World War IWorld War I

Nationalism and Internal DissentNationalism and Internal Dissent

Liberals believed that a peaceful Europe Liberals believed that a peaceful Europe would be based on international fraternitywould be based on international fraternity– Their idea of “nation-states” created Their idea of “nation-states” created

competition not cooperationcompetition not cooperation Each nation-state regarded itself as sovereign, which Each nation-state regarded itself as sovereign, which

made war an ever-present possibilitymade war an ever-present possibility

– Ethnic groups still wanted their own nationEthnic groups still wanted their own nation Slavs, Poles and the IrishSlavs, Poles and the Irish

– Imperialism brought rivalry among the Imperialism brought rivalry among the countriescountries

Labor MovementsLabor Movements

Nationalist feelings were not the only Nationalist feelings were not the only internal problemsinternal problems– Socialist labor movements became more Socialist labor movements became more

powerful and more commonpowerful and more commonSome historians believe that the statesmen Some historians believe that the statesmen

opted for war in order to stop a possible opted for war in order to stop a possible revolutionrevolution

MilitarismMilitarism

The development of mass armies The development of mass armies heightened tensionsheightened tensions– Conscription was established in most Conscription was established in most

Western countries except for the U.S Western countries except for the U.S and Britainand Britain

– The Russian army grew to be the largest The Russian army grew to be the largest armyarmy

Political leaders often made decisions Political leaders often made decisions based on military purposes and not based on military purposes and not political onespolitical ones

The Outbreak of WarThe Outbreak of War

The decisions by European leaders in the The decisions by European leaders in the summer of 1914 directly contributed to summer of 1914 directly contributed to WWIWWI

The BalkansThe Balkans Rivalry between Rivalry between

Austria-Hungary & Austria-Hungary & Russia over the Russia over the Balkans heightened Balkans heightened tensions in the areatensions in the area– Serbia, with Russia, Serbia, with Russia,

wanted to create an wanted to create an independent Slavic independent Slavic statestate

– Austria-Hungary wanted Austria-Hungary wanted to prevent this in order to prevent this in order to keep their own Slavic to keep their own Slavic minoritiesminorities

The Black HandThe Black Hand

Gavrilo Princip, a Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian activist, Bosnian activist, working for a working for a Serbian terrorist Serbian terrorist group, The Black group, The Black Hand, assassinated Hand, assassinated Archduke Francis Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian thronethe Austrian throne

Sparking the Powder KegSparking the Powder Keg

The Austrian The Austrian government saw government saw this as a time to this as a time to “render Serbia “render Serbia impotent once and impotent once and for all by a display for all by a display of force.”of force.”

The Blank CheckThe Blank Check

Austria sought help Austria sought help from Germany in from Germany in case Russia joined case Russia joined sides with Serbiasides with Serbia– Germany offered Germany offered

Austria a “blank Austria a “blank check,” giving them check,” giving them full support in full support in whatever they whatever they needed.needed.

UltimatumUltimatum

Austria gave Serbia an ultimatumAustria gave Serbia an ultimatum– Their list of demands was so extreme Their list of demands was so extreme

that Serbian officials couldn’t acceptthat Serbian officials couldn’t accept Austria declared war on Serbia(1)Austria declared war on Serbia(1)

Russia Enters the WarRussia Enters the War

Tsar Nicholas II, concerned about a Tsar Nicholas II, concerned about a war against both Austria and war against both Austria and Germany, moved his full forces Germany, moved his full forces towards the battlefront(2)towards the battlefront(2)

Germany declared war on Russia(3)Germany declared war on Russia(3)

France and the WarFrance and the War

Germany planned a defense against Germany planned a defense against France in case they entered the warFrance in case they entered the war– France had made an alliance with Russia France had made an alliance with Russia

in 1894in 1894

Germany’s PlanGermany’s Plan

General Alfred von General Alfred von Schlieffen created Schlieffen created a plan for the a plan for the mobilization of his mobilization of his troops against troops against Russia and FranceRussia and France

