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The World of Transport

KEY TERMS Merchants Lead times Mechanical engineering Rolling stock goods TEXT SUMMARY: The World of Transport p.87

Transport and communications are essential elements of all advanced economies and they closely reflect changes in economy and social organization. The development of world transport started with a wheel, but today it has become a complex system involving use of computer science, and major industrial investments. Different firms and individuals have long transported goods for themselves and merchants were involved in maritime transport well before the era of international shipping. Commercial autonomy in the transport is very recent development; when professional carriers appeared on the scene, they were often regulated in some way. Transport systems now have to cope with demand for more frequent movements over greater distances, smaller shipment sizes, shorter lead times, and greater expectations in quality of service and reliability. For a long time innovations have tended to occur only in rolling stock and vehicles and civil engineering, but now transport systems are undergoing a burst of innovations in technology, infrastructure, organization, management, etc. The key inventions have been the steam engine (for railways and steamships), the internal combustion engine (for road and air transport) and the electric motor (for city metro systems). Transport systems have come a long way from the wheel to computerized systems of today.

TEXT EXERCISES

1) Say if the sentences are true or false. a) Transport and communications play an important role in advanced economies. T / F b) Transport and communications closely reflect economic and social changes. T / F c) Today transport has become simpler through the use of computer science. T / F d) The challenge that transport systems are facing today is to ship a greater number of smaller

shipments in less time over greater distances. T / F e) Even today, little progress is being made in the technology, infrastructure, organization, and

management of transport systems. T / F

2) Put the names of transport inventions into the corresponding time periods. a) BC:

______________________ ______________________ ______________________ b) 10th-18th century:

______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________

c) 19th century: ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________

d) 20th century: ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________

______________________e) 21st century:

____________________________________________

Wheeled cart

Evacuated tube transport

DC-3 transport aircraft

Wright brothers’ motor-

driven airplane

Symington's steamboat Charlotte

Dundas

___________ ______________________

______________________ ______________________ ____________________________________________ ______________________

Henry Ford’s Model T

Cayley’s glider

Automated Traffic Surveillance and Control (ATSAC)

A self-driving car Pascal’s horse

HXO solar-powered car

Benz’s

Stephenson’s steam railway

locomotive Rocket

Boeing 747

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______________________

De Smedt’s asphalt road

Automated Traffic Surveillance and

Control (ATSAC) center in LA

Pascal’s horse-drawn public bus

internal combustion engine

car

Boeing 747, commercial wide body

airliner

GPS navigation

Hildebrand & Wolfmüller motorcycle

Montgolfiers’ hot air balloons

Paved roads

Verbiest’s steam powered car

Knight’s traffic lights

Siemens Halske electric train

European ocean sailing ships Sputnik 1

The Channel Tunnel

Gateway City, container ship

Maglev train

Space shuttle

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Chariot

Sputnik 1, man-made satellite

Zeppelin’s airship

McAdam’s roads

Compass

Kamen’s Segway

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VOCABULARY EXERCISES 1) Unscramble the expressions from the text, first and last letter of each word are

correct a) tsroanprt and coamimtiouncns

b) moajr instemvent

c) maimtire trsrpanot

d) barek eevn

e) ivnatinoon

f) rolinlg sctok

g) cpoe wtih

h) laed tmie

i) sepmhint

j) mneaicchal eeennnriigg

k) cviil eginnineerg

l) meet the deadmns

m) elrectic mtoor

n) look bcak

GRAMMAR – Simple Past Tense, Present perfect – revision Past Simple Forms With most verbs the past tense is formed by adding -ed: call > called; like > liked; want > wanted; work > worked. But there are a lot of irregular past tenses in English. Questions and negatives

1) We use did to make questions with the past tense: When did you meet your wife? Where did you go for your holidays? Who(m) did you see? Did she play tennis when she was younger? Didn’t you live abroad?

2) But not for questions about the subject: Who discovered penicillin? Who wrote Don Quixote?

3) We use didn’t (did not) to make negatives with the past tense: They didn’t go to Spain this year. We didn’t get home until very late last night. I didn’t see you yesterday.

Use We use the past tense to talk about:

1) something that happened once in the past: I met my wife in 1983. We went to Spain for our holidays. They got home very late last night.

2) something that happened again and again in the past: When I was a boy I walked a mile to school every day. We swam a lot while we were on holiday. They always enjoyed visiting their friends.

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3) something that was true for some time in the past: I lived abroad for ten years. He enjoyed being a student. She played a lot of tennis when she was younger.

4) we often use phrases with ago with the past tense: I met my wife a long time ago.

Present perfect Forms The present perfect is formed from the present tense of the verb have and the past participle of a verb: have called, has worked. The present perfect continuous is formed with have/has been and the -ing form of the verb: have been calling, has been working. Questions and negatives

1) We make questions by switching places of the subject and the verb have: Have we met before? Has he read the book? Where have you been? How long have you been working?

2) We use haven’t/hasn’t to make negatives with present perfect: I haven’t heard from him for a long time. She hasn’t finished her homework yet. I haven’t been getting enough sleep lately.

Use We use the present perfect tense:

1) for something that started in the past and continues in the present: They’ve been married for nearly fifty years. She has lived in Liverpool all her life.

Note: We normally use the present perfect continuous for this: She has been living in Liverpool all her life. It’s been raining for hours.

2) for something we have done several times in the past and continue to do: I’ve played the guitar ever since I was a teenager. He has written three books and he is working on another one. I’ve been watching that program every week.

3) We often use a clause with since to show when something started in the past: They’ve been staying with us since last week. I have worked here since I left school. I’ve been watching that program every week since it started.

4) when we are talking about our experience up to the present: I have seen this movie before. Have you read this book?

Note: We often use the adverb ever to talk about experience up to the present: My last birthday was the worst day I have ever had.

