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upon adjacent mangrove areas,while on the PacificCoast the EscaleraNlutica (Nautical Staircase) rojecthas begun a long-term plan to enlarge or build 24po r r \ and mar ind \ , oge the r i r h numer ous i r po r r ' .hotels, roads and golf courses across the region to

Norlh ndCentralmericandheCaribbean

recrearional boating (Escalera-Nautica, 2007). Therewill inevitably be considerable pressures on coastalecosystems uch as mangroves rom direct destruction,hydrological alleration, pollution and the impacts offreshwater abstracrion.

Box1l,1 Mangroveestorationncouragedyplant-microbenteractionsn hearidenvironmentofBaja aliforniaur, exicoYoav ashan,uzE,de-Bashanb)th t Enviranmentalicrobialogyr1up,jfthwesternenterorBiol1gicalesearch(C\BN)R),aPaz,Mexic}; ndDepaftmentfS1il,WaterndEnvi1nmentalcience,niversiAfAriz)na,ucs1n,riz1na,US, ndGerardo0ledoSyntheticen)mics,lnc.,anDiego,alifarnia,S)Around991o1992,wo ectionsf hemangrove0resttBalandraagoonn heBajaCaliforniaeninsulaf Mexico ereillegallylear-cut,eavlngare reas ith ree tumpssee igureI LI ).Naturale-vegetationfmangrovesnarid limatessa veryslow rocesshat anakemanyearsf not uppOrtedyartific lreforestationfplantsropagatedngreenhouses.n1995,heareawas tillbare, ith eryewnaturallyrownmallmangrovehrubsandarge xpansesf hesaltmarshalOph),,tealicorniaigelovii.Conventionaleforestationf the entire estroyedreawasimpractical,ivenheack fsufficientesourcesndack fgovern-mentnterestn restorationfmangrovest hat ime. heref0re,we ec ed ponn rnovate pp'Oacf.

Figuie11 1 Clear utareaof aid zanemangr1vest Laguna e Ealandra,ajaCaliforniaur,Mexico,irca1994

Anurseryas stablishednSeptember994using and ulturep0tsrrigatedith eawaternd lantedlthAvicenniaerninansseeds.omef heplants erenoculatedithhenitrogenJixingcyanobacteriumtcrocaleusp.Iniss believedo assistn heestablishmentnd roMhf heseedlingsBashantal,1998)ndisone fagroupfplant rowth-promotingacteriaPGPB),hichrecyclecarceutrients,uch snitrogennd hosphorus,ithinmangrovecosystemsHolguintal, 001).Afterourmonths,00 eedllngsereransplantedoshallowsecondaryhannelshat onnectheclear-cutreao hecentrallagoonectjon ithts ntactmangroveorest. o pecialreatment

was veno he rea therhafannua eedlngfcompetingSarcornlahrulls, hich asperfOrmedor hreeearsioledotal , 001).In2007,he estoredangroverea aslourishing,nl ydistinguishableromheprimaryaturalforestysmallertreesseeFigure1 2). n2005, surveyhowedhat rab opulationsn herestoredrea ad ot ompletelyecoveredo heevel f hentactmangrovetand. erhapsoreimes neededor h is auna.However,hemicrobialitr0gen-cyclectivitiesithinhe lear-cutarea ad ompletelyecoveredyearly007.

Figurc 12Aftetestarattan,he ane reanLagunaeBalandra,aja alfarniaSur,Mexico,n2007

A surprisingutcomeas hat ocal isitorsppreciatedhenewlook'0fheir eautifulreen angrove0restn hemiddlefthe rydeseft.n2006, hen developerropos donvertingheBalandrashore toanotherolf ourseesort,hepubllcutcry as o oudthat hedevelopment'was elayed.n2008,hearea as eclareda Ramsarrotectedetland, ewishobelievehat urestorau0nsuccessontributed0 his onservationttitude,Anotherecentase fsuccessfulestorationfa hurricane-damagedangrovetPuntael\il0gote,aja aliforniaur,Mexico(Holguint al,2006)s describedn detail t www.bashanf0undation.org/conservation2.tml.