The Schlieffen PlanThe Schlieffen Plan

Germany declared Germany declared war on France after war on France after mobilizing troops mobilizing troops through the neutral through the neutral Belgium(4)Belgium(4)

Britain and the WarBritain and the War

Britain declared war on Germany for Britain declared war on Germany for violation of Belgium’s neutral violation of Belgium’s neutral rights(5)rights(5)– By August 4, 1914, all of the Great By August 4, 1914, all of the Great

European powers were at warEuropean powers were at war

Europe at WarEurope at War

1914-1915: Illusions and Stalemate1914-1915: Illusions and Stalemate

War started in 1914 due to the War started in 1914 due to the stirrings of national antagonisms stirrings of national antagonisms before warbefore war– Feeling just, there were calls for defense Feeling just, there were calls for defense

against aggressorsagainst aggressors

NationalismNationalism

Enthusiasm for war came from a Enthusiasm for war came from a belief that a quick victory was at belief that a quick victory was at handhand– Believed it would take little time to Believed it would take little time to

destroy a nation’s economydestroy a nation’s economy– Illusions that it released people from dull Illusions that it released people from dull

bourgeois lifebourgeois life It was an adventureIt was an adventure

Schlieffen PlanSchlieffen Plan

Germany hoped for a quick victory Germany hoped for a quick victory with the Schlieffen Planwith the Schlieffen Plan– Would encircle the French army through Would encircle the French army through

BelgiumBelgiumCame within 20 miles of ParisCame within 20 miles of ParisQuickly mobilized British troops joined Quickly mobilized British troops joined

FranceFrance

Digging InDigging In

Neither army could force the other Neither army could force the other one backone back– Led to the digging of trenches for Led to the digging of trenches for

sheltershelterExtended from the English Channel to Extended from the English Channel to

borders of Switzerlandborders of Switzerland““Western Front”Western Front”

– Neither side moved for four yearsNeither side moved for four years

Russia moved in the eastRussia moved in the east

Western FrontWestern Front

Changing AlliancesChanging Alliances

Austria was defeated by the Russians Austria was defeated by the Russians and driven out of Serbiaand driven out of Serbia– Italy betrayed Germany and Austria by Italy betrayed Germany and Austria by

joining the Ententejoining the Entente– Bulgaria joined the Alliance, attacked Bulgaria joined the Alliance, attacked

and defeated Serbia and defeated Serbia

Eastern FrontEastern Front

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

Used as elaborate systems of Used as elaborate systems of defense protected by:defense protected by:

– Barbed wireBarbed wire– Concrete machine-gun nestsConcrete machine-gun nests– Mortar batteriesMortar batteries– Heavy artilleryHeavy artillery

Troops lived in trenches separated Troops lived in trenches separated by no man’s landby no man’s land

Trench Cross SectionTrench Cross Section

How to Fight?How to Fight?

Trench warfare baffled leadersTrench warfare baffled leaders– Trained by wars of movement and Trained by wars of movement and

maneuversmaneuvers Generals attempted to breakthrough Generals attempted to breakthrough

by running through no man’s landby running through no man’s land Would pelt enemy lines with bullets Would pelt enemy lines with bullets

and have soldiers run across no and have soldiers run across no man’s land towards the enemyman’s land towards the enemy

Daily Life in the TrenchesDaily Life in the Trenches

Battlefields Battlefields consisted of:consisted of:– Barbed wireBarbed wire– Shell holesShell holes– MudMud– Dead & dying menDead & dying men– Poison gasesPoison gases

DeathDeath

Death was ever present in the trenchesDeath was ever present in the trenches– Remains of soldiersRemains of soldiers– Stench of decomposing bodiesStench of decomposing bodies

Life in trenches included:Life in trenches included:– BreakfastBreakfast– InspectionInspection– Sentry dutySentry duty– Restoration of trenchesRestoration of trenches– Care of personal itemsCare of personal items– Dull, lice-ridden, muddy, dusty living conditionsDull, lice-ridden, muddy, dusty living conditions

Live and Let Die?Live and Let Die?

