World Small HydropoWer development report 201

8/19/2019 World Small HydropoWer development report 201

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WORLD SMALL HYDROPOWER

DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2013

www.smallhydroworld.org

BRAZIL



Published in 2013 by United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and International Centeron Small Hydro Power (ICSHP).

2013 © UNIDO and ICSHP

All rights reserved

This report was jointly produced by United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and International Center onSmall Hydro Power (ICSHP) to provide information about small hydropower. The document has been produced without formalUnited Nations editing. The designations employed and the presentations of the material in this document do not imply theexpression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of UNIDO and ICSHP concerning the legal status of anycountry, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or its economicsystem or degree of development. Designations such as “developed”, “industrialized” and “developing” are intended forstatistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country or area inthe development process: Mention of firm names or commercial products does not constitute an endorsement by UNIDO orits partners. The opinions, statistical data and estimates contained in the articles are the responsibility of the author(s) andshould not necessarily be considered as reflecting the views or bearing the endorsement of UNIDO and its partners.

While every care has been taken to ensure that the content is useful and accurate, UNIDO and ICSHP and any contributingthird parties shall have no legal liability or responsibility for the content or the accuracy of the information so provided, or forany loss or damage caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with reliance on the use of such information.

Copyright: Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, but acknowledgement is requested, together with acopy of the publication containing the quotation or reprint.

Recommended citation:Liu, H., Masera, D. and Esser, L., eds. (2013). World Small Hydropower Development Report 2013. United Nations IndustrialDevelopment Organization; International Center on Small Hydro Power. Available from www.smallhydroworld.org.

Disclaimer



1

2 Americas

2.3 South America

2.3.3 BrazilGeraldo Lúcio Tiago Filho, Camila Galhardo andLuciano Silva, National Reference Centre for Small

Hydropower Plants (CERPCH), Brazil

Key facts

Population 199,321,4131

Area 8,515,692 km2

Climate Mostly tropical but temperate in south1

Topography Mostly flat to rolling lowlands in north;some plains, hills, mountains, andnarrow coastal belt (highest point: Picoda Neblina, 2,994 m)

1

Rain pattern Northwest (Amazon basin): uniformrainfall, up to 3,000 mm/year. Central

interior: rainy season December toFebruary. Northeast: 500 -1,150 mm/year depending on the zone. Narrowcoastal belt: South: uniform rainfall,1,250-2,000 mm/year. Southeast andWest-Centre: 1,500-2,000 mm/year.

2

Electricity sector overview

Approximately 9.7 million Brazilians do not haveaccess to electricity, despite the relatively highelectrification rate of 95 per cent. The Luz Para TodosProgram aims to use small photovoltaic systems and

micro hydro facilities to overcome the deficiency inelectrification.3 It benefits approximately 1.24 millionpeople through 247,862 connections.4

As of 2011, Brazil had an installed power generatingcapacity of 117,134 MW.4 Hydropower is the mostimportant electricity generation technology in Brazil,as can be seen in Figure 2 below. Furthermore, Brazilwas the world’s second largest hydropower producer

in 2009 (391 TWh) and the world’s third largest in

terms of installed hydropower capacity in 2008 with

78 GW.5

Figure 1 Electricity generation in Brazil

Source: Empresa de Pesquisa Energética, Ministerio deMinas e Energia6

The Brazilian hydropower sector has acquiredsignificant experience and knowledge in the design,

construction and assembly of electromechanicalgeneration equipment. Today, the country masters thetechnology of implementing hydropower ventures,whether it is large or small-scale.

Small hydropower sector overview and potential

In Brazil small hydropower plants are defined as

hydropower developments with power above 1 MWand below 30 MW, and with a maximum flooded areaof 3 km², as per Law No.9648/98.

