WORLD WAR IWORLD WAR ICauses and ConsequencesCauses and Consequences

1914-19181914-1918

KEY TERM: NATIONALISMKEY TERM: NATIONALISM

•Deep devotion to one’s nation Deep devotion to one’s nation and national interests. and national interests. • This led to competition and This led to competition and rivalry between European rivalry between European nations in the global market.nations in the global market.

KEY TERM: MILITARISMKEY TERM: MILITARISM

• This concept glorifies military might. This concept glorifies military might. Involves the upkeep of a large Involves the upkeep of a large standing army, which is prepared for standing army, which is prepared for war at a moment’s notice. Lots of war at a moment’s notice. Lots of money is invested into the money is invested into the development of military technologies.development of military technologies.

KEY TERM: IMPERIALISMKEY TERM: IMPERIALISM

• Imperialism involves obtaining Imperialism involves obtaining power, influence, and resources via power, influence, and resources via diplomacy or militarized force, diplomacy or militarized force, often against the will of the native often against the will of the native population. population.

SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICASCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA

• The "Scramble for Africa" was the invasion, occupation, division, colonization and annexation of African territory by European powers during the period of New Imperialism, between 1881 and 1914. It is also called the Partition of Africa and the Conquest of Africa.

GLOBAL IMPERIALISMGLOBAL IMPERIALISM

Triple EntenteTriple Entente• France- Vietnam, France- Vietnam,

Parts of AfricaParts of Africa• England- England- Africa, Africa,

Australia, Hong Australia, Hong Kong, India, Canada, Kong, India, Canada, S. America S. America

Triple AllianceTriple Alliance• Germany- Africa, Germany- Africa,

parts of Asiaparts of Asia

RESOURCES GAINED VIA RESOURCES GAINED VIA IMPERIALISMIMPERIALISM

• Industry demanded raw material. Industry demanded raw material. Europe, small and densely Europe, small and densely populated, had to look to other populated, had to look to other nations to procure raw materials for nations to procure raw materials for their factories.their factories.

LONG TERM CAUSESLONG TERM CAUSES

•Alliance System-Alliance System-•Designed to keep peace in Designed to keep peace in Europe, instead pushed Europe, instead pushed continent towards warcontinent towards war•Many Alliances made in secretMany Alliances made in secret• By 1907 two major alliances: By 1907 two major alliances: Triple Alliance and Triple EntenteTriple Alliance and Triple Entente

THE TWO SIDESTHE TWO SIDESTriple AllianceTriple Alliance

GermanyGermanyAustria-HungaryAustria-Hungary

ItalyItalyCentral PowersCentral PowersGermany Germany

Austria-HungaryAustria-HungaryOttoman EmpireOttoman Empire

Triple EntenteTriple EntenteEnglandEnglandFranceFranceRussiaRussia

Allied PowersAllied PowersEngland, France, England, France,

RussiaRussia, , United United States, States, Italy, Serbia, Italy, Serbia, Belgium, SwitzerlandBelgium, Switzerland

LEADERSLEADERS

Triple AllianceTriple AllianceKaiser Wilhelm IIKaiser Wilhelm II

(Germany)(Germany)Franz Joseph IFranz Joseph I (Austria-Hungary)(Austria-Hungary)

Vittorio OrlandoVittorio Orlando(Italy)(Italy)

Triple EntenteTriple EntenteDavid Lloyd GeorgeDavid Lloyd George

(England)(England)Raymond PoincareRaymond Poincare

(France)(France)

Czar Nicholas IICzar Nicholas II (Russia)(Russia)

• July 23July 23rdrd Austria Hungary Presents Serbia with an Austria Hungary Presents Serbia with an ultimatumultimatum

• July 28July 28thth Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia

• July 29July 29thth Russia Russia MobilizesMobilizes its troops its troops

• August 1, 1914 Germany mobilizes troops. August 1, 1914 Germany mobilizes troops.

Summer of 1914

Triple Entente/Triple Alliance Actions

ASSASSINATION OF ASSASSINATION OF ARCHDUKE FERDINAND AND ARCHDUKE FERDINAND AND

HIS WIFEHIS WIFE•  The Balkans of 1914 were a hotbed of

nationalistic intrigue. The Bosnian Serbs inhabiting the southern Austro-Hungarian provinces of Bosnia-Herzogovina wanted to be united with their brothers living across the Drina, in Serbia proper. • Austria-Hungary, having officially annexed Turkish

Bosnia-Herzogovina in 1908, was not about to let go of it.  