Realizing that Realizing that neither side was neither side was winning they used winning they used a live and let live a live and let live systemsystem– Would not shell the Would not shell the

latrines or attack latrines or attack during breakfastduring breakfast

– Would even make Would even make noise before noise before smaller raidssmaller raids

Stalemate and AlliesStalemate and Allies Each side sought an advantage by gaining Each side sought an advantage by gaining

new alliesnew allies– The Ottoman Empire joined the AllianceThe Ottoman Empire joined the Alliance– Italy joined the EntenteItaly joined the Entente

Other parts of world joined their mother Other parts of world joined their mother countriescountries– Middle EastMiddle East– IndiaIndia– AustraliaAustralia– New ZealandNew Zealand

The Entente took over all of Germany’s The Entente took over all of Germany’s coloniescolonies

Lawrence of ArabiaLawrence of Arabia

The British started The British started revolts in the revolts in the Middle East to Middle East to break down the break down the Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire– T.E. Lawrence, T.E. Lawrence,

“Lawrence Of “Lawrence Of Arabia”Arabia”

Entry of the United StatesEntry of the United States

United States remained neutral but United States remained neutral but obviously favored the British sideobviously favored the British side– The British Isles became war zoneThe British Isles became war zone– Any ship in it was in danger of being Any ship in it was in danger of being

torpedoedtorpedoed

Sinking of the Sinking of the LusitaniaLusitania

Americans became Americans became angry when angry when Germany sank the Germany sank the LusitaniaLusitania– A passenger liner A passenger liner

with 100 Americans with 100 Americans onboardonboard

America Enters, Allies LosingAmerica Enters, Allies Losing

The Entente started losing as Italian The Entente started losing as Italian armies were losingarmies were losing

The Russian Revolution led to a The Russian Revolution led to a Russian withdrawalRussian withdrawal

America entered war as a result America entered war as a result unrestricted submarine warfare in unrestricted submarine warfare in 19171917– Gave the Entente the power boost they Gave the Entente the power boost they

neededneeded

The Home Front: The Impact of The Home Front: The Impact of Total WarTotal War

WWI transformed the governments, WWI transformed the governments, economies and societies of the economies and societies of the European nations involved in the warEuropean nations involved in the war– Needed organization of men & materialNeeded organization of men & material– Centralization of government powersCentralization of government powers– Economic regimentationEconomic regimentation– Manipulation of public opinion to keep Manipulation of public opinion to keep

war effort strongwar effort strong

Total War: Political Centralization Total War: Political Centralization and Economic Regimentationand Economic Regimentation

Patriotism fueled Patriotism fueled the enthusiasm for the enthusiasm for war in the war in the beginningbeginning– But the war But the war

dragged on longer dragged on longer than expectedthan expected

Compulsory WorkCompulsory Work

Governments needed different ways Governments needed different ways to fuel their war machines with men to fuel their war machines with men and materialsand materials– Mass conscription replaced volunteersMass conscription replaced volunteers

Some made military service compulsorySome made military service compulsory

– Skilled workers needed to produce Skilled workers needed to produce munitions were not in the armymunitions were not in the armySome made labor compulsorySome made labor compulsory

Government RegulationsGovernment Regulations

Controlled pricesControlled prices Rationing of food Rationing of food

and materialsand materials Regulation of Regulation of

imports and imports and exportsexports

Nationalization of Nationalization of transportation transportation systemssystems

Public Order and Public OpinionPublic Order and Public Opinion

As the war As the war progressed civilian progressed civilian morale droppedmorale dropped– British passed British passed

Defense of the Defense of the Realm Act (DORA)Realm Act (DORA)

Silenced dissentersSilenced dissenters

The Social Impact of Total WarThe Social Impact of Total War

Labor unions benefited from working Labor unions benefited from working together with the governmenttogether with the government

