WorldWarI

1914-1918

Focus

•  WhatcausedWWIandwhateffectdidithaveonworldevents?

Terms

•  Militarism-na>onalpolicybasedonmilitarystrengthandglorifica>onofwar

•  Conscrip>on-compulsorycalltomilitaryservice:thedraG

•  AllianceSystem-seriesofdefenseagreementsinvolvingtwoormorena>ons

•  Entente-anagreement,butnotaformalalliance,betweenna>ons

EuropeanRivalries•  Buildingsincemid1800’s•  Intensecompe>>onbetweenna>onsbasedondesireforeconomicgrowthandindustrializa>on

•  GreatBritain– Wantedtomaintainkeepsealinesitneededfortradeopen

– Maintainlifelinestoitsempire

EuropeanRivalriescont.

•  France– WantedtoaddMorocco(mineralrich)

•  Germany–  HopedtogaineconomiccontrolofOWomanEmpire(Turkey)

•  Austria-Hungary– WantedaccesstotheAegeanSeaviatheBalkans

•  Russia– WantedtocontroltheBosporusandtheDardanellesandextendinfluenceintoEastAsia

Na>onalism

•  France-na>onalismbecomingpopular– Na>onalistssoughtrevengeagainstGermanyfortheareaknownasAlsace-LorrainelostduringtheFranco-PrussianWar

Austria-Hungary(A-H)

•  Pan-Slavism-theideathattheSlavshadahistoricmissiontodeveloptheircultureanduniteintoanempire

•  SerbiasupportedSlavsinA-H– WantedtocreateaSlavna>on-Yugoslov

•  A-HannexedBosnia-Heregovina,aSlavicterritory

BalkanWars

•  FirstBalkanWarin1912– SerbiatriestoacquireAlbania,awateroutlettotheMediterraneanSea-Serbialost

•  SecondBalkanWarin1913– SerbiaagaintriestogainAlbania

•  RussiawasaSerbianally,butwasunabletohelpaGerwarwithJapan

Militarism

•  Europeancountriesbeganassessingeachothersmilitarystrengthandreadiness

•  AGer1870,allna>onsexceptGreatBritainadoptedconscrip>on

•  Everyac>onmadebyacountrycausedareac>onfromanothercountry

Alliances•  ThreeEmperors’League– CreatedbyOWovonBismarck– BetweenGermany,Austria-Hungary,andRussia

– Didn’tlastlong•  TripleAlliance– Germany,Austria-Hungary,andItaly

•  TripleEntente– LoosealliancebetweenGreatBritain,France,andRussia

•  Alliancesmadecountriesfeellesssecure

Terms

•  Ul>matum-afinaldemandorstatementofterms,implyingathreatofseriouspenal>es

•  Mobiliza>on-actofassemblingandpreparingtroopsandequipmentforwar

TroubleintheBalkans•  ArchdukeFranzFerdinand,heirtoAustria-HungarianEmpire– VisitsSarajevo(CapitalofBosnia-Herzegovina)onJune28,1914

•  TheBlackHand,orUnionofDeath,posi>onedassassinsalongtheroute

•  BothFerdinandandhiswifewerekilledbyGavriloPrincip

Reac>ons

•  Germany– EncouragedAustriatotheconclusionthattheSerbiawasresponsible(eventhoughitdidn’thappeninSerbia)

– PledgeditssupporttoAustriainwhateveritdecidedtodowithSerbia

Declara>onsofWar

•  July23,1914-Ul>matumfromAustriatoSerbia– Austriademanded15things,includingtheleadersoftheBlackHandbearrestedandtriedinVienna

– GaveSerbia48hourstoagree•  SerbiarejectedmostoftheUl>matum•  July28,1914AustriadeclareswaronSerbiabothcountriesbeganmobiliza>on

EuropeanReac>on

•  Russia-Suppor>ngSerbia– CzarNicholasIIordersgeneralmobiliza>onagainstAustria-HungaryandGermany

•  GermanydeclareswaronRussiaandFrance(b/cFrancesupportedRussia)

•  BritaindeclaredwaronGermanyb/cGermanyinvadedBelgiumtryingtogettoFrance

PublicReac>on

•  Peoplegenerallygreetedwarwithconfidenceandrejoicing

•  MostpeoplethoughtitwasamaWerofdefendingtheircountrieshonor

•  Fewpeoplerealizedhowlonganddevasta>ngthewarwouldbe

Terms

•  Belligerent-engagingorfigh>ngawar•  Propaganda-newsandinforma>onintendedtoinfluencepeople’sfeelingsaboutacause

•  WarofaWri>on-conflictinwhicheachsidetriestowinbywearingtheothersidedown

•  Trench-aditchdugtoprotectsoldiers•  Contraband-goodsthatmaynotlegallybetransported,par>cularlyduringwar>me

Preparedness

•  NoneofEuropeancountrieswerepreparedforwar– Mosts>llusedcavalryandhorseandwagon

•  Na>onsseriouslyunderes>matedlengthofwar– Mosthadstockpiledsuppliesandammuni>onfor6monthsonly

TheSides

•  CentralPowers– Germany– Austria-Hungary– OWomanEmpire– Bulgaria

•  AlliedPowers– GreatBritain– France– Russia– Serbia– Belgium–  Japan– Montenegro

TheSchlieffenPlan

•  Plandesignedin1905byAlfredvonSchlieffen•  Itoutlineaplanfightatwofront(side)war–  toinvadedBelgiumandcaptureParisin6weeks– ThenmovetoeasternfronttofightRussia– AssumedRussiawouldbeslowtomobilize

ProblemswithPlan

•  Germanswentthroughaheavilyfor>fiedareaofBelgiumandencounteredstrongresistance

•  TheRussianarmymobilizedmorequicklythanexpected

•  DelayedbyaWackedbyGreatBritainandFrance

TheBaWleoftheMarne

•  BaWle50milesoutsideofParis•  Germanyvs.France•  Germanyretreated– EndofSchlieffenPlan– BolsteredFrenchmorale– Provedthatneithersidewouldhaveaneasywin

RussianDisaster

•  BaWleofTannenberg– Russiavs.Germany– Russianswereencircled• Russia:30,000dead,92,000prisonerstaken• Germany:13,000dead

Deadlock

•  ByNovember1914-warhadreachedastalemate•  Na>onsusedpropagandatoportraytheenemyasinhuman

•  Civilianswereinvolvedinthewarefforttoproducetheitemsneededforwar