World War I 1914-1919
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Transcript of World War I 1914-1919
World War I 1914-1919
http://www.historyofwar.org/Maps/ww1_a_prewar.gif
Causes of WWI- M.A.I.NCauses of WWI- M.A.I.N
• MILITARISM
• ALLIANCES
• IMPERIALISM
• NATIONALISM
Nationalism- Germany & Nationalism- Germany & FranceFrance
• Germany was feeling strong military and new industrial growth
• France wanted to regain
power as was before
Congress of Vienna• Regain pride/territory lost
during Franco-Prussian War in 1870
Austria-Hungary Empire
Nationalism- Eastern EuropeNationalism- Eastern Europe
• Russia- supported nationalism called Pan-Slavism
• Russia defend all Slavs (Serbia)
• Threatened Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empires
“POWDER KEG OF EUROPE”
Militarism- Glorification of MilitaryMilitarism- Glorification of Military
• Part of Social Darwinism
• Increase in size of armies and navies
• Germany V. Britain expanded funding for navies (Why Britain?)
http://www.mrswallace.com/Alliances/empiremap.jpg
Standing Armies in Europe 1914
0
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Standing Armies in Europe,1914
Great Britain
France
Russia
Austria-Hungary
Germany
Alliances- Central Vs. AlliesAlliances- Central Vs. AlliesTwo Big Alliances:
1. Triple Alliance (1882) = Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary (Ottoman)
2. Triple Entente (1904) = France, Russia, and Britain (Japan)
http://www.historyofwar.org/Maps/ww1_a_prewar.gif
Italy’s Irredenta
Assassination- Immediate Assassination- Immediate CauseCause
• Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was killed in Bosnia (nephew of Emperor)
• Who/Why? Serbian (Slavs) nationalists wanted self-rule and end foreign government http://clio.rediris.es/udidactica/IGM/images/
assassination_archduke_ferdinand.gif
Chain Reaction• Austria-Hungary got Germany’s support
(declared war on Serbia)
• Serbia got help from Russia (Germany declared war on Russia)
• Russia asked for help from France (Germany declared war on France)
• Italy and Britain remain neutral at first
http://www.johndclare.net/images/Alliances.GIF
The “Great War”The “Great War”
“One out of every four men who went out to the World War did not come back again”
A Multi-Front WarA Multi-Front War
•German – von-Schleifen Plan
•Will it work?
The Western FrontThe Western Front
The Western FrontThe Western Front
• Russia won small victories at first led Germany to move troops from the west to the east
• Stalemate deadlock
http://www.uark.edu/campus-resources/mbracy/WesternFront.jpg
Trench WarfareTrench Warfare
• Dug out trenches
• Hot summers, cold winters
• “No man’s land” in between enemy trencheshttp://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/
divine5e/medialib/images/div0093.jpeg
Trench Warfare Trench Warfare http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWtrenchsystem.JPGhttp://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWtrenchsystem.JPG
Trench WarfareTrench Warfare
Trench WarfareTrench Warfare
““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”
““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”
Verdun – February, 1916
Verdun – February, 1916
German offensive.
Each side had 500,000 casualties.
German offensive.
Each side had 500,000 casualties.
The Somme – July, 1916
The Somme – July, 1916
60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.
Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.
60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.
Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.
War Is HELL !!War Is HELL !!
Sacrifices in WarSacrifices in War
Krupp’s “Big Bertha” GunKrupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun
Battles- Takes a TollBattles- Takes a Toll
• 1916- attacks to break the stalemate
• 11 month struggle that cost ½ million deaths on both sides (Verdun)
• 1 million killed at Somme River with no side gaining an advantage
http://www.bergoiata.org/fe/digit/Digital%20Art%20-%20Chess%20board%20by%20Joe%20Wallis%20-%202002.jpg
TheEastern
Front
TheEastern
Front
The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915
The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915
Turkish Cavalry in Palestine
Turkish Cavalry in Palestine
T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”,
1916-18
T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”,
1916-18
T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-
19
T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-
19
The Tsar with General Brusilov
The Tsar with General Brusilov
The“Colonial
”Fronts
The“Colonial
”Fronts
Sikh British Soldiers in India
Sikh British Soldiers in India
Fighting in AfricaFighting in Africa
British Sikh Mounstain
Gunner
British Sikh Mounstain
Gunner
Black Soldiers in the German
Schutztruppen[German E. Africa]
Black Soldiers in the German
Schutztruppen[German E. Africa]
Fighting in AfricaFighting in Africa
3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade
Fighting in Salonika, Greece
Fighting in Salonika, Greece
French colonial marine infantry fromCochin, China - 1916
French colonial marine infantry fromCochin, China - 1916