Women had gained new jobs in Women had gained new jobs in banking and heavy industrybanking and heavy industry– In Britain 1,345,000 women obtained In Britain 1,345,000 women obtained

new jobsnew jobs– In France 684,000 women obtained new In France 684,000 women obtained new

jobsjobs

WomenWomen

However, new jobs However, new jobs did not change the did not change the perception of perception of womenwomen– After the war they After the war they

lost all the jobs they lost all the jobs they had gainedhad gained

World War I and DeathWorld War I and Death

WWI did not effect WWI did not effect class conflict due class conflict due to the fact that as to the fact that as many many – Aristocrats died as Aristocrats died as

much as peasants much as peasants (percentage wise)(percentage wise)

Reasons for the Russian Reasons for the Russian RevolutionRevolution

The Revolution of The Revolution of 1905 failed to bring 1905 failed to bring real changesreal changes

Tsar Nicholas II still Tsar Nicholas II still had the support of had the support of the army and the army and bureaucracybureaucracy

Always Be PreparedAlways Be Prepared

WWI magnified Russia’s problems WWI magnified Russia’s problems and brought challenges to the tsarand brought challenges to the tsar– Unprepared militarily and Unprepared militarily and

technologically for wartechnologically for warTsar took personal charge of the militaryTsar took personal charge of the military

– Lacked the ability to train the militaryLacked the ability to train the military– Russian industry was unable to make Russian industry was unable to make

enough weapons for the armyenough weapons for the armyCausing severe losses on the Eastern FrontCausing severe losses on the Eastern Front

Russian GovernmentRussian Government

Nicholas II revoked Nicholas II revoked all the concessions all the concessions he made in 1905he made in 1905– The surge of The surge of

patriotism that patriotism that occurred during the occurred during the outbreak of WWI outbreak of WWI was crushedwas crushed

The government The government didn’t trust their own didn’t trust their own peoplepeople

ReactionsReactions

Peasant discontent grew due to Peasant discontent grew due to worsening conditionsworsening conditions– Industry only concentrated on war Industry only concentrated on war

production upsetting workersproduction upsetting workers– Aristocrats were upset at the Aristocrats were upset at the

incompetent and inefficient bureaucracy incompetent and inefficient bureaucracy that controlled the military and politicsthat controlled the military and politics

Tsarina AlexandraTsarina Alexandra

Her son Alexis was Her son Alexis was a hemophiliac that a hemophiliac that could not be cured could not be cured by doctorsby doctors

Rasputin, a Rasputin, a Siberian peasant, Siberian peasant, was able to cure was able to cure himhim

RasputinRasputin

Belonged to a Belonged to a religious sect that religious sect that indulged in sexual indulged in sexual orgiesorgies– The ability to cure The ability to cure

Alexis allowed him to Alexis allowed him to gain favor with gain favor with AlexandraAlexandra

This allowed to him This allowed to him to interfere in to interfere in government affairs government affairs until he was until he was assassinatedassassinated

The March RevolutionThe March Revolution

A series of strikes A series of strikes broke out in the broke out in the capital of Petrograd capital of Petrograd (St. Petersburg)(St. Petersburg)– Due to the Due to the

introduction of introduction of bread rationingbread rationing

To control To control skyrocketing pricesskyrocketing prices

Women Take to the StreetsWomen Take to the Streets

With the number of With the number of women working in women working in Petrograd factories Petrograd factories doubling since 1914, doubling since 1914, they took to the they took to the streetsstreets– Demanded “Peace and Demanded “Peace and

Bread” and “Down with Bread” and “Down with Autocracy”Autocracy”

Known as the Known as the International Women’s International Women’s DayDay

The Revolution BeginsThe Revolution Begins

The women were joined by other The women were joined by other workersworkers– They succeeded in closing all of They succeeded in closing all of

Petrograd’s factoriesPetrograd’s factories Nicholas II ordered troops to disperse Nicholas II ordered troops to disperse

the crowd by firing upon themthe crowd by firing upon them– The troops joined the demonstration The troops joined the demonstration

insteadinstead

Its Not A DumaIts Not A DumaWell, really it isWell, really it is

The (formally dissolved) Duma met to The (formally dissolved) Duma met to create a provisional governmentcreate a provisional government– Urged the Tsar to abdicate the throne and he Urged the Tsar to abdicate the throne and he

did sodid so– Implemented a liberal agenda of freedom of:Implemented a liberal agenda of freedom of:

