only that the real heros were his war record saying only that the real heros were the men who gave their lives for their country. the men who gave their lives for their country.

The Global Media reported the death of a World War The Global Media reported the death of a World War II icon on January 11, 1994 at the age of 70. But his II icon on January 11, 1994 at the age of 70. But his hometown newspaper best captured the essence of hometown newspaper best captured the essence of Bradley's life after the war: Bradley's life after the war:

"John Bradley will be forever memorialized for a few "John Bradley will be forever memorialized for a few moments action at the top of a remote Pacific moments action at the top of a remote Pacific mountain. We prefer to remember him for his life. If mountain. We prefer to remember him for his life. If the famous flag-raising at Iwo Jima symbolized the famous flag-raising at Iwo Jima symbolized American patriotism and valor, Bradley's quiet, American patriotism and valor, Bradley's quiet, modest nature and philanthropic efforts shine as an modest nature and philanthropic efforts shine as an example of the best of small town American values." example of the best of small town American values." ---Editorial, "The Antigo Daily Journal"---Editorial, "The Antigo Daily Journal"

Spring 45 – Spring 45 – bombersbombers freed from freed from Europe begin massive raids on Europe begin massive raids on Japan; Japan; fire bombingfire bombing of Tokyo of Tokyo

6/45 –6/45 – Okinawa Okinawa – heavy – heavy casualties – last island before casualties – last island before Japan itselfJapan itself

7/45 – Truman issues 7/45 – Truman issues PotsdamPotsdam Ultimatum – surrender or “elseUltimatum – surrender or “else–ManhattanManhattan Project begun 1939 Project begun 1939 at suggestion of scientist Albert at suggestion of scientist Albert EinsteinEinstein; successfully tested at ; successfully tested at Los AlamosLos Alamos under the direction under the direction of Dr. Robert Oppenheimerof Dr. Robert Oppenheimer

8/6/45 – atomic bomb dropped 8/6/45 – atomic bomb dropped from the from the Enola Gay Enola Gay on the city of on the city of Hiroshima Hiroshima (Little Boy)

–Prime rationale for use = Prime rationale for use = shortenshorten the war and save the war and save American livesAmerican lives; critics say it ; critics say it was unnecessary, Japan was was unnecessary, Japan was defeateddefeated already and we were already and we were really trying to send a really trying to send a “message” to the “message” to the Soviet UnionSoviet Union; ; supporters point out that Japan supporters point out that Japan refused to refused to surrendersurrender and was and was arming for a arming for a suicidalsuicidal defense of defense of the home islandsthe home islands

8/8/45 – 8/8/45 – Soviet Union Soviet Union declares declares war on Japanwar on Japan

8/9/45 – city of 8/9/45 – city of NagasakiNagasaki bombed bombed (Fat Man)

8/10/45 – informal surrender of 8/10/45 – informal surrender of Japan – announced 8/14/45 – Japan – announced 8/14/45 – V-JV-J dayday

9/2/45 formal surrender papers 9/2/45 formal surrender papers signed in Tokyo Bay – MacArthursigned in Tokyo Bay – MacArthur

50,000,00050,000,000 people died in people died in World War IIWorld War II

Soviets highest losses at Soviets highest losses at 20,000,00020,000,000

US losses between US losses between 250,000250,000 and and 300,000300,000

PLANNING THE POSTWAR PLANNING THE POSTWAR WORLDWORLD

Big Three = Big Three = – Joseph Joseph StalinStalin – Soviet Union – Soviet Union–Winston Winston ChurchillChurchill – Great Britain – Great Britain–Franklin D. Franklin D. RooseveltRoosevelt – US – US

Churchill and Roosevelt had held Churchill and Roosevelt had held a meeting even before US a meeting even before US entered the war: Atlantic Charter entered the war: Atlantic Charter = no = no landland would be gained as a would be gained as a result of the victory in the warresult of the victory in the war