Note: and we use never for the negative form: Have you ever met George? Yes, but I’ve never met his wife.

5) for something that happened in the past but is important at the time of speaking:

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I can’t get in the house. I’ve lost my keys. Teresa isn’t at home. I think she has gone shopping. I’m tired out. I’ve been working all day.

6) we use the present perfect of be when someone has gone to a place and returned: A: Where have you been? B: I’ve just been out to the supermarket. A: Have you ever been to San Francisco? B: No, but I’ve been to Los Angeles.

But when someone has not returned we use have/has gone: A: Where is Maria? I haven’t seen her for weeks. B: She's gone to Paris for a week. She’ll be back tomorrow.

7) We often use the present perfect with time adverbials which refer to the recent past: just; only just; recently;

Scientists have recently discovered a new breed of monkey. We have just got back from our holidays.

or adverbials which include the present: ever (in questions); so far; until now; up to now; yet (in questions and negatives)

Have you ever seen a ghost? Where have you been up to now? Have you finished your homework yet? No, so far I’ve only done my history.

WARNING We do not use the present perfect with an adverbial which refers to past time which is finished:

I have seen that film yesterday. We have just bought a new car last week. When we were children we have been to California.

But we can use it to refer to a time which is not yet finished: Have you seen Helen today? We have bought a new car this week.

GRAMMAR NOTES

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

1) Find all the verbs in past simple and present perfect in the text The World of Transport on page 87 of your textbook and explain their use.

2) Translate these sentences a) Kako su stari Rimljani gradili ceste?

b) Nikad nisam putovao avionom.

c) Peter je nedavno dobio vozačku dozvolu.

d) Tko je napravio prvi električni vlak/tramvaj?

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e) Ford je je proizveo svoj Model T 1908.

f) Često smo koristili podzemnu kad smo bili u New Yorku.

g) Jeste li ikad letjeli balonom?

h) Jesi li odgovorio na sva pitanja? – Skoro sva, nisam znao kad je izumljena parna lokomotiva.

i) Koliko dugo živiš u Los Angelesu?

j) Kad si stigao u Chicago?

k) Upravo sam čuo na vijestima da je podzemna zatvorena!

l) Los Angeles ima centar za upravljanje prometom od 1984.

VOCABULARY advanced beyond the basic level napredan

break even to take in as much money as you spend : to operate without either a loss or a profit

pokriti ulaganje, “biti na nuli”

burst a short period of producing or doing something that begins suddenly

eksplozija, erupcija

carrier a company that moves people or goods from one place to another

prijevoznik

civil engineering a type of engineering that deals with the science of designing and building roads, bridges, large buildings, etc.

građevinarstvo

conceive to think of or create (something) in the mind pojmiti

cope with to deal with problems and difficult situations and try to come up with solutions

nositi se s

depend on rely on, to need (someone or something) for support, help, etc.

ovisiti o

discovery the act of finding or learning something for the first time

otkriće

electric motor a motor that converts electricity to mechanical work elktromotor

essential extremely important and necessary ključan

expropriation formal : to take (someone's property) — used especially when a government takes property for public use

izvlaštenje

fascinated very interested in something or someone fasciniran, opčinjen

frequent happening often čest

imply to include or involve (something) as a natural or necessary part or result

podrazumijevati, uključivati

independent not dependent: such as not controlled or ruled by another or not requiring or relying on others for help or support

neovisan

innovation a new idea, device, or method izum

internal combustion engine

a type of engine that is used for most vehicles : an engine in which the fuel is burned within engine

motor s unutrašnjim sagorijevanjem

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cylinders

investment an amount of money that is invested in something ulaganje

involve to have or include (someone or something) as a part of something

uključivati

lead time the time between the beginning of a process or project and the appearance of its results

vrijeme isporuke ili izvedbe usluge

look back to think about something in the past osvrnuti se

major very important; large in number, amount, or extent glavni, veliki

maritime transport transport at sea pomorski promet

mechanical engineering

a type of engineering that is mainly concerned with the use of machines in industry

strojarstvo

meet the demands to succeed in doing or providing (something) ispuniti zahtjeve

merchant somewhat old-fashioned : someone who buys and sells goods especially in large amounts

trgovac

metro an underground railway system in some cities : subway

podzemna željeznica

occur happen somewhat formal dogoditi se

permeable capable of being passed through or permeated, especially by liquids or gases

propustan

reflect to show (something) : to make (something) known odražavati

regulate to make rules or laws that control (something) regulirati, propisati

reliable able to be trusted to do or provide what is needed : able to be relied on

pouzdanost

rolling stock the wheeled vehicles that are owned and used by a railroad

vozni park pružnih vozila

scarcely almost not at all: hardly; by only a small amount of time, space, etc.: barely

jedva

shipment a load of goods that are being sent to a customer, store, etc.

pošiljka

shipping the act or business of sending goods to people, stores, etc.

špedicija

shoulder to deal with or accept (something) as your responsibility or duty

podnijeti, preuzeti (rizik)

spark off to cause (something) to start or happen pokrenuti

spice a substance (such as pepper or nutmeg) that is used in cooking to add flavor to food and that comes from a dried plant and is usually a powder or seed

začin

steam engine an engine that uses the expansion or rapid condensation of steam to generate power

parni stroj

steamship a ship that is powered by steam parobrod

tend used to describe what often happens or what someone often does or is likely to do

biti sklon, naginjati ili težiti čemu

transport and communications

all means of transport (roads, rails, rivers, canals, air, sea) that people use to trade or make physical contact with each other, all means of symbolic or verbal communication

promet i komunikacije

undergo to experience or endure (something) proći/prolaziti kroz

wealthy rich imućn, bogat

well before much earlier puno prije, puno ranije