World War II: 1939‐1945 - University of Alberta · World War II: Eastern Front Taking German...

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World War II: 1939‐1945 From North Africa to the Eastern Front

Transcript of World War II: 1939‐1945 - University of Alberta · World War II: Eastern Front Taking German...

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World War II: 1939‐1945

From North Africa to theEastern Front

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World War II: an overviewWar Fought in Europe but also Asia and Africa

‐ ‘Allied Powers:’ Britain, France, Poland supported by African, Indian, Commonwealth (Canadian, Australian, New Zealand, South African) troops

‐ Soviet Union joined 1941 (after initial co‐operation with Germany – 1939 Nazi‐Soviet Non‐Aggression Pact)

‐ China also joined 1941

1942: ‘direction’ in hands US, Britain, Soviet Union

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World War II: an overviewWar Fought in Europe but also Asia and Africa

‐ ‘Axis Powers:’ Germany, Italy, Japan (grew from mid‐1930s Com‐Intern Pact)

‐ included support of several ‘puppet’ states in eastern Europe, Asia

‐meant Japanese Occupied: Manchukuo, Burma, Philippines, Indochina (Vietnam) 

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World War II: an overviewWar Fought in Europe but also Asia and Africa

‐ ‘Axis Powers:’ following Fall of France

‐ French North/West Africa: Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria 

‐ Italy’s North African colony: Libya

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World War II: an overviewOverview:  German Aggression ‘blitzkrieg’

‐1939: officially ‘War in Europe’ began in when Germany invaded Poland, Britain and France responded by declaring war on Germany

‐1940: Germany occupied Denmark, Norway,  followed by Belgium, the Netherlands

‐finally France

Only now did British ground forces engage [Textbook  939‐42]

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The Momentum of War April-May 1940

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World War II: Fall of FranceOccupation of France 1940:

‐ French forces backed by British allies fell to Germans in seven weeks (spring)

‐ British forces scrambling to escape: many losses

‐country divided: Military Occupation (north); ‘Vichy government’ (south) – 1942‐44 whole country occupied

‐ French colonies North/West Africa became by extension ‘Vichy’: supported Germany [ ‘War in North Africa’, below]

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World War II: Fall of  France

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World War II: Battle of BritainThe Battle of Britain: July‐October 1940

‐ Germany launched air attack on Britain

‐ battle between RAF and Luftwaffe first major military battle fought in the air

‐ crucial for Hitler’s plan to control English Channel (military traffic) and invade Britain

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World War II: Battle of BritainThe Battle of Britain: July‐October 1940

‐ targeted shipping, airfields: British RAF had many advantages (home ground, radar)

‐ terrorized civilians: towns indiscriminately bombed

‐ by mid‐September, Luftwaffe clearly ‘out‐gunned’: lost 1700 planes (to RAF’s 900)

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World War II: Battle of BritainAfter that: Hitler no longer looking to invade 

‐ focused bombing on large cities, centres industry, ship building: e.g. Coventry, Plymouth

‐ Hardest hit: London  ‐‐ largely destroyed during Battle of Britain

‐ [see Photo ‘London Bomb Shelter 1940’, Textbook  p940]

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Battle of Britain:Programme of shippingchildren out of cities like London into countryside ‘to safety’

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Images of Devastation: Londonduring the Battle of Britain

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“Never, in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.”

Sir Winston Churchill

(speaking of British RAF duringthe Battle of Britain)

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World War II: North AfricaThe War in Greece and North Africa

‐ Italy took advantage of fall of France: entered war with Axis powers

‐ late autumn/winter 1940‐41: invaded Greece

‐ disaster: Britain became involved 

‐ new ‘front’ opened up against Germany in Greece

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World War II: North AfricaThe War in North Africa

‐ part of German invasion  of  Britain had included Italian attack from Libya into  Egypt

‐ when British invasion was sidetracked in 1940, Mussolini ordered forces to attack anyway

‐ Italians numerically superior but British highly mobile

‐ campaign a disaster: by December Italian  forces in North Africa on verge of collapse

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World War II: North AfricaGermans in  North Africa:

February 1941:German General Field 

Marshal Rommel 

arrived to provide 

more firepower 

and new leadership 

became known

as the  “Desert Fox”

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World War II: North Africa‐ new, more suitable Italian troops andequipment lent support

Italian Tank on Tunisian Frontier

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World War II: North AfricaRommel’s ‘Afrika Korps’: took firm root in North  Africa –invited Allied engagement

‐ Tobruk (Libya): following Italian defeat 1940, British forces took Tobruk 1941

‐ saw several major battles over next  two years

‐ finally remained in  Allied hands after 1942

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World War II: North Africa

British Engaged in ‘Cat-and-Mouse’ Chase with Rommel

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World War II: North AfricaEl‐Alamein and ‘Operation Torch’: 1942

