World War I – Causes Unit 8 Part 5 1. The Alliance System Triple Entente: Triple Alliance:
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Transcript of World War I – Causes Unit 8 Part 5 1. The Alliance System Triple Entente: Triple Alliance:
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World War I – Causes
Unit 8 Part 5
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1. The Alliance System1. The Alliance System
Triple EntenteTriple Entente::Triple EntenteTriple Entente:: Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::
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The Major Players: 1914-17
The Major Players: 1914-17
Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]
Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]
George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]
Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]
Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]
Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers::
Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]
Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]
Victor Victor Emmanuel Emmanuel
II [It]II [It]
Victor Victor Emmanuel Emmanuel
II [It]II [It]
Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::
Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]
Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]
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Europe in 1914Europe in 1914
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2. Militarism & Arms Race2. Militarism & Arms Race
1910-1914 Increase in Defense
Expenditures
France 10%
Britain 13%
Russia 39%
Germany
73%
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3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries
3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries
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4. Aggressive Nationalism
4. Aggressive Nationalism
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Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914
Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914
The“Powder
Keg”of Europe
The“Powder
Keg”of Europe
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Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family
Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family
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The Assassination: Sarajevo
The Assassination: Sarajevo
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The Assassin: The Assassin:
GavriloPrincipGavriloPrincip
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Who’s To Blame?Who’s To Blame?
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Soldiers Mobilized
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
France Germany Russia Britain
Mil
lio
ns
Almost
40 Million
Activated
1914-18
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A Multi-Front WarA Multi-Front War
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The Western FrontThe Western Front
Overall land gains were minimal….
Limited change inposition over 4 years!!!
Neutral statusirrelevant
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Trench WarfareTrench WarfarePhysical andPsychologicalOpportunities:
Long duties
Rats, Lice
Dysentery
Snipers
Artillery
Poison Gas
Machine Guns
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Trench WarfareTrench Warfare
““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”
““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”
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Verdun – February, 1916
Verdun – February, 1916
German offensive.
Each side had 500,000 casualties.
German offensive.
Each side had 500,000 casualties.
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The Somme – July, 1916
The Somme – July, 1916
60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.
Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.
60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.
Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.
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War Is HELL !!War Is HELL !!
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Sacrifices in WarSacrifices in War
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America Enters the War
• Causes• Fourteen Points• US Propaganda• Limits on Civil
Liberties
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Blood Money or Capitalism?
• Loans– Allies ($4B by 1916)
• Trade with Allies– War goods– Food
• Blockades– British– German
• Enforced by U-Boat
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The Sinking of the Lusitania
The Sinking of the Lusitania
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Election of 1916
Woodrow WilsonDemocrat
“He Kept Us Out of War”
Charles Evans HughesRepublican
Charles Evasive HughesDove-Hawk
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Election of 1916
Socialist Candidate – 590,000
Prohibition Candidate – 221,000
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The Zimmerman Telegram
The Zimmerman TelegramWilson proposes
“Peace without Victory”
German response:
Unlimited Submarinewarfare in the warzone!!!
Secret proposal toMexico
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Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats
Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats
Before the US Enters the WAR
After the US Enters the WAR
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The YanksAre
Coming!
The YanksAre
Coming!
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1917 – Selective 1917 – Selective Service ActService Act
1917 – Selective 1917 – Selective Service ActService Act
24,000,000 men registered for the draft by the end of 1918.
4,800,000 men served in WW1 (2,000,000 saw active combat).
400,000 African-Americansserved in segregated units.
15,000 Native-Americans served as scouts, messengers, and snipers in non-segregated units.
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The Most Famous Recruitment The Most Famous Recruitment PosterPoster
The Most Famous Recruitment The Most Famous Recruitment PosterPoster
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Uncle Sam—He the Uncle Sam—He the Man!Man!
Uncle Sam—He the Uncle Sam—He the Man!Man!
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Don’t Mess with the U. Don’t Mess with the U. S.S.
Don’t Mess with the U. Don’t Mess with the U. S.S.
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““Huns Kill Women and Huns Kill Women and Children!”Children!”
““Huns Kill Women and Huns Kill Women and Children!”Children!”
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American Involvement
• Slow to build up, slow to engage– By August 1918, ten thousand American
soldiers arrive daily
• First action– Chateau-Thierry / Second Battle of the Marne–
stop German advance (last effort)
• Meuse-Argonne Offensive 9/18 – 11/18– Massive allied assault on German lines (rr)– 1.2 million Americans engaged (10% casualty)
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Americans in the Trenches
Americans in the Trenches
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German Cartoon:“Fit for active service!”,
1918
German Cartoon:“Fit for active service!”,
1918
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Wilson Fights for Peace
• Early 1918 German military takes over the German government
• German Kaiser began peace negotiations• German army/navy mutiny• Germany surrenders 11/11/1918 @ 11:00
a.m.– Last allied offensive 9:00 a.m. – Last deaths @ 10:59 a.m.
