World Small HydropoWer development report 2013

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MONGOLIA

Published in 2013 by United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and International Center on Small Hydro Power (ICSHP).

2013 © UNIDO and ICSHP

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This report was jointly produced by United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and International Center on Small Hydro Power (ICSHP) to provide information about small hydropower. The document has been produced without formal United Nations editing. The designations employed and the presentations of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of UNIDO and ICSHP concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or its economic system or degree of development. Designations such as “developed”, “industrialized” and “developing” are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process: Mention of firm names or commercial products does not constitute an endorsement by UNIDO or its partners. The opinions, statistical data and estimates contained in the articles are the responsibility of the author(s) and should not necessarily be considered as reflecting the views or bearing the endorsement of UNIDO and its partners.

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Recommended citation: Liu, H., Masera, D. and Esser, L., eds. (2013). World Small Hydropower Development Report 2013. United Nations Industrial Development Organization; International Center on Small Hydro Power. Available from www.smallhydroworld.org.

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3 Asia 3.2 Eastern Asia 3.2.5 Mongolia Dursan Basandorj, Mongolian University of Science and Technology, D. Sod, Mon-Energy Consult Co., Ltd, Mongolia

Key facts

Population 3,179,9971

Area 1,564,116 km2

Climate Hot in summer and extremely cold in winter, with January averages dropping as low as −30°C (some areas are at -45°C)

Topography Varied geography, with mountainous forests, vast steppes and the Gobi Desert (highest point: Khüiten Peak, 4,374 m)

Rain pattern

Annual rainfall can be as low as 100 mm in the desert and even the maximum of 360 mm in the north is little. Lakes, rivers and glaciers are thus integral to the water supply

Electricity sector overview The electricity consumption of Mongolia in 2010 was 4.22 TWh, and the total installed capacity in 2011 was 923 MW.

2 Mongolia is a net electricity importer (i.e.

from Russia) with fossil fuels dominating the generation mix (figure 1).

3

Figure 1 Electricity generation in Mongolia Source: Energy Regulator’s Regional Association

3

Note: Data from 2011.

Mongolia’s Aimag centres are the largest permanent settlements in the rural areas and are divided into Soums. The electrification in cities, Aimag and Soum centres is 100 per cent. However, 10.6 per cent (17,000) of the 160,000 herd families who led a nomadic life had no access to electricity as of 2011. Among the nomadic households that do have access to electricity, most have a small 50-100 W solar (PV) supplied under the ‘100 000 solar homes’ project or small wind systems. Some (less than 10 per cent) own small imported electricity generation engines.

There are four integrated power grids in Mongolia: Central Energy System (CES), Western Energy System

(WES), Eastern Energy System (EES) and Altai-Uliastai. An overview of installed capacity in each grid is shown in table 1 below. Table 1 Overview of energy systems in Mongolia Grid Electric power plants Installed

capacity (MW)

CES 5 coal fired TPPs 814 WES 12-MW Durgun HPP and some diesel

generators 12 + (1.9 +0.5

+ 2.7) EES isolated coal-fired TPP 36 Ulistai-Altai

11 MW Taishir HPP and 2 MW SHPP, some diesel generators in reserve

13 + (5 + 8)

Note: TPP – thermal power plant, HPP – hydropower plant, SHPP – small hydropower plant.

Additionally, the South-Gobi province has a 6 MW isolated thermal power plant. Apart from this, Ukhaa Khudag, a coal mining site in the Umnugovi province, has its own 18 MW thermal power plant with 12 MW diesel generators in reserve. All provincial and Soum centres have electricity supply of some sort. Oyutolgoi is the largest mine in Mongolia, which owns 26 MW capacity of diesel generators, however the mine needs a 60-MW power source for its operation. The hydropower potential was estimated to be 6,417.1 MW or 56.2 TWh per year. Identified hydropower sites include 220 MW Egiin hydropower plant, as well as hydropower pump storage such as 100 MW Orkhon site, 150 MW Artsat site, 300 MW Shuren site and a 50 MW pump-storage plant at the Tuul river at Ulan Bator. Small hydropower sector overview and potential

Figure 2 Small hydropower capacities in Mongolia Table 2 Classification of small hydropower in Mongolia (Megawatts) Definition Installed capacity

Small 1-10 Mini 0.1 – 1 Micro 0.05-0.1 Pico < 0.05

All small hydropower plants in Mongolia are government-owned because the private sector has insufficient resources for small hydropower development. The capacities of existing small hydropower plants (see table 2 for classification) are from several hundred kW and above. The total installed capacity of small hydropower is 28.40 MW

92.70%

5.79%

1.10%

0.41%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Fossil fuels

Imported electricity

Hydropower

Diesel

28 MW

53 MW

estimate

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

SHP potential

SHP installed capacity

2

(figure 2). Most small and mini hydropower schemes have capacities ranging between 90 kW and 2,000 kW, scattered around the country and far from energy grids. They are of seasonal importance and operate only in warm months of the year. Some feasibility studies have been prepared by local engineers. Estimated potential of Yoroo small hydro scheme is 9 MW, Zeergenet is 5-6 MW and Maikhan Tolgoi is 8-12 MW. However, a comprehensive potential estimate is lacking. Renewable energy policy Mongolia has abundance of renewable energy sources such as water, solar and wind.. It has over 3,800 rivers and rivulets, however approximately 2,000 are dried out due to change in climate, mainly in the northern half of the country. Approved by the Mongolian Government in 2005, the National Renewable Energy Programme includes plans to increase renewable energy share of the electricity system up to 20-25 per cent from 2005 to 2020. This

programme includes the construction of 12 MW Durgun and 11 MW Taishir hydropower plants and other mini hydropower plants. There are also plans to carry out feasibility studies of other small hydropower plants to supply 16 Soum centres with electricity and to build a 100-MW Orkhon hydropower plant and a 50-MW Salkhit wind farm, both to be connected to the CES grid. References 1. Central Intelligence Agency (2012). World Factbook. Available from www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook. 2. International Energy Agency (2012). Key World Energy Statistics. Available from www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/kwes.pdf. 3. Energy Regulators’ Regional Association (2012). Energy Regulatory Commission of Mongolia. Available from www.erranet.org/AboutUs/Members/Profiles/Mongolia.

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