ASSASSINATION, CON’TDASSASSINATION, CON’TD

•  The heir to the Hapsburg throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, was in favor of giving an equal voice to the Slavs of the empire - a belief counter to the very core of the Serb cause.  The Archduke was also Inspector General of the Austrian army. The summer maneuvers would bring him into the area and diplomacy would ordain a visit to Sarajevo on June 28th, St. Vitus Day, a Serbian holiday.

ASSASSINATION, CON’TDASSASSINATION, CON’TD

• It was also a special day for Archduke Franz Ferdinand - it was his 14th wedding anniversary. In Vienna, his wife Sophie, not being of royal enough blood, was not allowed to ride in the same car with her husband during high affairs of state. But this was Sarajevo. Here, on their anniversary, she would be afforded all the royal treatment of which she was deprived at home. The Duchess of Hohenburg would most certainly ride in the car with her husband today.

THE ASSASSINS THE ASSASSINS

• The group of seven ranged in age from 19 to 27. All had tuberculosis, a death sentence in 1914. Their training and arms came from Belgrade's "Union or Death" terrorist league. They belonged to the Serbian terrorist group, “The Black Hand.” They awaited the Archduke in Sarajevo armed with pistols, homemade bombs, and cyanide.

Princip took cyanide after the Princip took cyanide after the assassination, but vomited up assassination, but vomited up the poison. He attempted to the poison. He attempted to

shoot himself but the pistol was shoot himself but the pistol was wrestled away from him. He wrestled away from him. He

was taken into custody. At 19, was taken into custody. At 19, he was too young for the he was too young for the

Hapsburg death penalty, so was Hapsburg death penalty, so was sentenced to 20 years. He died sentenced to 20 years. He died

during his internment of skeletal during his internment of skeletal pneumonia. pneumonia.

Gavrilo Princip

ARCHDUKE ARCHDUKE FRANZ FRANZ

FERDINANDFERDINAND

SOPHIE, SOPHIE, DUCHESS OF DUCHESS OF HOHENBERGHOHENBERG

JULY 28JULY 28THTH, 1914, 1914Austria-Hungary declares war on Austria-Hungary declares war on

Serbia. Serbia.

• August 2August 2ndnd Germany declares war on Russia Germany invades Poland and Germany declares war on Russia Germany invades Poland and Luxemburg, invasion of France starts Luxemburg, invasion of France starts

• August 3: Germany declares war on FranceAugust 3: Germany declares war on France

• August 4: Germany declares war on Belgium and invades it, August 4: Germany declares war on Belgium and invades it,

• August 4:England declares war on Germany August 4:England declares war on Germany

• August 5: Austria declares war on Russia and Great BritainAugust 5: Austria declares war on Russia and Great Britain

Summer of 1914

Triple Entente/Triple Alliance Actions

WHO DECLARED WAR ON WHO DECLARED WAR ON WHO?WHO?

• Austria-Hungary Declares War on SerbiaAustria-Hungary Declares War on Serbia• Russia Declares War on Austria HungaryRussia Declares War on Austria Hungary• Germany Declares War on RussiaGermany Declares War on Russia• Germany Declares War on FranceGermany Declares War on France• England Declares War on Germany and England Declares War on Germany and

Austria HungaryAustria Hungary

• By the end of 1914, not only By the end of 1914, not only Europe was at war, but also all Europe was at war, but also all of Europe’s colonies in Asia, of Europe’s colonies in Asia, Africa and South America were Africa and South America were at war. at war.

SOLDIERS IN THE COLONIESSOLDIERS IN THE COLONIES

SCHLIEFFEN PLANSCHLIEFFEN PLAN

WHY THE SCHLIEFFEN PLAN?WHY THE SCHLIEFFEN PLAN?

• The Problem of the Franco-Russian Alliance:

• Because the Franco-Russian alliance was in place at the time, Germany was unable to attack just one country or just the other.  Instead, it would be forced to fight both countries in a two front war.  Wilhelm II was aware that Britain, in an entente with France and anxious to keep the region stable, would most likely intervene in the case of any conflict, potentially putting Germany at war with three powerful states. 