‐ Battle of El‐Alamein (Oct. 23 ‐ Nov. 3): most decisive battle in North African Campaign [Textbook  p.948]

‐ British force twice as strong, Rommel not at beginning of attack: overwhelming Allied victory

‐ turning point for hugely successful ‘Afrika Korps’specializing in surprise attacks and outflanking maneuvers

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Word War II: North AfricaEl‐Alamein and ‘Operation Torch’

‐ “Operation Torch” (Nov. 8): British and US  sea invasion French North Africa (Morocco)

‐ 100,000 men, over 600 ships:  among the  largest amphibian invasions in history

‐ faced more resistance than expected from Vichy French colonies

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Word War II: North AfricaEl‐Alamein and ‘Operation Torch’

‐ drew German  forces needed in Europe into Tunisia: defeated

‐May 1943: Allied forces controlled 1000 miles  North  African Coast 

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World War II: North Africa

Operation Torch November 1942: successful Morocco, Algeria.‘Agreement’ left Vichy administration in place but colonists ordered to support Allies. Germany sent troops to prop up Tunisia. Fierce fighting continued until May 1943 when German troops finally surrendered.

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World War II: North AfricaImportance of War in  North Africa:

‐ showed weakness of Italian colonial adventure (adding British and French  colonies to  Libya)

‐ failure forced Germany to ‘come to the  rescue’: turned into large‐scale, long‐term  conflict

‐ weakened much‐needed German efforts elsewhere in Europe: defeat costly

‐ first involvement of US in European theatre

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World War II: Eastern FrontThe War on the Eastern Front:

‐ during same period, Germany also turned eastward: “Operation Barbarossa” – would open up new  ‘homeland’for German settlement [Textbook 941]

‐June 1941 began long‐planned invasion Soviet Union (three‐pronged attack ): 4 million soldiers

‐anticipated easy victories: initially achieved 

‐swift progress, deep into Soviet heartland

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World War II: Eastern Front

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World War II: Eastern FrontPlan to complete conquest by onset of winter: failed

‐ country too large to control all forces

‐winter: brutal – men, equipment bogged  down; temperatures unbearable

‐ Russians determined to fight, no matter what the costs: both soldiers and local partisans

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World War II: Eastern FrontBattle for Moscow: 

‐ November: civilians dug 5000kms  trenches around city 

‐kept German troops mired in place: vulnerable to  partisan harassment

‐ in three weeks, lost 85,000 men: as many as had been lost in “Operation Barbarossa” to date

‐ Hitler stopped the offensive: stalemate over the winter

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The Battle for Moscow:German forces keptseveral kilometersfrom city

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World War II: Eastern FrontTaking Germansoldiers as POWs

Civilian-builtbarricades,Moscow

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World War II: Eastern FrontBattle of Stalingrad: 1942‐43

‐ next summer, operations shifted south

‐Stalingrad: centre Russian communications, manufacturing; stood between Germany and oil fields of Caucuses

‐ critical to both Stalin and Hitler: neither would step back

Both armies told no retreat, surrender possible – no matter what!

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World War II: Eastern Front

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World War II: Eastern FrontBattle of Stalingrad: 1942‐43

‐ initial attack August: German air bombings  set city on fire: 40,000 inhabitants died 

‐ oil spill set Volga River on fire

‐ looked like quick victory: wrong

‐ became “one of deadliest single battles in history”: lasted six more months and over another winter in Russia[see  ‘The Road to Berlin – Stalingrad’, Add’l Rdgs.]

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World War II: Eastern FrontBattle of Stalingrad: 1942‐43

‐one of most brutal of in War: hand‐to‐hand daily  conflict; both sides used snipers 

‐city bombed‐out shell: fighting took place street‐by‐street, building‐by‐building

‐ “what Germans took by day, Russians took back by night”

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Street Fighting, Stalingrad

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Word War II: Eastern Front

Russians Defending Positions, Stalingrad

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World War II: Eastern FrontBattle of Stalingrad: 1942‐43

‐ November: Soviets used 1million soldiers to  surround city, trapped 300,000 Germans

‐ Hitler would not permit escape attempt:  siege continued 

‐ both armies suffered but Germans less able to cope with temperatures, lack of heat,  shortages food: army dying of starvation

Germans surrendered end of January 1943

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Word War II: Eastern Front

Soldiers in Winter, Stalingrad

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World War II: Eastern FrontBattle of Stalingrad: 1942‐43

‐ in addition to complete Army lost, 91,000 taken prisoner

‐ losses manpower, equipment left Germany unable to resist Russian forces when they returned the attack

‐ Germany in retreat through 1944

‐ Hitler declared national day of mourning: not for the men lost but for the shame  brought upon Germany by surrender! [filmed in video ‘Road to Berlin’]

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World War II: Eastern Front

Of 91,000 prisoners, half died en route to concentration camps; only 5-6000 returned home alive .