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World War II Erupts
Chapter 16 Notes
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Objectives:• How did the aftermath of World War I
contribute to political problems in Europe?
• How did the problems facing Europe in the postwar years lead to the rise of totalitarian leaders?
• What events exemplify the growing use of military force by totalitarian regimes in the 1930s?
• What alarming actions did Adolf Hitler take in the mid-1930s?
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Problems in Europe after WWI
• Millions dead• Farms & cities ruined• Economy in ruins
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Problems in Europe after WWI
• Problems w/ Treaty of Versailles – France --too easy– Italy—ignored– Germany—loses land, pay
reparations, weak gov’t.
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Europe after World War I
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Problems in Europe after WWI
• Problems w/ the League of Nations – No military power
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Rise of Dictators in Europe & Asia
• Italy, 1922– Benito Mussolini – National Fascist Party
• Glorified state; no individual rights
– Violence against Comm. & Soc.
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Italy
• 1935, Italy invades Ethiopia• Ethiopians request help from
League of Nations & world—denied
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Rise of Dictators in Europe & Asia
• Spain, 1930s– Francisco
Franco– Fascist – General during
the Spanish Civil War, emerges leader
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Spanish Civil WarNationalists
• Monarchy & monarchists
• Catholics & Catholic Church
Popular Front• Anarchists• Basques• Catalans• Communists• Republicans• Socialists
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Spanish Civil War
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Guernica by Pablo Picasso
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Rise of Dictators in Europe & Asia
• Soviet Union– Joseph Stalin– Communist– Seized power at
Lenin’s death – Eliminated all
opposition (purges & gulags)
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Soviet Union
• Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact– Hitler agrees not to invade SU– SU will stay out of war– Divide Poland b/w them
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Nazi-Soviet Non Aggression Pact
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Rise of Dictators in Europe & Asia
• Japan– Hideki Tojo (main
military leader; takes full control in 1940)
– Nationalist/Military gov’t.
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Japan• 1934—violates Washington Naval
Conference & builds up navy
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Japan• 1936—signs anticommunist pact
w/ Germany
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Japan
• 1937--Invades Manchuria & northern China to gain resources
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Japan
• 1941—invades French Indochina – Interferes w/ American interests– Won’t negotiate w/ FDR
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Germany• Germany,
– Adolf Hitler– National
Socialist Party (Nazis)
– Failed attempt to seize power in 1922-23• Prison • wrote Mien
Kampf
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Germany
– 1933—became chancellor (elected position)• Gradually seized power & built up
military
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Germany• First concentration
camps built, 1933• Goering founds
GESTAPO, 1933• the SS (Schutzstaffel)
is formed, 1934• Hitler becomes Der
Fuherer, 1934
Hermann Goering
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CONCENTRATION CAMPS
• 100 of these in Nazi-occupied Europe• prisoners used for forced labor• prisoners usually lasted less than 1/2
year• communists, homosexuals, criminals,
social-democrats, artists.• First camp was opened in 1933, right
after Nazis came to power
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Germany• Nuremberg Laws, 1935
M arry o r h av e sexw ith A rya ns
h ire A rya n w o m ena s m a ids
h a ve r ig h ts o fc i t izen sh ip
Je w s a re no t a llow e d to :
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Objectives: • How did Germany’s actions in 1939
trigger the start of World War II?
• Where did German forces turn after overrunning Poland in 1939?
• What developments increased tensions between the United States and Japan in East Asia?
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Germany• Heinreich Himmler
appointed chief of German police, 1936
• 1936—Hitler places troops in the Rhineland (area that borders France & Germany)– GB & Fr do nothing
to stop this
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Germany
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Germany• 1938—Anschluss—Hitler attempts
to unite Germans in Germany & Austria– Austrian gov’t objects– Hitler forces his way into Austria– GB & Fr do nothing to stop this
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Germany
• 1938--Hitler wants control of the Sudetenland (area of Czechoslovakia)– Encourages Germans in
Sudetenland to protest Czech. Gov’t.