BASICS OF THE PLANBASICS OF THE PLAN

• a devastating attack on France via Belgium as soon as Russia had announced her intention to mobilize.

• a holding operation on the Russian/German border to be carried out if necessary and if required.

• Germany had 6 weeks to defeat France.• Germany would then use her modernized rail system to

move troops from the French operation to the Russian front.• Russia would then be attacked and defeated.

THE PLAN’S WEAKNESSESTHE PLAN’S WEAKNESSES

• The actions of Russia determined when Germany would have to start her attack on France even if she was ready or not.• It assumed that Russia would need six weeks to

mobilize.• It assumed that Germany would defeat France

in less than six weeks.

WAR TECHNOLOGY & WAR TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATIONINNOVATION

NEW TECHNOLOGYNEW TECHNOLOGYGUNS GUNS

•The Machine GunThe Machine Gun

• It was used by both sides, hundreds It was used by both sides, hundreds of rounds a minute could be shot of rounds a minute could be shot by one person.by one person.

•Fun Fact: French use of machine Fun Fact: French use of machine guns are one of the main reasons guns are one of the main reasons that the Schlieffen Plan failed.that the Schlieffen Plan failed.

TRENCH WARFARETRENCH WARFARE

-Both sides dug long trenches that faced each other. The -Both sides dug long trenches that faced each other. The trenches ran for miles. trenches ran for miles.

-From time to time, one side would attempt to cross the -From time to time, one side would attempt to cross the “No-Man’s Land” the area in between the trenches.“No-Man’s Land” the area in between the trenches.

-Trench warfare made WWI extend from a few months -Trench warfare made WWI extend from a few months of fighting to four years of fighting. Over 25,000 miles of fighting to four years of fighting. Over 25,000 miles of trenches were dug during the war.of trenches were dug during the war.

TECHNOLOGY:TECHNOLOGY:CHEMICAL WEAPONSCHEMICAL WEAPONS

-WWI was the first major war to use -WWI was the first major war to use chemical weapons. chemical weapons.

-Mustard gas and chlorine gas were -Mustard gas and chlorine gas were the two most popular weapons: They the two most popular weapons: They caused suffocation, blindness, and caused suffocation, blindness, and death.death.

TECHNOLOGY:TECHNOLOGY:THE U-BOAT (SUBMARINE)THE U-BOAT (SUBMARINE)

-Germany’s secret weapon during the -Germany’s secret weapon during the war.war.

-Sank dozens of British ships, controlled -Sank dozens of British ships, controlled the oceans.the oceans.

TECHNOLOGY:TECHNOLOGY:AIRPOWERAIRPOWER

-Both sides used aircraft for observation, -Both sides used aircraft for observation, limited bombing, and air battleslimited bombing, and air battles

-Airplanes were slow, clumsy, and unreliable,-Airplanes were slow, clumsy, and unreliable,

TECHNOLOGY:TECHNOLOGY:TANKSTANKS

TECHNOLOGY:TECHNOLOGY:TANKSTANKS

TECHNOLOGY:TECHNOLOGY:FLAME THROWERSFLAME THROWERS

WESTERN FRONT: BATTLESWESTERN FRONT: BATTLES

• Battle of Verdun Battle of Verdun • Ten months long Ten months long • French and German armies. French and German armies. • Estimated 540,000 French and 430,000 German casualties Estimated 540,000 French and 430,000 German casualties • No strategic advantages were gained for either side. No strategic advantages were gained for either side.

• Battle of Somme Battle of Somme • English and French vs Germany English and French vs Germany • Six months of fighting Six months of fighting • Five miles of advancement for Allies Five miles of advancement for Allies • 1 million men killed1 million men killed

OTHER FRONTSOTHER FRONTS

• Japan, Australia, India join AlliesJapan, Australia, India join Allies

• Ottoman Turks, Bulgaria join Central PowersOttoman Turks, Bulgaria join Central Powers

• Gallipoli Campaign in the Ottoman EmpireGallipoli Campaign in the Ottoman Empire

• Battles occur in Africa and Asia for Colonial PossessionsBattles occur in Africa and Asia for Colonial Possessions

RUSSIA EXITS THE WARRUSSIA EXITS THE WAR

• In March 1917, Nicholas II abdicates his throne, In March 1917, Nicholas II abdicates his throne,

• the Russian Duma continues to fight. the Russian Duma continues to fight.