SpeechSpeech PressPress ReligionReligion AssemblyAssembly Civil RightsCivil Rights

Represented the needs of the middle class Represented the needs of the middle class and the aristocracyand the aristocracy

Protect Mother Russia’s HonorProtect Mother Russia’s Honor

Determined to Determined to carry on the war to carry on the war to preserve Russia’s preserve Russia’s honorhonor– The workers and The workers and

the peasants above the peasants above all else wanted to all else wanted to end the warend the war

The SovietsThe Soviets

Had to compete with another group Had to compete with another group trying to gain power, the Sovietstrying to gain power, the Soviets– Wanted to establish peasant socialism Wanted to establish peasant socialism

by seizing landed estates and creating a by seizing landed estates and creating a rural democracyrural democracy

– Also used political terrorism to Also used political terrorism to accomplish their goalsaccomplish their goals

– Represented the radical interests of the Represented the radical interests of the lower classeslower classes

MensheviksMensheviks

The Mensheviks The Mensheviks wanted to create a wanted to create a mass electoral mass electoral socialist party socialist party based on a western based on a western modelmodel

BolsheviksBolsheviks

The Bolsheviks The Bolsheviks wanted to create a wanted to create a mass violent mass violent revolutionrevolution– Led by Vladimir Led by Vladimir

Ulyanov (V.I. Lenin)Ulyanov (V.I. Lenin)

Conspiracy to ConspireConspiracy to Conspire

After the Provisional government was After the Provisional government was formed Lenin and his wife were formed Lenin and his wife were “shipped” to Russia in a “sealed “shipped” to Russia in a “sealed train”train”– His arrival started a new stage of the His arrival started a new stage of the

Russian Revolution Russian Revolution

April ThesisApril Thesis

His “April Thesis” His “April Thesis” presented a blueprint for presented a blueprint for revolutionary action revolutionary action based on his own based on his own version of Marxismversion of Marxism– Said it was not necessary Said it was not necessary

to have a bourgeois to have a bourgeois revolution in order to revolution in order to achieve socialismachieve socialism

– Instead Russia could move Instead Russia could move directly into socialismdirectly into socialism

His slogan was “Peace, His slogan was “Peace, Land and Bread”Land and Bread”

Bolsheviks Spell Doom for the Bolsheviks Spell Doom for the Provisional GovernmentProvisional Government

The provisional government was The provisional government was trying to maintain their power over trying to maintain their power over Russia while the Bolsheviks tried to Russia while the Bolsheviks tried to win over the masseswin over the masses– Attempted a new military offensive on Attempted a new military offensive on

the Eastern Front in Julythe Eastern Front in July Masses of peasant soldiers leftMasses of peasant soldiers left

– They returned homeThey returned home– Began seizing land with their familiesBegan seizing land with their families

The Bolshevik Revolution in the The Bolshevik Revolution in the BeginningBeginning

Alexander Kerensky Alexander Kerensky was the Prime was the Prime Minister of the Minister of the Provisional Provisional GovernmentGovernment– He falsely accused He falsely accused

the Bolsheviks of the Bolsheviks of attempting to attempting to overthrow the overthrow the provisional provisional governmentgovernment

– Lenin had to flee Lenin had to flee FinlandFinland

Overthrowing the GovernmentOverthrowing the Government

Lenin persuaded the Lenin persuaded the Bolsheviks to Bolsheviks to overthrow the overthrow the provisional governmentprovisional government– Leon Trotsky helped Leon Trotsky helped

Lenin organize the Lenin organize the Military Revolutionary Military Revolutionary Committee to overthrow Committee to overthrow of the governmentof the government

– They took over in two They took over in two days (October days (October Revolution) with hardly Revolution) with hardly any bloodshedany bloodshed

