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World of InsectsWorld of InsectsCharacteristics, Orders, Characteristics, Orders,
and Collectingand Collecting
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What You Should Know What You Should Know About Insects …About Insects …
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Taxonomy•Kingdom – Animalia•Phylum – Arthropoda
•Class - Insecta
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Insects Are Insects Are ArthropodsArthropods
• Insects are the largest group of Arthropods
• Jointed appendages (bendable)• Segmented bodies• Exoskeleton of Chitin that
must be molted to grow• Related to spiders, ticks,
scorpions, millipedes, crustaceans
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MAIN CHARACTERISTICSMAIN CHARACTERISTICS
•Three body regions – head, thorax, and abdomen
•One pair antenna (head)•Six legs or 3 pairs (thorax)•One-two pairs of wings
(thorax)
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Count the Legs!Count the Legs!
There are ALWAYS SIXSIX legs, and they are attached to the THORAXTHORAX
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AntennaAntenna• One Pair on head• Jointed• Sensory (smell)• Called “feelers”• Filiform most
common shape (segments = size)
• May be modified
FILIFORM
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Antenna Modifications
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Wings or No WingsWings or No Wings•Most adults have
2 pairs•Called forewings
and hindwings•Some insects are
wingless (silverfish, fleas, some termites and ants)
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More on WingsMore on WingsA network of Veins strengthens
wings
MEMBRANEOUS (clear) MEMBRANEOUS (clear) WINGSWINGS
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Some Wings Are Covered With Powdery Scales
BUTTERFLIES & MOTHSBUTTERFLIES & MOTHS
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Wings May Be ModifiedWings May Be Modified• Order Diptera
(flies)• 2nd pair of
wings modified into HALTERES
• Used for balance
• Makes flies hard to catch!
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Beetle WingsBeetle Wings
• Hard Forewing called Elytra• Meet in straight line down the abdomen• Membranous hindwings folded underneath (flight)
ELYTRA
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CIRCLECIRCLE THE INSECTSTHE INSECTS
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INSECT ORDERSINSECT ORDERS
INSECTS WITH WINGSINSECTS WITH WINGS
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Why Can’t I Call All of Why Can’t I Call All of Them Bugs?Them Bugs?
• EVERY BUG EVERY BUG is an insect, but NOT ALL NOT ALL INSECTSINSECTS are bugs!
• True BUGS are in the Order HEMIPTERAHEMIPTERA
• Posterior thorax is Posterior thorax is triangulartriangular; called ; called SCUTELLUMSCUTELLUM
• Last 3Last 3rdrd of wing of wing CLEARCLEAR
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Which of these are Which of these are BUGS?BUGS?
ALLALL
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More Hemipterans
Assassin Assassin BugBug
Giant Giant Water BugWater Bug Leaf HopperLeaf Hopper
Water BoatmanWater Boatman
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ColeopteraColeoptera• Called beetlesbeetles• Tough exoskeletonexoskeleton• Forewings called ElytraElytra•Fly with membranous hindwings•Larva called grubs Rhinoceros Rhinoceros
beetlebeetle
Cucumber Cucumber beetlebeetle
Ladybird beetleLadybird beetle
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Ephemeroptera• Called MayfliesMayflies• Juveniles are
aquaticaquatic; called naiadsnaiads
• Adults found near Adults found near water & water & don’t feeddon’t feed
• Adults reproduce & Adults reproduce & die in 24 hoursdie in 24 hours
• SoftSoft bodies with 2 bodies with 2 long long CeriCeri (tail (tail fibers)fibers)
ADULT
NAIAD
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Diptera
• Contains mosquitoesmosquitoes & fliesflies
• One pair One pair functional wings
• Club-shaped haltereshalteres for balance
• Bodies often hairyhairy
Green Bottle Green Bottle flyfly
Hover FlyHover Fly
Fruit Fly
Aedes MosquitoAedes Mosquito
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Dermaptera• Called earwigsearwigs• Long, flatflat bodies• ForcepsForceps (pincers)
on end of abdomen
• Short, hard Short, hard forewings forewings (membranous wings folded underneath
• Large jaws (mandiblesmandibles) on head
EARWIG EATING EARWIG EATING CATERPILLARCATERPILLAR
PINCERS
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Orthoptera• Grasshoppers, Grasshoppers,
locusts, crickets, locusts, crickets, katydidskatydids
• Very longlong bodies• Rear legs modified
for jumpingjumping• Females with egg
laying tube (ovipositor on end of abdomen)
• Often communicate with chirping sounds
