World War I 1914 - 1918. Causes of the War Unified Germany and Italy upset diplomatic status quo ...
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Transcript of World War I 1914 - 1918. Causes of the War Unified Germany and Italy upset diplomatic status quo ...
World War IWorld War I
1914 - 1918
Causes of the War Unified Germany and Italy
upset diplomatic status quo Alliance system threatened
balance of power in Europe– Triple Alliance: Germany,
Austria-Hungary & Italy– Triple Entente: Great Britain,
France & Russia
Nationalism (mixed with racism) fueled competition between countries
Militarism created popular fascination with weapons and armies
European Alliances in 1914
The “Eastern Question” Slow decay of the Ottoman
Empire created power vacuum in Balkans
Austria expanding southward after being shut out of unified Germany
Russia wanted to control straits & protect fellow Orthodox Slavs
Gavrillo Princip & “The Black Hand” assassinated Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo
The Balkans in 1914
The Assassination
Latin Bridge, Sarajevo
Gavrillo Princip
Archduke Franz Ferdinand& his family
Funeral procession
The Lamps Go Out
Austria declared war on Serbia July 28th
Germany declared war on Russia Aug. 1st
Germany declared war on France Aug. 3rd
Following Schlieffen Plan, Germany invaded Belgium to attack France
Britain declared war on Germany Aug. 4th German soldiers
marching off to war
The Opposing Sides in World War I
Allies: Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Belgium, Portugal, Serbia, Romania, Greece
Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire
The Western Front Initial German advance stopped at the 1st Battle of the
Marne (Sept. 1914) Trench Warfare produced unwinnable stalemate
– Machine Guns– Mines– Mustard Gas
1916 casualties:– Somme Offensive: 400,000– Verdun: 700,000
Canadian soldiers going “over the top,” with the predictable results
The European Theater of War
The Ossuary, Verdun
Before
After
Village of Esnes, France
The Eastern Front
War went badly for Russians after initial victories
March 1917: Czar overthrown, but Kerensky’s provisional government continued the war
Oct./Nov. 1917: Lenin seized power in the Bolshevik Revolution
Jan. 1918: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ended war in the East
March 1918: Germany transferred all troops to Western Front for final offensive
Eastern Front in WWI
Wilson, America & World War I
Attitudes toward War:– Reinforced belief in American
exceptionalism– Concerned that immigrants kept
their old loyalties Wilson saw duty to lead rest of
world to peace & democracy Declared neutrality Tried to mediate peace settlement
Neutrality really pro-Allies – Wilson protested British blockade,
but more angered by u-boat attacks– U.S. loaned $2 billion to Allies; $27
million to Germany
Preparedness
Preparedness began in 1916, despite Wilson’s campaign slogan, “He Kept Us Out of War”
National Defense Act (June 1916) - army increased from 90,000 to 175,000 and national guard increased to 440,000
Naval Construction Act (Aug. 1916) & creation of US Shipping Board
Paid for by Revenue Act of 1916 - taxed incomes, estates, cap, & excess profits – Base rate increased to 2%, & surtax went up to 13%
above $2 million – Estate tax graduated up to 10%
The Decision to Declare War German U-Boats violated
neutral shipping rights & rules of war– Lusitania sunk May 7, 1915– Arabic Pledge, Sept. 18, 1915
Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare Jan. 31, 1917
Zimmerman Telegram (published in March) offered German alliance to Mexico & Japan
War declared April 6, 1917Burial of Lusitania victims
The Zimmerman Telegram
The Last Year of the War John Pershing &
token American force arrived in 1917, but bulk of U.S. army arrived in 1918
German advance halted at 2nd Battle of the Marne (July 1918)
U.S. led Meuse-Argonne Offensive (Sept. 1918)
Armistice took effect Nov. 11, 11:00 a.m.
Total Number of DeathsCountry Men mobilised Killed Wounded POW’s + missing Total casualties
casualties in % of men mobilised
Russia 12 million 1.7mill 4.9mill 2.5mill 9.15mill 76.3
France 8.4 mill 1.3mill 4.2mill 537,000 6.1mill 73.3
GB + Empire 8.9mill 908,000 2mill 191,000 3.1mill 35.8
Italy 5.5mill 650,000 947,000 600,000 2.1mill 39
USA 4.3mill 126,000 234,000 4,500 350,000 8
Japan 800,000 300 900 3 1210 0.2
Romania 750,000 335,000 120,000 80,000 535,000 71
Serbia 700,000 45,000 133,000 153,000 331,000 47
Belgium 267,000 13,800 45,000 34,500 93,000 35
Greece 230,000 5000 21,000 1000 27,000 12
Portugal 100,000 7222 13,700 12,000 33,000 33
Total Allies 42million 5 million 13million 4 million 22million 52%
Germany 11million 1.7million 4.2million 1.1million 7.1million 65
Austria 7.8million 1.2million 3.6million 2.2million 7 million 90
Turkey 2.8million 325,000 400,000 250,000 975,000 34
Bulgaria 1.2million 87,000 152,000 27,000 266,000 22
TotalCentral Powers
22.8mill 3.3million 8.3million 3.6million 15 million 67
Grand Total 65 million 8.5mill 21million 7.7mill 37million 57%
Meuse-ArgonneAmerican Cemetary
Wartime Control of Economy
From 1916 to 1919, annual gov’t expenditures increased 2,500% ($33.5 billion)
Bernard Baruch’s War Industries Board fixed prices & directed production – “Cost-plus” contracts allowed for profits & higher
wages to prevent strikes – National War Labor Board enforced collective
bargaining, but forbade strikes Women & African-Americans entered industrial
workforce to replace soldiers– Women gained support for 19th Amendment as result– 500,000 blacks moved north to take jobs – led to riots
in East St. Louis (1917) & Chicago (1919)
Suppression of Civil Liberties George Creel’s Committee on Public
Information produced propaganda Anti-German sentiment went wild
– language banned– thousands of German nationals detained
as enemy aliens– Amish persecuted
Espionage Act (June 1917) - $10,000/20 years in prison for inciting disloyalty or insubordination
Sedition Act (May 1918) - extended to opposing Liberty Bonds, questioning constitutionality of conscription, or criticizing American gov’t in any way
CPI Propaganda
Poster
CPI Propaganda Posters
The Paris Peace Conference, 1919
Wilson’s 14 Points (Jan. 1918):– Open covenants– Free trade– Arms reduction– Self-determination– League of Nations
Clemenceau: crush Germany & secure permanent alliance
Lloyd-George: end German naval power & take colonies
The Big 3: Georges Clemenceau, Woodrow Wilson & David Lloyd-George
The Treaty of Versailles
Self-determination very limited:– Colonies divided up– Ireland had to revolt
Soviet Union lost territory, although not there to agree
War Guilt Clause & reparations angered Germany
The Defeat of the Treaty & League of Nations
Wilson didn’t seek bipartisan support– Failed to include any prominent
Republicans in negotiating team– Refused to compromise
Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge led Republican opposition in Senate
Wilson went on speaking tour to rally public support– Collapsed Sept. 25, 1919 in Pueblo,
CO– Stroke left him incapacitated – wife
& secretary ran White HouseSen. Henry CabotLodge (R-MA)