• In October 1917: Lenin and the Bolsheviks take command: The Soviet In October 1917: Lenin and the Bolsheviks take command: The Soviet Union is created. Union is created.

• March 1918: Soviets and Germans sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, March 1918: Soviets and Germans sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, ending the war in the East.ending the war in the East.

US CLAIMS NEUTRALITYUS CLAIMS NEUTRALITY

““I didn’t raise my boy to be a soldierI didn’t raise my boy to be a soldierI brought him up to be my pride and joyI brought him up to be my pride and joyWho dares to place a musket on his shoulder,Who dares to place a musket on his shoulder,To shoot some other mother’s darling boy?”To shoot some other mother’s darling boy?”

US ROAD TO WARUS ROAD TO WAR

• British BlockadeBritish Blockade

Did not allow products to leave or enter Did not allow products to leave or enter GermanyGermany

• German U-Boat ResponseGerman U-Boat Response

Counter to blockade, destroy all boats Counter to blockade, destroy all boats headed for British shores.headed for British shores.

US ROAD TO WARUS ROAD TO WARMay 7May 7thth 1915 1915

Sinking of the LusitaniaSinking of the Lusitania

1916 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION1916 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONAND THE WINNER IS…AND THE WINNER IS…

Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilsonbecause because

““He kept us He kept us out of the out of the

war.”war.”

US ROAD TO WARUS ROAD TO WARTHE LAST STRAWTHE LAST STRAW

Zimmerman NoteZimmerman Note

ZIMMERMAN NOTEZIMMERMAN NOTE

• The Zimmerman Note was a communication The Zimmerman Note was a communication between Germany and Mexico. It proposed a between Germany and Mexico. It proposed a military allegiance between the Mexico and military allegiance between the Mexico and Germany.Germany.

US DECLARES WARUS DECLARES WAR

• Senate Declares War April 4Senate Declares War April 4thth 1917 1917• House of Representatives Declares War House of Representatives Declares War

April 6April 6thth 1917 1917-President Wilson wanted to “Make the world -President Wilson wanted to “Make the world

safe for democracy.” safe for democracy.”

WAR ON THE HOMEFRONTWAR ON THE HOMEFRONT• World War I as a World War I as a Total WarTotal War• All Resources devoted to homefrontAll Resources devoted to homefront

• Gov’t took over factories to make Military goodsGov’t took over factories to make Military goods

• All had to work (Women took place of men in All had to work (Women took place of men in factories)factories)

• Rationing- limit consumption of resources/goods Rationing- limit consumption of resources/goods necessary for the war effortnecessary for the war effort

• Propaganda- one-sided information to keep Propaganda- one-sided information to keep support for the warsupport for the war

PROPAGANDAPROPAGANDAUSUS

PROPAGANDAPROPAGANDAGREAT BRITAINGREAT BRITAIN

PROPAGANDAPROPAGANDAGERMANYGERMANY

ENDING THE WAR 1917-1918ENDING THE WAR 1917-1918

• US Enters the War in April of 1917US Enters the War in April of 1917• March 1918 Russia and Germany sign the Treaty of March 1918 Russia and Germany sign the Treaty of

Brest-LitovskBrest-Litovsk• Germans now use all resources on Western FrontGermans now use all resources on Western Front• March of 1918 Germany begins a massive attack on March of 1918 Germany begins a massive attack on

FranceFrance

ENDING THE WAR (1918)ENDING THE WAR (1918)THE TIDE TURNSTHE TIDE TURNS

• German troops fatiguedGerman troops fatigued• US had 140,000 “fresh” troopsUS had 140,000 “fresh” troops• 22ndnd Battle of the Marne (June 1918) Battle of the Marne (June 1918)• Central Powers CrumbleCentral Powers Crumble

• Revolutions in Austria HungaryRevolutions in Austria Hungary• Ottoman Empire surrendersOttoman Empire surrenders• German soldiers mutiny, public turns against Kaiser Wilhelm IIGerman soldiers mutiny, public turns against Kaiser Wilhelm II

ENDING THE WAR (1918)ENDING THE WAR (1918)