Roosevelt had given Lend-Lease Roosevelt had given Lend-Lease Aid to both nations. Aid to both nations. Four Four freedomsfreedoms speech ( speech (speechspeech, , religionreligion, , wantwant, , fearfear) proceeded ) proceeded thisthis

4 major wartime conferences:4 major wartime conferences:1.1.1/43 – 1/43 – CasablancaCasablanca – agree that – agree that

Axis must give unconditional Axis must give unconditional surrender; agree to Italian surrender; agree to Italian Campaign as next move. USSR Campaign as next move. USSR preferred France but was preferred France but was outvoted by US & Britainoutvoted by US & Britain

2.2.11/43 – 11/43 – TeheranTeheran – agree to – agree to Normandy Campaign in 1944Normandy Campaign in 1944

3.3. 2/45 – 2/45 – YaltaYalta – USSR agrees to – USSR agrees to declare war on Japan declare war on Japan 33 months months after the defeat of Germany – after the defeat of Germany – German occupation zones German occupation zones agreed on (Soviet, British, agreed on (Soviet, British, American and American and FranceFrance) – German ) – German capital city of capital city of BerlinBerlin to be to be divided as well. – Free elections divided as well. – Free elections to be held in to be held in PolandPoland – general – general guidelines for formation of guidelines for formation of United NationsUnited Nations (Dumbarton oaks (Dumbarton oaks in San Francisco 6/45) finalize) – in San Francisco 6/45) finalize) – FDR the “FDR the “sick old mansick old man of Yalta” of Yalta”

Winston Churchill, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Joseph Stalin

4.4. 7/45 – 7/45 – PotsdamPotsdam – – TrumanTruman, Stalin , Stalin and Clement Attlee (replaced and Clement Attlee (replaced Churchill) – agree on details of Churchill) – agree on details of German occupation and German occupation and ultimatum to Japanultimatum to Japan

Winston Churchill, Harry Truman, Joseph Stalin

Clement Attlee, Harry Truman, Joseph Stalin

THE HOLOCAUSTTHE HOLOCAUST Defined: The deliberate intent of Defined: The deliberate intent of

the Nazis to seek out and kill the Nazis to seek out and kill any and every Jew regardless of any and every Jew regardless of SexSex, , AgeAge, , ReligionReligion, , EducationEducation, , OccupationOccupation, or , or NationalNational loyalty loyalty in any and every place he could in any and every place he could be foundbe found

Five RolesFive Roles1.1.Perpetrator – planned it – Perpetrator – planned it – Hitler, SS chief Heinrich Hitler, SS chief Heinrich HimmlerHimmler, Adolf , Adolf EichmanEichman, Rudolf , Rudolf HessHess, Dr. Josef , Dr. Josef MengeleMengele – very – very small group – believed in small group – believed in Aryan Aryan purity, a master racepurity, a master race

2.2.Collaborator – didn’t plan it, Collaborator – didn’t plan it, but willingly cooperated and but willingly cooperated and saw it as a means of personal saw it as a means of personal advancement – Camp advancement – Camp GuardsGuards, , drove drove trainstrains, identified , identified JewsJews

1.1.Bystander – saw what was Bystander – saw what was happening and did happening and did nothingnothing to to try to stop it – try to stop it – largestlargest group group

2.2.Victims – Victims – 1111 million people; million people; 6,000,0006,000,000 of them Jews – Elie of them Jews – Elie Wiesel – Author of NightWiesel – Author of Night

3.3.Rescuers – people with the Rescuers – people with the moralmoral courage to try to help; courage to try to help; smallest group – only smallest group – only 9,5009,500 Righteous Gentiles: Corrie Righteous Gentiles: Corrie ten ten BoomBoom, Oskar , Oskar SchindlerSchindler, over , over 500 from a 500 from a DutchDutch Village. Village. Nation of Nation of DenmarkDenmark did the did the most: 7,200 Jews rescuedmost: 7,200 Jews rescued