– Munich Agreement--N. Chamberlain & other Allies allow Hitler to annex the Sudetenland (appeasement)• Churchill is against appeasement
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Munich Agreement
• Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do business with. –British Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain
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Germany
• Kristallnacht (night of broken glass), 1939
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Germany
• 1939—Hitler annexes the rest of Czechoslovakia (appeasement fails)– Signs pact w/ Italy– Signs pact w/
Soviet Union
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Germany & Italy form alliance
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Germany• 1939--Hitler invades Poland
– Blitzkrieg – German Jews sent to Poland, ghettos
established– Allies (GB & Fr) declare war on
Germany• Wait for Hitler to attack through the
Maginot Line• Hitler attacks through the Ardennes
Forrest
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German troops in Warsaw, Poland
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Germany• 1940—Hitler invades Denmark &
Norway– Gives Germany more access to
Atlantic Ocean
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Germany• 1940—forms an alliance w/ Italy &
Japan– Tripartite Pact– Axis Powers
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Germany
• 1940--Hitler invades Belgium
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Germany• Hitler also
invades France– Attacks through
Ardennes Forrest– France surrenders
to Germany & Italy, June 1940 Maginot Line
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Germany
• British troops evacuate Dunkirk, France, June 1940
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• Vichy France—unconquered area of France
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The French Resistance
Gen. Charles DeGualle
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Objectives:• Why was a commitment to
isolationism so widespread in the 1930s?
• How did Roosevelt balance American isolationism with the need to intervene in the war?
• What did the United States do to prepare for war in 1940 and 1941?
• What were the causes and effects of the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor?
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US Isolationism
• Amer. questioned reasons & cost of WWI
• Anti- League of Nations feelings • 1935—Neutrality Act
– Prohibits sale of arms & loans to warring countries
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America First Committee
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US Intervention• Individual Amer. participate in
Spanish Civil War: American Lincoln Brigade
• FDR ends trade w/ Italy following invasion of Ethiopia
• FDR gives “Quarantine Speech”
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US Intervention
• US builds up navy• “Cash & Carry” policy• FDR urges “All aid short of war”
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US Intervention• Lend Lease
Act• Atlantic
Charter– Agreement
b/w FDR & Churchill
– Against Hitler
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Lend-Lease Act
• Great Britain............$31 billionSoviet Union.............$11 billionFrance.....................$3 billionChina....................$1.5 billionOther European........$500 millionSouth America.........$400 million
The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000
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Japanese attack Pearl Harbor
• US conflict w/ Japan over Indochina
• US ends trade w/ Japan & freezes assets in US
• US allies w/ Brit. & Fr.
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Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto
Kamikaze Pilots
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Japanese attack Pearl Harbor
• Attack lasted 2 hrs• 8 battleships damaged; 4 sunk• 200 aircraft destroyed• 2,400 Americans killed
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Pearl Harbor Memorial
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Objectives:• How did the U.S. armed forces
mobilize to fight World War II?
• What role did American industry and science play in mobilizing to fight World War II?
• How did mobilization challenge the nation’s ideals of freedom?
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FDR signs a declaration of war after attacks on Pearl Harbor
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America Mobilizes for War
• Gen. George C. Marshall leads effort – Mobilization ends the Depression
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America Mobilizes for War
– Factories turn to wartime production• Gov’t. regulated production
– National War Labor Board– Smith Connally Act
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• Opportunities for women:– Factory jobs
• Rosie the Riveter– WAVES (Navy)– WACS (Army)– WASPS (Air Force)– Red Cross Nurses
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Rosie the Riveter
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This is my grandmother’s Nurse’s Aid class. Can you pick out which lady she is?
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My grandparents (Paul & Bette Bratten)
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America Mobilizes for War
• New military bases• Mass production of ships
– Henry Kaiser• Draft reinstated; many
volunteers
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America Mobilizes for War• Manhattan
Project– Atomic bomb– J. Robert
Oppenheimer & Gen. Leslie Groves
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Oak Ridge, TN
• City did not exist until 1942• Site chosen b/c of rural location,
proximity to hydroelectric power, water sources, railroad lines & private nature of Appalachians
• 4 factories built
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Y-12 Plant
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Graphite Reactor
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Minorities
• Afr. Amer. served in segregated units
• More jobs for minorities all around
• Bracero program brought Hispanics to work in US– Zoot suit riots
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