World War I Unit 7 Notes World War I alters the course of history The international anarchy in Europe previous to 1914 set the stage for war. Each nation in Europe pursued policies without regard for their neighbors. The international anarchy in Europe previous to 1914 set the stage for war. Each nation in Europe pursued policies without regard for their neighbors. World War I alters the course of history (Cont.) The great powers plunged toward war driven by MilitarismMilitarism (International)Anarchy(International)Anarchy NationalismNationalism ImperialismImperialism (the system of) Alliances(the system of) Alliances World War I alters the course of history (Cont.) In order to strengthen militarism or, the glorification of armed strength, European nations built trained reserve armies which could mobilize or, organize their resources, for combat quickly. In order to strengthen militarism or, the glorification of armed strength, European nations built trained reserve armies which could mobilize or, organize their resources, for combat quickly. World War I alters the course of history (Cont.) The Triple Alliance was made up of Germany, Austria- Hungary and Italy. The Triple Alliance was made up of Germany, Austria- Hungary and Italy. It upset the balance of power in Europe and sent France scrambling for allies. It upset the balance of power in Europe and sent France scrambling for allies. World War I alters the course of history (Cont.) The Triple Entente was made up of France, Russia and Great Britain. The Triple Entente was made up of France, Russia and Great Britain. World War I alters the course of history (Cont.) Great Britain, Germany and Russia all had interests in the Balkan region. Great Britain, Germany and Russia all had interests in the Balkan region. World War I alters the course of history (Cont.) Austria-Hungary forced an ultimatum on Serbia after the assassination of their heir to the throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand. World War I alters the course of history (Cont.) The following demands were made in the ultimatum: The following demands were made in the ultimatum: The Serbian government would condemn all anti A-H activities.The Serbian government would condemn all anti A-H activities. Serbia would ban books and teachers that did not favor A-H.Serbia would ban books and teachers that did not favor A-H. Serbia would dismiss any officials who previously promoted anti A-H propaganda.Serbia would dismiss any officials who previously promoted anti A-H propaganda. World War I alters the course of history (Cont.) The following demands were made in the ultimatum: The following demands were made in the ultimatum: A-H would try those accused of the assassination.A-H would try those accused of the assassination. All terms were to be accepted within 48 hours or A-H would declare war.All terms were to be accepted within 48 hours or A-H would declare war. All but the last two were met; A-H declared war on Serbia, July 28, 1914 All but the last two were met; A-H declared war on Serbia, July 28, 1914 World War I alters the course of history (Cont.) Russia mobilized to help Serbia leading Germany to declare war on Russia, August 1, 1914 and France whom they assumed would help on August 3, Russia mobilized to help Serbia leading Germany to declare war on Russia, August 1, 1914 and France whom they assumed would help on August 3, 1914. World War I alters the course of history (Cont.) When Germany entered Belgium, Great Britain declared war on Germany August 3, When Germany entered Belgium, Great Britain declared war on Germany August 3, 1914. During the War By 1915, Japan and Italy entered the war on the side of the Triple Entente, which became known as the Allied Powers. By 1915, Japan and Italy entered the war on the side of the Triple Entente, which became known as the Allied Powers. During the War (Cont.) The Allied Powers included Greece and Romania by The Allied Powers included Greece and Romania by Eventually the Allied Powers had 32 members. Eventually the Allied Powers had 32 members. Belgium (including Belgian colonial forces) Belgium (including Belgian colonial forces) BelgiumBelgian colonial forces BelgiumBelgian colonial forces British Empire British Empire British Empire British Empire Australia Australia British crown colonies British crown colonies Canada Canada New Zealand New Zealand Newfoundland Newfoundland South Africa South Africa Indian Empire Indian Empire United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland France (including French colonial forces) France (including French colonial forces) FranceFrench colonial forces FranceFrench colonial forces Greece (May 1917 and after) Greece (May 1917 and after) Greece Greece Italy (April 1915 and after) Italy (April 1915 and after) Italy1915 Italy1915 Japan Japan Japan Japan Montenegro Montenegro Montenegro Montenegro Portugal Portugal Portugal Portugal Romania (August 1916 and after) Romania (August 1916 and after) Romania1916 Romania1916 Russian Empire (until November 1917) Russian Empire (until November 