7 On 9 December

2003, with Resolution No.652, the flooded area wasauthorized to reach 13 km², provided it met theequation A≤(14,3×P)/Hb, where P is the power of theventure, given in Megawatts (MW) and Hb is theventure’s available gross head, given in metres; orwhen the reservoir has been designed based on otheruses which are not for power generation.8

Hydroelectric ventures with power below 1 MW are

classified as Hydroelectric Generation Plants (CGH)and receive different treatment from the NationalAgency of Electric Energy (ANEEL) on registrationprocedures. According to data from ANEEL on 31

December 2011, Brazil had 373 plants operating witha power of up to 1 MW, totaling 217 MW, and 423plants with a power of 1 to 30 MW, corresponding to3,889 MW. Of these ventures, the majority of theconcessions are generally granted for private capital.

Brazil still has a small hydropower potential of 22,500MW (figure 2).9

Among the latest small hydropower researchprogrammes in Brazil in the last five years, thefollowing stand out: improving the quality of hydraulicturbines through numeric computational systems fordesigning the flow in turbines; distribution of losses inelectric generators; use of automated operationsystems and supervision of generator groups; use ofgroup generators with variable rotation; studies on theinteraction of fish-friendly hydraulic turbines; researchon the behavior of Brazilian fish for preservationpurposes; restocking of fish into the river; thedevelopment of procedures for designing suitabletransposition mechanisms for tropical and temperateclimate fish. There are also studies on movable dams,equipment and devices for low and very low heads,hydrokinetic turbines, system supervision bytelemetry and the use of asynchronous generatorsinterconnected to the grid.

Brazil has a highly developed value chain for smallhydropower, not only with a turbine manufacturingsector, but offering other small hydropower services incivil works/building, engineering, operations andmaintenance.

3

In Brazil, the investments in small hydropower projectsare made through bank loans, mainly from the

6.0%

3.0%

2.8%

1.0%

0.4%

6.0%

80.0%

0.0% 20.0% 40.0% 60.0% 80.0% 100.0%

Hydro

Natural

Biomass

Oil and

Nuclear

Coal

Wind



2

National Bank of Social Development (BNDES), whichoffers lines of credit with a grace period of up to sixmonths after the project enters commercial operation,an amortization period of up to 12 years and aconstant amortization system.

Figure 2 Small hydropower capacities in Brazil

The decreasing share of small hydropower in thecountry’s renewable energy mix is associated with the

growth of wind energy. In the years of 2006-2008small hydropower gained its highest amount of grantaid to diminishing amounts from 2009 onwards

reaching its lowest grant gains in 2011.3

The 2009-2019 Ten-Year Plan (PDE) predicted a growthrate of 72.3 per cent for small hydropower in 2009,however, this estimate dropped down to 69.4 per centin the 2010 PDE.10

In 2012, the National Interconnected System increasedits electrical capacity by 1.212 MW from which smallhydropower plants covered 21 MW.4

Renewable energy policy

According to (PDE) of 2020, the participation ofrenewable sources such as hydro, wind, ethanol andbiomass in the Brazilian energy matrix will rise from45.5 per cent in 2011 to 46.2 per cent by 2020.

According to the PDE 2020, the Brazilian Governmentpredicts that the electric matrix will, in relation tosmall hydropower, present 4,957 MW (3.5 per cent) in2015 and 6,447 MW (3.8 per cent) in 2020. Theincrease is not very significant, but when observingthe growth rate of other renewable energies in thecountry, it can be seen that governmental incentives,like tax exemption, are having positive results.

The Environmental National Council (CONAMA)Resolution 01/86, in Article II states that power-generating plants having power above 10 MW areactivities that are potentially impacting theenvironment and are therefore Environmental ImpactAssessment (EIA) and Environmental Impact Report(EIR) liable, regardless of the primary energy source .Under this legislation, EIA is required for all smallhydropower projects with generating capacitiesranging between 10 and 30 MW. Furthermore, smallhydropower projects are also classified as ventures

with a high impact to the environment, graded asthree in a classification of one to five. Smallhydropower projects with less than 10 MW of

generating capacity require simplified environmentalstudies.