Aftermath of the CoupAftermath of the Coup

Lenin used his new power create the Lenin used his new power create the Congress of SovietsCongress of Soviets– Represented local soviets from all over Represented local soviets from all over

the countrythe country The real power was passed to the The real power was passed to the

People’s CommissarsPeople’s Commissars– Was headed by LeninWas headed by Lenin

LeninLenin

He realized the importance of He realized the importance of winning mass support quickly so he winning mass support quickly so he started fulfilling promisesstarted fulfilling promises– First he nationalized landFirst he nationalized land

Allowed peasant seizure of landAllowed peasant seizure of land– Assured the Bolsheviks of peasant supportAssured the Bolsheviks of peasant support

– Then he turned over control of factories Then he turned over control of factories to workers (temporary) to workers (temporary)

Alexandra KollontaiAlexandra Kollontai She was a supporter of She was a supporter of

revolutionary socialism and revolutionary socialism and pushed for a Bolshevik pushed for a Bolshevik program for women’s rights program for women’s rights and social welfareand social welfare– Established the Palaces for the Established the Palaces for the

Protection of Maternity and Protection of Maternity and ChildrenChildren

– Provided health careProvided health care– Legalized divorceLegalized divorce– Made marriage a civil actMade marriage a civil act– Urged the equality of men and Urged the equality of men and

womenwomen– Permitted abortionsPermitted abortions

Established the Zhenotdel Established the Zhenotdel (Women’s Bureau of the (Women’s Bureau of the Communist Party)Communist Party)

Lenin’s Promise InterruptedLenin’s Promise Interrupted

These reforms were undone by the These reforms were undone by the Communists in order to concentrate on the Communists in order to concentrate on the survival of their newly formed regimesurvival of their newly formed regime

The communist government signed the The communist government signed the Treaty of Breast-Litovsk with GermanyTreaty of Breast-Litovsk with Germany– Gave up east Poland, Ukraine, Finland, and the Gave up east Poland, Ukraine, Finland, and the

Baltic ProvincesBaltic Provinces– The promised peace didn’t happen after this as The promised peace didn’t happen after this as

Russia soon entered a civil warRussia soon entered a civil war

Civil WarCivil War

Opposition to the Bolsheviks came Opposition to the Bolsheviks came from:from:– The aristocracy, still loyal to the TsarThe aristocracy, still loyal to the Tsar– As well as the MensheviksAs well as the Mensheviks– Members of the Entente (Allied Powers) Members of the Entente (Allied Powers)

sent troops to different parts of Russiasent troops to different parts of Russia In order to bring Russia back into the warIn order to bring Russia back into the war

Bolsheviks WinBolsheviks Win

The Bolshevik Red Army fought the The Bolshevik Red Army fought the Mensheviks (white) for four yearsMensheviks (white) for four years– They regained the Ukraine, Georgia, They regained the Ukraine, Georgia,

Armenia and AzerbaijanArmenia and Azerbaijan

Reasons for the Bolshevik TriumphReasons for the Bolshevik Triumph The Red Army The Red Army

became well-became well-disciplined, disciplined, formidable fighting formidable fighting forces due to forces due to organization under organization under Leon TrotskyLeon Trotsky– Reinstated draft and Reinstated draft and

gave command to gave command to former Tsarist army former Tsarist army officersofficers

– Insisted on rigid Insisted on rigid discipline discipline

Soldiers who did not Soldiers who did not comply were executedcomply were executed

Interior DefenseInterior Defense

Had the advantage Had the advantage of interior lines of of interior lines of defensedefense– Were able to move Were able to move

troops rapidly from troops rapidly from different battlefieldsdifferent battlefields

