World War I: An Introduction
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Transcript of World War I: An Introduction
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World War I: An Introduction
A Local Conflict Goes Global
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The Cousins WarWilhelm II George V
Nicholas II
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Underlying CausesM.A.N.I.A.
Militarism Alliances Nationalism Imperialism Anarchy
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Militarism
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Militarism Militarism: The glorification of war & the military
The development of new weapons
The establishment of large reserve armies
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Mobilization: The organization of resources for combat
Generally triggers other nations to do the same
Militarism
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Militarism Example: During the early 1900s Kaiser Wilhelm II expanded the German Navy
Wanted Germany to be equal to Great Britain in terms of naval strength
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Great Britain felt threatened as a result of Germany’s naval buildup
Solution? Expanded the British Navy Developed a new battleship; The Dreadnought
Militarism
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Alliances
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AlliancesDefense Agreement Among
Nations
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Alliances Triple Alliance: Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary
Allied in an attempt to isolate France
Triple Entente: France, Great Britain, Russia
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Nationalism
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French Nationalism:
French nationalists sought revenge against Germany after their loss of Alsace-Lorraine in the Franco-Prussian War (1870)
Nationalism
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Nationalism Slavic Nationalism: A large-scale movement to unify all Slavic people under one empire
The Serbs wanted to lead Slavic unification; supported by Russia
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Nationalism German Nationalism: Germany wanted to prove it’s strength in comparison to the other great powers of Europe
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Imperialism
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Imperialism: The domination of one nation by another
Germany & France came close to fighting a war over the control of Morocco
Imperialism
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Imperialism Germany wanted to create a Berlin to Baghdad Railway
Caused resentment in Britain
Feared interference with India & reduced traffic thru the Suez Canal
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Anarchy
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Anarchy At this time the nations of Europe began to pursue policies without consulting their neighbors
Problem? If a crisis arose there was no international organization to monitor it…
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World war i:The Beginnings
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Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip
Princip was a member of the Serbian nationalist group Black Hand
Immediate Causes
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Why Assassination? Ferdinand planned to give the Slavs of Bosnia-Herzegovina an equal voice in the Austro-Hungarian government
This threatened the movement for a separate Slavic state
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What Next? Austria-Hungary held the Serbian government responsible for the assassination of Ferdinand
Austria-Hungary sought backup from Germany in the event of war
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What Next? Germany issued a Blank Check to Austria-Hungary
Blank Check: William II agreed to support any actions that Austria-Hungary might take against Serbia
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The Ultimatum: Austria-Hungary demanded entrance into Serbia
Why? Suppress subversive organizations
Conduct an investigation
Tensions Build!!
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Tensions Build!! Austria-Hungary gave Serbia 48 hours to agree to the ultimatum
Serbia REFUSED to agree July 28, 1914: Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia!
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Others Get Involved Russia, an ally of Serbia, mobilized troops along the borders of Germany & Austria-Hungary
Germany warned Russia to stop
Russia refused!
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Others Get Involved Germany issued an ultimatum to France
Gave France 18 hours to decide whether or not it would support Russia
France gave an inconclusive answer!
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08/01/1914: Germany declared war on Russia
08/03/1914: Germany declared war on France
Declarations of War
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Declarations of War Great Britain hoped to remain neutral
DID NOT want to become involved in a war
HOWEVER…
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Germany demanded passage across Belgium in order to fight France
Part of Germany’s Schlieffen Plan
The Belgium Issue
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The Belgium Issue In 1839 Britain, Russia, France & Germany signed a treaty that guaranteed Belgium’s neutrality
Due to the fact that Belgium was a neutral nation, Great Britain protested Germany’s demand
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The Belgium Issue Despite Belgium’s neutrality, Germany invaded on August 14, 1914
Great Britain demanded that Germany immediately withdraw from Belgium
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Germany responded by referring to the treaty as nothing more than a “scrap of paper”
As a result Great Britain declared war on Germany
The Belgium Issue
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World War I:Opposing Sides
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Opposing Sides The Triple Entente became the Allied Powers
The Triple Alliance became the Central Powers
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Allied powers
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Allied powers Major Players: France, Great Britain, Russia Italy (1915) Japan (1915) United States (1917) 28 other countries
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Allied powers Strengths: More soldiers More money Greater industrial potential Great Britain – best navy France – excellent army
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Allied powers Weaknesses: Russia was WEAK & POOR No unified command Each country acted independently until the end of the war
Fighting on their OWN territory
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Central powers
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Central powers Major Players: Germany, Austria-Hungary
Bulgaria Ottoman Empire (Turkey)
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Central powers Strengths: Germany – best army Germany – excellent navy Superior weapons Fighting in enemy territory
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Central powers Excellent lines of communication
Unified command Everyone under German control
Control of the Dardanelles
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Central powers Weaknesses: Fighting a two-front war