• Kaiser Wilhelm Kaiser Wilhelm abdicatesabdicates on November 9 on November 9thth 1918 1918• 1111thth hour of the 11 hour of the 11thth day of the 11 day of the 11thth month in 1918 month in 1918

Germany agrees to a cease-fireGermany agrees to a cease-fire• 8.5 million soldiers dead8.5 million soldiers dead• 21 million soldiers wounded21 million soldiers wounded• Cost of 338 billion dollarsCost of 338 billion dollars

PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE, PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE, VERSAILLES PEACE CONFERENCEVERSAILLES PEACE CONFERENCE

• Held in Paris in 1919. Meeting between victorious Allied Held in Paris in 1919. Meeting between victorious Allied Powers and defeated Central Powers. The “Big Four” Powers and defeated Central Powers. The “Big Four” were the chief attendants----were the chief attendants----Woodrow Wilson of the United States, David Lloyd George of Britain, Vittorio Emanuele Orlando of Italy, and Georges Clemenceau of France.

WILSON’S FOURTEEN POINTSWILSON’S FOURTEEN POINTS

• These points were a declaration of principles for peace. These points were a declaration of principles for peace. They were used as a guide in treaty negotiations They were used as a guide in treaty negotiations following World War I. They were outlined in a speech in following World War I. They were outlined in a speech in 1918. 1918.

• 1. Open diplomacy.• 2. Freedom of the seas.• 3. Removal of economic barriers.•  4. Reduction of armaments.• 5. Adjustment of colonial claims.• 6. Conquered territories in Russia evacuated.• 7. Preservation of Belgian sovereignty.

• 8. Restoration of French territory. 9. Redrawing of Italian frontiers.

• 10. Division of Austria-Hungary.• 11. Redrawing of Balkan boundaries.• 12. Limitations on Turkey.• 13. Establishment of an independent Poland.• 14. Association of nations. 

CONSEQUENCES FOR CONSEQUENCES FOR GERMANYGERMANY

• War Guilt Clause: An agreement that Germany would War Guilt Clause: An agreement that Germany would accept responsibility for the war, dissolve their military, accept responsibility for the war, dissolve their military, Allied occupation of the Rhineland, and pay reparations Allied occupation of the Rhineland, and pay reparations to destroyed nations. to destroyed nations.

• This made Germans very angry and bitter. These This made Germans very angry and bitter. These feelings festered until World War Two. feelings festered until World War Two.

EFFECTS OF WORLD WAR IEFFECTS OF WORLD WAR I

• Before World War I feeling of optimism and progress of Human KindBefore World War I feeling of optimism and progress of Human Kind• After the War feelings of pessimismAfter the War feelings of pessimism• New forms of Art, Literature, Philosophy and ScienceNew forms of Art, Literature, Philosophy and Science

• (ex. Surrealism, “Lost” Generation, Psychoanalysis, Existentialism)(ex. Surrealism, “Lost” Generation, Psychoanalysis, Existentialism)

KEEP IN MIND: WHAT WAS KEEP IN MIND: WHAT WAS HITLER UP TO?HITLER UP TO?

• Hitler moved to Germany in 1913 to avoid military Hitler moved to Germany in 1913 to avoid military service in Austria. He supported himself (fairly service in Austria. He supported himself (fairly unsuccessfully) by selling his paintings. In World War I, unsuccessfully) by selling his paintings. In World War I, he served as a German soldier, He was promoted to he served as a German soldier, He was promoted to Corporal and awarded several medals. TCorporal and awarded several medals. T

• The end of the war crushed him emotionally, because he The end of the war crushed him emotionally, because he felt a sense of belonging and purpose in the military. felt a sense of belonging and purpose in the military.

• The Reichswehr, or German Army, employed him as an The Reichswehr, or German Army, employed him as an educator and informant. educator and informant.

Hitler was serving in his position as informant when he Hitler was serving in his position as informant when he attended the infamous meeting of the German Worker’s attended the infamous meeting of the German Worker’s Party in 1919. This failed coup, now known as the Beer Party in 1919. This failed coup, now known as the Beer Hall Putsch, resulted in his incarceration. While in prison, Hall Putsch, resulted in his incarceration. While in prison, he wrote his manifesto, Mein Kampf. he wrote his manifesto, Mein Kampf.

And that’s all on him, for now. And that’s all on him, for now.