Menshevik DisadvantagesMenshevik Disadvantages

The disunity of the anti-communist The disunity of the anti-communist forces weakened the efforts of the forces weakened the efforts of the MensheviksMensheviks– Made it difficult to achieve military Made it difficult to achieve military

cooperationcooperation The Mensheviks were unable to The Mensheviks were unable to

agree upon a common goalagree upon a common goal– The Bolshevik’s sense of purpose gave The Bolshevik’s sense of purpose gave

them a reason to fightthem a reason to fight

War CommunismWar Communism

The Bolsheviks instituted “War The Bolsheviks instituted “War Communism” in order to ensure Communism” in order to ensure regular supplies for the Red Armyregular supplies for the Red Army– Nationalization of banks and industriesNationalization of banks and industries– Forced requisition of grain from Forced requisition of grain from

peasantspeasants– Centralization of government under Centralization of government under

Bolshevik controlBolshevik control

The ChekaThe Cheka

Replaced the old Replaced the old Tsarist secret Tsarist secret police with the police with the ChekaCheka– Secret police used Secret police used

for terrorfor terror– Used to destroy Used to destroy

those who opposed those who opposed the new regimethe new regime

Russian PatriotismRussian Patriotism

The intervention of The intervention of foreign armies foreign armies enabled the enabled the Bolsheviks to Bolsheviks to appeal to Russian appeal to Russian patriotismpatriotism– The Allied Powers The Allied Powers

did not hide their did not hide their anti-Bolshevik anti-Bolshevik feelingfeeling

Communist Success in RussiaCommunist Success in Russia

The civil war created a Bolshevik The civil war created a Bolshevik regime that transformed Russia into regime that transformed Russia into a bureaucratically centralized state a bureaucratically centralized state dominated by single partydominated by single party– Became hostile to the Allied PowersBecame hostile to the Allied Powers

Due to their assistance to their enemies Due to their assistance to their enemies during the civil warduring the civil war

New Hopes for Germany with a New Hopes for Germany with a Russian WithdrawalRussian Withdrawal

German leaders German leaders proposed a grand proposed a grand offensive in the offensive in the west to break the west to break the stalematestalemate– Advanced to the Advanced to the

Marne River but Marne River but French and French and American forces American forces defeated them at defeated them at Second Battle of Second Battle of MarneMarne

Suing for PeaceSuing for Peace

General Ludendorff General Ludendorff informed his informed his leaders that the leaders that the war was lostwar was lost– Germany sued for Germany sued for

peacepeace– Kaiser William II Kaiser William II

fled the countryfled the country An armistice was An armistice was

signed on signed on November 11, November 11, 1918 1918

Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary

Nationalistic forces broke up the Nationalistic forces broke up the Austro-Hungarian EmpireAustro-Hungarian Empire– The empire was replaced by The empire was replaced by

independent republics for ethnic independent republics for ethnic minoritiesminoritiesAustriaAustriaHungaryHungaryCzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaYugoslavia

Avoiding the Mistakes of the Avoiding the Mistakes of the Congress of ViennaCongress of Vienna

U.S. President U.S. President Woodrow Wilson Woodrow Wilson attempted to shift attempted to shift war aims to a war aims to a higher ideal by higher ideal by creating the creating the “Fourteen Points”“Fourteen Points”

Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson

– Wanted to create a new world order Wanted to create a new world order based on democracy and international based on democracy and international cooperationcooperationCreate a League of NationsCreate a League of Nations

– Wanted to rid the world of the secret Wanted to rid the world of the secret agreements that caused World War Iagreements that caused World War IMany countries still kept secret agreementsMany countries still kept secret agreements

Britain’s PlansBritain’s Plans

Prime Minister, of Prime Minister, of Britain, David Lloyd Britain, David Lloyd George won the George won the election on the election on the platform of making platform of making the Germans paythe Germans pay– Only total victory Only total victory

over Germany could over Germany could compensate for the compensate for the war’s losseswar’s losses

France’s PlansFrance’s Plans

Premier, of France, Premier, of France, Georges Georges Clemenceau Clemenceau believed the believed the French French experienced the experienced the brunt of aggression brunt of aggression and deserved and deserved revenge and future revenge and future securitysecurity

Georges ClemenceauGeorges Clemenceau

Wanted to demilitarize GermanyWanted to demilitarize Germany– It posed a long-term threatIt posed a long-term threat