• Wilson travels to Paris for negotiations– No Republicans invited
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11 a.m., November 11, 1918
11 a.m., November 11, 1918
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Consequences of the War
• Human – 10 million dead, 25 million injured• Economic - $330 billion, destruction of European
economy • Physical destruction of property• Political – End of German, Austrian, Russian, and
Ottoman Empires• Creation of weak states• Establishment of communism• Psychological – deepens and expands
nationalism, expands pessimistic view of humanity
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US Consequences of WWI
• 120,000 dead – 300,000 injured
• Accelerates America’s emergence as world’s greatest industrial leader
• Relocates American population to urban areas
• Increases anti-immigrant and anti-radical sentiments
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10,000,00010,000,000 DeadDead10,000,00010,000,000 DeadDead
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World War I CasualtiesWorld War I Casualties
01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000
10,000,000RussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryFranceGreat BritainItalyTurkeyUS
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War at Home
• Expanding the Federal Government• Role of Women• Civil Liberties• Flu Epidemic
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Council of National Council of National DefenseDefense
Council of National Council of National DefenseDefense
War Industries Board – Bernard Baruch
Food Administration – Herbert Hoover
Railroad Administration – William McAdoo
National War Labor Board – W. H.Taft & Frank P. Walsh
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U. S. Food U. S. Food AdministrationAdministration
U. S. Food U. S. Food AdministrationAdministration
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U. S. Food U. S. Food AdministrationAdministration
U. S. Food U. S. Food AdministrationAdministration
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National War Garden National War Garden CommissionCommission
National War Garden National War Garden CommissionCommission
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U. S. Shipping BoardU. S. Shipping BoardU. S. Shipping BoardU. S. Shipping Board
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U. S. Fuel U. S. Fuel AdministrationAdministration
U. S. Fuel U. S. Fuel AdministrationAdministration
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U. S. Fuel U. S. Fuel AdministrationAdministration
U. S. Fuel U. S. Fuel AdministrationAdministration
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Results of This New Results of This New Organization of the Organization of the
Economy?Economy?
Results of This New Results of This New Organization of the Organization of the
Economy?Economy?1. Unemployment virtually
disappeared.2. Expansion of “big government.”3. Excessive govt. regulations in eco.4. Some gross mismanagement
overlapping jurisdictions.5. Close cooperation between public
and private sectors.6. Unprecedented opportunities for
disadvantaged groups.
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Government Excess & Threats Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of to the Civil Liberties of
AmericansAmericans
Government Excess & Threats Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of to the Civil Liberties of
AmericansAmericans
1. Espionage ActEspionage Act – 1917 - forbade actions that obstructed recruitment or efforts to promote insubordination in the military. - ordered the Postmaster General to remove Leftist materials from the mail. - fines of up to $10,000 and/or up to 20 years in prison.
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Role of Women
• Patriotism and opportunity lead to female factory workers and farmers
• Wilson endorses (finally) suffrage as a “vital necessity” for the war effort
• Economic, social, and political strength
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YWCA – The Blue YWCA – The Blue TriangleTriangle
YWCA – The Blue YWCA – The Blue TriangleTriangle
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Munitions WorkMunitions WorkMunitions WorkMunitions Work
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The Girls They Left The Girls They Left Behind Do Their Bit!Behind Do Their Bit!The Girls They Left The Girls They Left
Behind Do Their Bit!Behind Do Their Bit!
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Women Used In Women Used In RecruitmentRecruitment
Women Used In Women Used In RecruitmentRecruitment
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Even Grandma Buys Even Grandma Buys Liberty Liberty BondsBonds
Even Grandma Buys Even Grandma Buys Liberty Liberty BondsBonds
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The Red Cross - The Red Cross - Greatest Greatest
Mother in the WorldMother in the World
The Red Cross - The Red Cross - Greatest Greatest
Mother in the WorldMother in the World
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1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies
50,000,000 – 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died100,000,000 died
50,000,000 – 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died100,000,000 died
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Treaty of Versailles / League of Nations
• Fourteen Points vs. Treaty– Why different?