New TechnologyNew Technology1. Machine guns
2. Poison gas/gas masks (wind became problem)
3. Armored tank
4. Aircraft (zeppelins)
5. German U-Boats
6. Convoys
Machine Guns Machine Guns http://freepages.military.rootsweb.com/~worldwarone/WWI/Weapons/images/machinegun-grenades-sm.jpghttp://freepages.military.rootsweb.com/~worldwarone/WWI/Weapons/images/machinegun-grenades-sm.jpg
Poison Gas Poison Gas http://www.firstworldwar.com/photos/graphics/ww_gas_train_01.jpghttp://www.firstworldwar.com/photos/graphics/ww_gas_train_01.jpg
Armored Tank Armored Tank http://www.nysl.nysed.gov/library/features/featmo/images/wwi_tank.jpghttp://www.nysl.nysed.gov/library/features/featmo/images/wwi_tank.jpg
AircraftAircraft
http://rwebs.net/avhistory/bluemax/wwiimgs.htm
http://catalog.chaosium.com/images/zeppelins.gif
U-BoatsU-Boats
http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3DWWI%2Bu-boats%26ei%3DUTF-8%26fr%3Dyfp-t-501%26x%3Dwrt%26js%3D1%26ni%3D18&w=855&h=623&imgurl=www.dutchsubmarines.com%2Fboats%2Fimages%2Fsubmarines%2Fboat_o7_ozd_baracks_den_helder_wwi.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dutchsubmarines.com%2Fboats%2Fboat_o7.htm&size=70.4kB&name=boat_o7_ozd_baracks_den_helder_wwi.jpg&p=WWI+u-boats&type=jpeg&no=10&tt=38&oid=d968a776b4da5bbe&ei=UTF-8
Total WarTotal War
• Using a nation’s entire resources into the war struggle
• Conscription- “draft”
• Raised taxes and rationed food supplies
PropagandaPropaganda• Controlling public
perspective
• Censored the press
• Propaganda- spreading of ideas to promote a cause or to damage an opposing cause
• Tales of atrocitieshttp://www.firstworldwar.com/posters/images/pp_uk_08.jpg
http://www.firstworldwar.com/posters/images/pp_uk_04.jpg
Australian PosterAustralian Poster
American PosterAmerican Poster
Financing the WarFinancing the War
WomenWomen
• Took over men’s jobs
• Nurses
• Helped lead to women’s suffrage
http://frank.mtsu.edu/~kmiddlet/history/women/gif/wwi-seeds2.gif
Russian RevolutionRussian Revolution
• Russians left the war for revolution at home
• Overthrew the Russian monarchy
• Signed the Brest-Litovsk Treaty with Germany (pulled out of war)
http://www.digitalbrain.com/roztru/web/AF/Russian%20Revolution.db_psc-tvl-path-baseX5fmainimg-u-5077-z-f.jpg
AmericaJoinsthe
Allies
AmericaJoinsthe
Allies
U.S. Enters War, 1917U.S. Enters War, 1917• Sinking of Lusitania in
1915 (128 Americans)
• Most Americans supported the allies for cultural reasons
• Zimmerman NoteZimmerman Note (1917)- German note that was intercepted on route to Mexico
http://www.usgennet.org/usa/mo/county/stlouis/ww1-music/sinking-lusitania.jpg
The Sinking of the Lusitania
The Sinking of the Lusitania
The Zimmerman Telegram
The Zimmerman Telegram
The YanksAre
Coming!
The YanksAre
Coming!
Americans in the Trenches
Americans in the Trenches
Wilson- Fourteen PointsWilson- Fourteen Points
• List of terms for resolving the war and future wars
• Freedom of seas, free trade, reduction of arms, and end to secret treaties, est. fair peace, est. League of Nations
• Armistice- 11/11 at 11 AM in 1918 ended WWI
http://visualhistory.freewebpages.org/_webimages/14%20Points.gif
The Effects of WarThe Effects of War
• 8.5 – 9 million people died
• Over 17 million were wounded
• Pandemic (1918)- flu that killed 20 millionhttp://firstworldwar.com/photos/graphics/cpe_gas_effects_01.jpg
9,000,0009,000,000 DeadDead9,000,0009,000,000 DeadDead
Effects of War
• Europe was destroyed (infrastructure)
• Pay of national debt and rebuilding was a problem
• ReparationsReparations- payments for war damage (Germany)
Effects of WarEffects of War
Governments collapsed:
1. Russia
2. Germany
3. Austria-Hungary
4. Ottoman Empire
http://www.uiowa.edu/~c016003a/versailles.gifhttp://www.uiowa.edu/~c016003a/versailles.gif
Treaty of Versailles (B.R.A.T.)Treaty of Versailles (B.R.A.T.)• Germany had to take
full Blame for war
• Had to pay Reparations (leads to rise of Hitler)
• $30 billion
• Reduced Army and took away German Territory
Map ChangesMap Changes http://www2.bc.edu/~heineman/maps/Versailles.jpg
•Treaty of Brest-Litovsk strips Russia of land
New nations are formed in
Eastern Europe
Not all ethnic groups are satisfied
Deaths and ResponsibilitiesDeaths and Responsibilities
11 a.m., November 11, 1918
11 a.m., November 11, 1918
The Somme American Cemetary, France
The Somme American Cemetary, France
116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died
World War I CasualtiesWorld War I Casualties
01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000
10,000,000RussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryFranceGreat BritainItalyTurkeyUS
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
Districts & Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey
1914 1922
Erzerum 215,000 1,500
Van 197,000 500
Kharbert 204,000 35,000
Diarbekir 124,000 3,000
Bitlis 220,000 56,000
Sivas 225,000 16,800
Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey
Western Anatolia 371,800 27,000
Cilicia and Northern Syria 309,000 70,000
European Turkey 194,000 163,000
Trapizond District 73,390 15,000
Total 2,133,190 387,800