Make Germany pay for cost of the Make Germany pay for cost of the warwar– As well as war reparationsAs well as war reparations

Wanted a separate RhinelandWanted a separate Rhineland– A buffer zone between France and A buffer zone between France and

GermanyGermany

Domination at the Paris Peace Domination at the Paris Peace ConferenceConference

U.S. Representative – U.S. Representative – Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson

French Representative French Representative – Georges – Georges ClemenceauClemenceau

British Representative British Representative – David Lloyd George– David Lloyd George

Russia was unable to Russia was unable to attend due to the attend due to the revolutionrevolution

Germany was not Germany was not invitedinvited

The Final Peace SettlementThe Final Peace Settlement

There were five There were five different treaties, different treaties, one with each one with each defeated nationdefeated nation– GermanyGermany– AustriaAustria– HungaryHungary– BulgariaBulgaria– The Ottoman The Ottoman

EmpireEmpire

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles Treaty of Versailles was signed with Germany on Treaty of Versailles was signed with Germany on

June 28, 1919June 28, 1919– Article 231 (a.k.a. the Guilt Clause) – blamed Germany Article 231 (a.k.a. the Guilt Clause) – blamed Germany

for starting the warfor starting the war Ordered Germany to pay reparations for all damage to Ordered Germany to pay reparations for all damage to

Allied governmentsAllied governments Germany had to reduce its army to 100,000Germany had to reduce its army to 100,000 Cut back its navyCut back its navy Eliminate its air forceEliminate its air force

– Had to return Alsace and Lorraine to FranceHad to return Alsace and Lorraine to France– Give a section of Prussia to the new Polish stateGive a section of Prussia to the new Polish state– German had to demilitarize the RhinelandGerman had to demilitarize the Rhineland

Remove all armaments and forts as far as 30 miles east of Remove all armaments and forts as far as 30 miles east of the Rhine Riverthe Rhine River

Other TreatiesOther Treaties Other treaties redrew the Other treaties redrew the

map or Eastern Europemap or Eastern Europe– Germany and Russia lost Germany and Russia lost

considerable territoryconsiderable territory– The Austro-Hungarian The Austro-Hungarian

Empire disappearedEmpire disappeared New states were createdNew states were created

– FinlandFinland– LativaLativa– LithuaniaLithuania– EstoniaEstonia– PolandPoland– CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia– AustriaAustria– HungaryHungary

The BalkansThe Balkans

Territorial Territorial rearrangements rearrangements were also made in were also made in the Balkansthe Balkans– Romania acquired Romania acquired

land from Russia, land from Russia, Hungary and Hungary and BulgariaBulgaria

– Serbia formed the Serbia formed the major part of the major part of the new Slavic state of new Slavic state of YugoslaviaYugoslavia

End of the Ottoman EmpireEnd of the Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire was broken upwas broken up– France took control France took control

of Lebanon and Syriaof Lebanon and Syria– Britain acquired Iraq Britain acquired Iraq

and Palestineand Palestine– The U.S. opposed The U.S. opposed

these annexationsthese annexations

Settlements Under AttackSettlements Under Attack

These peace These peace settlements came settlements came under attack by under attack by defeated nationsdefeated nations– Felt the treaties Felt the treaties

were shortsightedwere shortsighted

The League of NationsThe League of Nations

Gave some the Gave some the hope that future hope that future conflicts would be conflicts would be solved peacefullysolved peacefully– The U.S. Senate The U.S. Senate

never ratified the never ratified the Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles

Prevented the U.S. Prevented the U.S. from joining the from joining the League of NationsLeague of Nations

U.S. SenateU.S. Senate

The Senate rejected an alliance with The Senate rejected an alliance with Britain and FranceBritain and France– Wanted to limit U.S. involvement in Wanted to limit U.S. involvement in

future European warsfuture European wars– Britain also removed itself from an Britain also removed itself from an

alliance with Francealliance with France– Left France to stand alone against Left France to stand alone against

GermanyGermany