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Lepidoptera• Moths, butterflies, & Moths, butterflies, &
skippersskippers• SiphoningSiphoning mouthparts
coiled under head• Powdery scales Powdery scales on
wings• Butterflies fold wings
flatflat above body at rest
• MothsMoths are night activenight active• Important plant
pollinators
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Neuroptera• LacewingsLacewings• Net veined Net veined
wings• Small, delicate
insects• Long antennaLong antenna• Predators on
other insects• May feed on
nectar
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Thysanoptera• ThripsThrips• Two pairs of fringed wingsfringed wings• Feed on plant sapplant sap
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Isoptera• TermitesTermites• Live in coloniescolonies• Feed on woodwood• Soft bodies Soft bodies &
short antenna• CastesCastes –
workers, soldiers, kings, and queen
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Mecoptera• Scorpion fliesScorpion flies• Last abdominal abdominal
segments curved segments curved like scorpion
• Two pairs of narrow wingsnarrow wings
• Head elongated into a beak beak (rostrum)(rostrum)
• LongLong antenna
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Homoptera
• Cicadas, leaf Cicadas, leaf hoppers, hoppers, wingless aphidswingless aphids
• If wings present, held roof like roof like over body & membranousmembranous
• Piercing-suckingPiercing-sucking mouthparts
Aphids
Cicada
Leafhopper
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Odonata• Dragonflies & Dragonflies &
damselfliesdamselflies• DragonfliesDragonflies hold
clear wings spread perpendicularperpendicular to body at rest
• DamselfliesDamselflies hold clear wings together over together over abdomenabdomen
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Plecoptera
• StonefliesStoneflies• Aquatic Aquatic
nymphsnymphs• Aerial adultsadults
are short livedshort lived• Make
drumming drumming sound sound to find mates
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Hymenoptera
• Bees, ants, Bees, ants, waspswasps
• Narrow waiNarrow waist connects thorax & abdomen
• Abdomen Abdomen curved curved downward
• May have stingerstinger on end of abdomen
Carpenter bee
Red ant
Yellow jacket
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INSECT ORDERSINSECT ORDERS
WINGLESS INSECTSWINGLESS INSECTS
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ThysanuraThysanura• Called Silverfish• Found around
houses or outside under stones or wood
• Fast runners• Damage books• Secretive and
active at night. • Flat, long bodies• Long antennae• Three, long, tail like
appendages
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SiphonapteraSiphonaptera
• FleasFleas• EctoparasitesEctoparasites• Bodies
laterally compressed
• Enlarged hind hind jumping legsjumping legs
• Very short antenna
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Collembola• Called springtailsspringtails• Small & soft
bodied• FurculaFurcula (jumping
mechanism) on abdomen
• Furcula folds folds under the body under the body at rest
• Found in decaying decaying plant materialplant material
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Anoplura• Sucking liceSucking lice• ParasitesParasites of
mammals• Very smallsmall• HeadHead and body body
licelice are examples
• Attracted to children’s fine hair
• Carry disease
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Mallophaga• Biting liceBiting lice• External
parasites on birds & birds & mammalsmammals
• Broad head Broad head & flattened body
• Feed on dead skin, feathers, and fur
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MetamorphosisMetamorphosis
CHANGE IN FORM FROM EGG TO ADULTCHANGE IN FORM FROM EGG TO ADULT
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IncompleteINCOMPLETEINCOMPLETE
METAMORPHOUMETAMORPHOUSS
Insects change shape gradually!
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CompleteCompleteMetamorphosisMetamorphosis
Four stages that all look
different
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Amorphic InsectsAmorphic Insects
SpringtailsSpringtailsSilverfishSilverfish
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Insects with Insects with CompleteComplete MetamorphosisMetamorphosis
• ColeopteraColeoptera (beetles)• HymenopteraHymenoptera (bees,
ants, wasps)• DipteraDiptera (flies)
LepidopteraLepidoptera (butterflies)
EGG EGG LARVA LARVA PUPA PUPA ADULT ADULT
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Insects with Insects with IncompleteIncomplete MetamorphosisMetamorphosis
• SiphonapteraSiphonaptera (fleas)• IsopteraIsoptera (termites)• OrthopteraOrthoptera
(grasshoppers & crickets)
• HemipteraHemiptera (true bugs)• HomopteraHomoptera (cicadas &
hoppers)
EGG EGG NYMPH NYMPH ADULT ADULT
Wings NOT fully
developed
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