The energy policies of Brazil can be summarized tothose relating to the market (feed-in-tariff, auctionsand biofuel mandates), to finance (funds available forinfrastructure), to debt funding and tax based polices

consisting of tax relief, import duty and tax rebates.3

Legislation on small hydropower

Law 9658 of 1998 created incentives to encourage theuse of small hydropower by allowing smallhydropower producers to sell the energy directly tothe consumers via the grid at a 50 per cent discountrate for grid use. In addition the recent Law 10438/02gave way for the Incentive Program for AlternativeElectric Generation (Programma de Incentivo a FonresAlternativas, PROINFA) that aims to encourage thelinkage of small hydropower, inter alia, with the

national grid. The second stage of PROINFA iscurrently underway with the main objective ofattaining 10 per cent of electricity production, overthe next 20 years, from renewable sources.

11

Barriers to small hydropower development

Small hydropower currently faces disadvantage

amongrenewable energy sources, mainly in comparison towind energy, which has more incentives. Smallhydropower has lost competitiveness and hasdifficulty in competing within the regulated market. Asfar as other energy sources are concerned, the cost of

constructing and operating small hydropower plantshas been shown to be more expensive. The costs forcivil construction and electro-mechanical equipmentare elevated and are not covered by tax exemptionsunlike the equipment for wind farms, which areexempt from taxes such as the Tax on Circulation ofGoods and Services (ICMS). Also, the environmentallicensing processes pose a challenge.

References

1. Central Intelligence Agency (2012). The WorldFactbook. Available fromwww.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/2.

Faccio Carvalho, Paulo César (n.d.). CountryPasture/Forage Resource Profiles Brazil.United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization ofthe United Nations. Available fromwww.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/counprof/Brazil/brazil.htm.3. Bloomberg New Energy Finance and MultilateralInvestment Fund (2012). Climatescope 2012: Assessing

the Climate for Climate Investing in Latin America and

the Caribbean. New York. Available fromwww5.iadb.org/mif/Climatescope/2012/img/content/pdfs/eng/Climatescope2012-report.pdf.

4. Organización Latinoamericana de Energía (2012).2012 Energy Statistics Report . Quito.5. International Energy Agency (2011). World Energy

unknown

1023 MW

22500 MW

4106 MW

0 6000 12000 18000 24000 30000

SHP potential (up to 30 MW)

SHP installed capacity (up to 30 MW)

SHP potential (up to 10 MW)

SHP installed capacity (up to 10 MW)

http://www5.iadb.org/mif/Climatescope/2012/img/content/pdfs/eng/Climatescope2012-report.pdf






3

Outlook 2011, 9 November 2011. Paris.6. Empresa de Pesquisa Energética, Ministerio deMinas e Energia (2012). Balanço Energético Nacional ,Brasília. Available fromhttps://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Relatorio_Final_BEN_2012.pdf.7. BRASIL (2011). Lei n° 9.648, de 27 de maio de 1998.

Altera dispositivos das Leis no 3.890-A, de 25 de abrilde 1961, no 8.666, de 21 de junho de 1993, no 8.987,de 13 de fevereiro de 1995, no 9.074, de 7 de julho de1995, no 9.427, de 26 de dezembro de 1996, eautoriza o Poder Executivo a promover areestruturação da Centrais Elétricas Brasileiras -ELETROBRÁS e de suas subsidiárias e dá outrasprovidências. Brasília, 27 de maio de 1998. Availablefromwww.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/L9648cons.htm>.Accessed 20 March 2011.8. Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (2012).

Resolução n° 652, de 09 de dezembro de 2003.Estabelece os critérios para o enquadramento deempreendimentos hidrelétricos na condição dePequena Central Hidrelétrica (PCH). Available at:www.aneel.gov.br/cedoc/res2003652.pdf. AccessedDecember 2012.9. Tiago Filho, G. L., R. M. Barros, R. M. and F.G.B. Silva(2011). Trends in the growth of installed capacity of

Small Hydro Power in Brazil, based on Gross Domestic

Product Renewable Energy, n. 37, pp. 403-4011.10. Pch noticias & shp news (2011). Previsõesotimistas de crescimento da participação da energia

eólica em detrimento ao crescimento das PCHs, April-May-June. Available fromwww.cerpch.unifei.edu.br/arquivos/revistas/49.pdf.11. European Small Hydropower Association (2004).Small Hydropower for Developing Countries 2004.



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World Small HydropoWer development report 201

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