1917) Russian Empire Russian Empire Serbia Serbia Serbia Serbia United States (April 1917 and after) United States (April 1917 and after) United States United States as well as: as well as: Andorra Andorra Andorra Andorra Armenia (1918) Armenia (1918) Armenia Armenia Bolivia Bolivia Bolivia Bolivia Brazil (1917) Brazil (1917) Brazil Brazil Costa Rica Costa Rica Costa Rica Costa Rica Cuba Cuba Cuba Cuba Czechoslovakia (1918) Czechoslovakia (1918) Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia Ecuador Ecuador Ecuador Ecuador Guatemala Guatemala Guatemala Guatemala Liberia Liberia Liberia Liberia Haiti Haiti Haiti Haiti Honduras Honduras Honduras Honduras Nicaragua Nicaragua Nicaragua Nicaragua Panama Panama Panama Panama Peru Peru Peru Peru Republic of China Republic of China Republic of China Republic of China San Marino San Marino San Marino San Marino Siam Siam Siam Siam Uruguay Uruguay Uruguay Uruguay During the War (Cont.) The Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined Germany and Austria-Hungary. They became known as the Central Powers. The Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined Germany and Austria-Hungary. They became known as the Central Powers. During the War (Cont.) While the U. S. attempted to maintain neutrality, propaganda of German atrocities swayed public sentiment to the Allied Powers. While the U. S. attempted to maintain neutrality, propaganda of German atrocities swayed public sentiment to the Allied Powers. During the War (Cont.) The Zimmermann Telegram promised Mexico the return of many southwestern states. The Zimmermann Telegram promised Mexico the return of many southwestern states. During the War (Cont.) Germanys submarine presence off the Atlantic Coast threatened U. S. citizens. Germanys submarine presence off the Atlantic Coast threatened U. S. citizens. During the War (Cont.) Russias czar was violently removed from the throne. Russias czar was violently removed from the throne. The U. S. entered the war April 6, The U. S. entered the war April 6, 1917. Russia & the Russian Revolution The unexpected weakness of the Russian army and the effects of WWI caused Czar Nicolas II (of the Romanov dynasty) to abdicate the throne. The unexpected weakness of the Russian army and the effects of WWI caused Czar Nicolas II (of the Romanov dynasty) to abdicate the throne. Russia & the Russian Revolution (Cont.) A liberal, provisional government took over after Czar Nicolas was removed. A liberal, provisional government took over after Czar Nicolas was removed. Russia & the Russian Revolution (Cont.) The Bolsheviks, led by Vladmir Ilych Lenin, a Marxist socialist, overthrew the provisional government November 7, The Bolsheviks, led by Vladmir Ilych Lenin, a Marxist socialist, overthrew the provisional government November 7, 1917. Russia & the Russian Revolution (Cont.) The new government signed peace treaties with the Central Powers in The new government signed peace treaties with the Central Powers in 1918. The Fourteen Points Woodrow Wilson expressed his goals in his fourteen points. Woodrow Wilson expressed his goals in his fourteen points. This propaganda boosted Allied morale and made Germany more willing to surrender. This propaganda boosted Allied morale and made Germany more willing to surrender. The Fourteen Points (Cont.) The armistice, or agreement to stop fighting until a treaty could be signed was signed in a railroad car in Compeigne, France. The armistice, or agreement to stop fighting until a treaty could be signed was signed in a railroad car in Compeigne, France. After the War Many problems faced the peacemakers, such as territorial claims, reparations, payment for war damages and peacekeeping. Many problems faced the peacemakers, such as territorial claims, reparations, payment for war damages and peacekeeping. The Versailles Treaty ended the war, but had many repercussions for Germany. The Versailles Treaty ended the war, but had many repercussions for Germany. After the War (Cont.) As part of the Treaty of Versailles Germany admitted sole guilt for starting WWI paid $38 billion in reparations lost territories on three borders and overseas abolished conscription could not maintain a reserve army could not manufacture military weapons, supplies or transportation After the War (Cont.) In addition to this In addition to this Austria-Hungary split Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire lost territory political boundaries were altered, forcing laws against discrimination towards ethnic minorities The League of Nations The League of Nations was created with 2 objectives: The League of Nations was created with 2 objectives: #1 - To promote international cooperation The League of Nations (Cont.) The League of Nations was created with 2 objectives: The League of Nations was created with 2 objectives: #2 - To maintain peace by settling disputes peacefully and reducing armaments. The League of Nations (Cont.) Even though the League was Wilsons idea, the U. S. never joined. Even though the League was Wilsons idea, the U. S. never joined.