• Domestic Disputes– Public opinion– Senate issues
• Red Scare
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Government Excess & Government Excess & Threats Threats
to the Civil Liberties of to the Civil Liberties of AmericansAmericans
Government Excess & Government Excess & Threats Threats
to the Civil Liberties of to the Civil Liberties of AmericansAmericans
2. Sedition ActSedition Act – 1918 - it was a crime to speak against the purchase of war bonds or willfully utter, print, write or publish any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about this form of US Govt., the US Constitution, or the US armed forces or to willfully urge, incite, or advocate any curtailment of production of things necessary or essential to the prosecution of the war…with intent of such curtailment to cripple or hinder, the US in the prosecution of the war.
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Government Excess & Government Excess & Threats Threats
to the Civil Liberties of to the Civil Liberties of AmericansAmericans
Government Excess & Government Excess & Threats Threats
to the Civil Liberties of to the Civil Liberties of AmericansAmericans
3. Schenck v. USSchenck v. US – 1919 - in ordinary times the mailing of the leaflets would have been protected by the 1st Amendment. - BUT, every act of speech must be judged acc. to the circumstances in which it was spoken. -The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic. [Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes] - If an act of speech posed a clear and present danger, then Congress had the power to restrain such speech.
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Opportunities for Opportunities for African-Americans in African-Americans in
WW1WW1
Opportunities for Opportunities for African-Americans in African-Americans in
WW1WW1“Great Migration.” 1916 – 1919 70,000
War industries work.
Enlistment in segregated
units.
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Increased Racial Tension
• African-Americans used as strike breakers
• Great Migration expands urban issues– Overcrowding– Economic competition– Segregation
• Race riots / lynching increase
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Labor Issues vs. PatriotismLabor Issues vs. PatriotismLabor Issues vs. PatriotismLabor Issues vs. Patriotism
Post-war labor unrest: Coal Miners Strike of 1919.
Steel Strike of 1919.
Boston Police Strike of 1919.
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Wilson’s Fourteen Points
• Moral leader of the Allied Cause• KEY POINTS
– Abolish secret treaties– Freedom of the seas– End of economic sanctions– Reduction in arms– Self-determination for colonies– League of Nations (collective security)
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Treaty of Versailles
• Britain and France wanted harsh conditions to insure Germany would not be a threat again
• Conditions:– Germany accepts blame for the War– Germany has to pay 132 billion in
reparations– Alsace-Lorraine returned to France– German military drastically reduced– Colonies become protectorates of Allies– Nine new nations created – Czechoslovakia,
Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Poland, Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia, and Finland
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Weaknesses of the Treaty
1. Humiliates Germany2. Ignores Russia
- Separate peace with Germany 1917- Russian Revolution
3. Reassigns colonies – not self-determination or freedom
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Domestic / Political Issues
• Isolationists• Betrayal / mistreatment of immigrant
home lands…………• Henry Cabot Lodge
– Led opposition of “moral” pledge– Successfully delayed treaty hearings
• Wilson – inflexible– Who kills the treaty?
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Post-War America
• Renewed isolationism– WHY?
• Increased suspicion of foreign-born people– WHY?
• Increased political conservatism– Turning away from progressive reforms
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The Russian Civil War
• Communism – an economic and political system that advocates a single political party and state ownership of property
• Whites vs. Reds– Loyalists vs. Communists
• Allied Intervention (on the White side!!)– Foreign debt – Spread of communism
• Reds win!!!
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The “Red Scare”The “Red Scare”The “Red Scare”The “Red Scare”
““What a Year Has Brought Forth” – What a Year Has Brought Forth” – NY NY WorldWorld
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““Red Scare” -- Anti-Red Scare” -- Anti-BolshevismBolshevism
““Red Scare” -- Anti-Red Scare” -- Anti-BolshevismBolshevism
““Put Them Out & Keep Them Out” – Put Them Out & Keep Them Out” – Philadelphia InquirerPhiladelphia Inquirer
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1919 - 3rd. International goal --> promote worldwide communism.
Attorney General, A. Mitchell Palmer (The Case Against the Reds)
Palmer Raids - 1920
“The Red Scare”:
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Police Arrest “Suspected Reds’ in Police Arrest “Suspected Reds’ in Chicago, 1920Chicago, 1920
““RedRed Scare” – Palmer Scare” – Palmer RaidsRaids
““RedRed Scare” – Palmer Scare” – Palmer RaidsRaids
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““RedRed Scare” – Palmer Scare” – Palmer RaidsRaids
““RedRed Scare” – Palmer Scare” – Palmer RaidsRaids
A. Mitchell Palmer’s Home Bombed, A. Mitchell Palmer’s Home Bombed, 19201920