Anti-Anti-SemitismSemitism had existed in had existed in Europe long before Hitler. It was Europe long before Hitler. It was based on based on ReligionReligion, , EconomicsEconomics, , SocialSocial, and , and PoliticalPolitical reasons. But reasons. But never before had there been the never before had there been the intention to kill all Jewsintention to kill all Jews

Hitler used progressive actions:Hitler used progressive actions:1.1. Boycott of Jewish Boycott of Jewish businessesbusinesses – 1933 – 19332.2. Removal of Jews from Removal of Jews from governmentgovernment

jobs – 1933jobs – 19333.3. Nuremburg Laws – no inter Nuremburg Laws – no inter

marriagemarriage – 1935 – 19354.4. Add Add SaraSara or or IsraelIsrael to all Jewish to all Jewish

names – 1938names – 19385.5. Kristallnacht – 1938Kristallnacht – 19386.6. No No emigrationemigration – 1941 – 19417.7. Wear Wear yellow arm bandyellow arm band - 1941 - 1941

Ultimate goal of total extermination Ultimate goal of total extermination definite by 1941definite by 1941

““Every Jew that we can lay our hands Every Jew that we can lay our hands on is to be destroyed now during the on is to be destroyed now during the war, without exception.” Rudolf Hesswar, without exception.” Rudolf Hess

Hitler wrote of 3 goals in Hitler wrote of 3 goals in RussianRussian campaign – territory, destroy campaign – territory, destroy Communism, destroy JewsCommunism, destroy Jews

Hard for Jews to know what to do: Hard for Jews to know what to do: language, job, parents, hope, language, job, parents, hope, change, attachment to home, can’t change, attachment to home, can’t afford, where do you afford, where do you gogo??

France – helped identify Jews for France – helped identify Jews for the Nazis – the Nazis – 95%95% died died

Poland – large number helped Poland – large number helped run campsrun camps

England and US – Jews just one England and US – Jews just one aspect of total war – beating aspect of total war – beating Hitler and Tojo was the Hitler and Tojo was the #one#one prioritypriority

Jews crowded into Jews crowded into GhettoesGhettoes – survival – survival based on profitability, but even that based on profitability, but even that was no guarantee. was no guarantee. WarsawWarsaw – – largest; only largest; only 200200 calories a day. calories a day. Jewish government within ghetto = Jewish government within ghetto = JupenratJupenrat – tried to save as many as – tried to save as many as possible but hard choices – Do you possible but hard choices – Do you sacrifice some to save the rest? sacrifice some to save the rest? Who do yuou sacrifice? – goal was Who do yuou sacrifice? – goal was survival, but whose survival – survival, but whose survival – individual or collective and at what individual or collective and at what price?price?

Resistance = sabotage of Resistance = sabotage of equipment, hiding, false papers, equipment, hiding, false papers, armed rebellion (Warsaw)armed rebellion (Warsaw)

11,00011,000 camps – not all were camps – not all were considered death camps; considered death camps; 5050 German factories operated German factories operated almost entirely on Jewish slave almost entirely on Jewish slave laborlabor

Jews were considered Jews were considered consumableconsumable raw material (hair, raw material (hair, ashes, even urine)ashes, even urine)

Auschwitz = Auschwitz = largestlargest camp camp

Majdanek = 360,000 deaths; Majdanek = 360,000 deaths; crematoria burned 1,000 a daycrematoria burned 1,000 a day

Treblinka = 800,000 deaths in 18 Treblinka = 800,000 deaths in 18 months; months; 1313 gas chambers; gas chambers; 2,0002,000 people at a time within people at a time within 10-1510-15 minutesminutes

NuremburgNuremburg Trials – special court Trials – special court for war criminals but many lesser for war criminals but many lesser figures escape in confusion after figures escape in confusion after warwar

Almost Almost 1/31/3 of survivors came of survivors came to US after war; to US after war; 2/32/3 to newly to newly created created IsraelIsrael..