World History to 1500 A.D.-Ch11-Japan

7/29/2019 World History to 1500 A.D.-Ch11-Japan

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Chapter 11

The East Asian Rimlands:

Early Japan, Korea, and Vietnam

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Japan and Its Neighbors

Japan and Its Neighbors

1.The Yamato state, located on the Yamato plain in central Honshu nearKoyoto, was established by the fifth century. It soon conquered thesouthern island ofKyushu and Kanto east of the Yamato plain. A foothold was also established in Korea that probably facilitated the movement of

people from Korea to Japan until the early ninth century. The Japanese hold in South Korea was eliminated in 562. The result of this contact was

the penetration of Chinese and Buddhist ideas into Japan.

3. In 710 a new capital was established at Nara on the eastern edge of the Yamato plain. It was laid out on the same checkerboard pattern. The city

was roughly three miles by two and two-thirds miles. With no enemies, there were no walls. Another capital was built in 794 at Heian on the Kyotoplain. Again the city was laid out in a checkerboard pattern, three miles by three and a third miles. Like Nara, it was without walls. It became the

modern city ofKyoto and remained the capital until 1868.

4. The decline of power at Heian (794-1185) resulted in aristocrats increasingly acting independently and resorting to military force to protect their

interests. Civil war was almost constant until the twelfth century. By 1185 Minamoto Yoritomo had defeated his rivals and within four years had all of

Japan under his military control. To strengthen the state, Yoritomo created a centralized government under a powerful military leader called shogun

(general). The shogun system will last until the last half of the nineteenth century.

5. In 1266 the Mongol emperor Khubilai Khan demanded tribute from Japan. When Japan refused, the khan's army invaded in 1274 with a force of

over 30,000 but was compelled to retreat. In 1281 the khan's army of 150,000 landed on the northern coast of the southwestern island and Kyushu.Again the Mongols failed as a typhoon destroyed the Mongol fleet.

3. The Korean state was controlled by North China by the early third century B.C.E. Korea remained colonized until the fourth century when theChinese were expelled in the fourth century. Three native kingdoms were formed: Koguryo in the north, Paekchein the southwest, andSillain the

southeast. Chinese influences, however, continued as repeated waves of Chinese refugees from the Han dynasty poured into Korea. The

expansion of Koguryo and consolidation of Paekche brought the two to almost three centuries of war. In the sixth century Silla allied with Paekche

and then turned on its ally. The reunification of China by the Sui dynasty was followed by an attack on Koguryo in 598, and three more expeditions in

612-614. All ended in disaster and contributed to the collapse of the Sui. The successor Tang dynasty had no better luck in 644 and 659. In 660

with the aid of Silla, Paekche was destroyed. Three years later a Japanese expedition to aid Paekche was repulsed. Meanwhile the Tang and Silla

attacked Koguryo and brought it to an end in 668. Within a decade the Tang forces were expelled by the Sillafrom most ofKorea and it was unified.

Silla became a tributary to the Tang but remained autonomous. By the middle of the eighth century, unification began to disintegrate. In 780 aftermore than a decade of revolts, theSillaking was assassinated and over the next century and a half a series of briefly reigning kings assumed the

throne.

Questions:

1. How was Japan unified into a single state? What was the real source of power?

2. What was the relationship between China and Japan

3. How was Korea unified?

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Japan: Land of the Rising Sun

Main islands: Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, and

Shikoku

Importance of being an island country

A Gift from the Gods: Prehistoric Japan

Marriage of Izanagi and Izanami Amaterasu

Jomon people, 10,000 years ago

Agricultural people

Yayoi culture Mixture of Jomon and new arrivals

Kyushu and later Honshu

Tribal society based on clans (uji) in central Honshu


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Early Japan

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Rise of the Japanese State

Yamamoto state

Shotoku Taishi (572-622)

Missions to Tang China to learn about the centralized kingdom

Emulating the Chinese Model

Reforms

Centralized government under a supreme rule and a merit systemfor public officials

Taika reforms

Interest in Buddhism

Nara and Heian Period

Nara Period (710-784)

Fujiwara clan married into the ruling Yamato family

Chinese state model

Civil service exams only open to aristocracy


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Heian (Kyoto) Period (794-1185)

Fujiwara clan has the real power, senior member of the familyserves as regent

Decentralized political system Shoen (tax exempt) farmland

Emergence of the samurai (military retainer)

Bushido warrior code

Kamakura Shogunate (1185-1333)

Minamoto Yoritomo (1142-1199) Bakufu (tent government)

shogun (general)

Shogunate system

Mongols

Khubilai Khan demands tribute, 1266

Invasion at Kyushu Kamikaze (Divine Wind)


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Ashikaga shogun

Power to local landed aristocracy, daimyo

Onin War (1467-1477)

Destruction of central authority Economic and Social Structures

Noble control of land, wealth in agriculture

Commerce slow to develop

Trade and manufacturing developed more rapidly in Kamakura

period and the Ashikaga shogunate Daily life

Most were peasants who worked the land owned by the lord

Under the authority of local officials

Dispose of harvest as they saw fit after taxes paid

Genin, landless laborers

eta, hereditary slaves

shoen, several villages


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Women in Japan

Had rights in early Japan

When introduced Buddhism relegated women to a subordinate position

Nevertheless, played a role in all levels of society

In Search of the Pure Land: Religion in Early Japan Shinto

Kami

Physical purity

Nature and beauty

Shrines

Buddhism, 6th century B.C.E.

Jodo, Pure land

Zen

Satori, enlightenment

Zazen, scripture study and self-discipline


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Sources of Traditional Japanese Culture Blend indigenous and imported elements

Literature

Adapted Chinese writing system

Poetry and prose

Haiku

Women prolific writers of prose No, drama

Art and Architecture

Hand scrolls

Muramachi era

Zen Buddhism

Landscape

Tea ceremony


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Japan, China, and Korea, 600-800

Japan, China, and Korea, 600-800

1. The Korean state was controlled by North China by the early third century B.C.E. Korea remained colonized until the fourth century when theChinese were expelled in the fourth century. Three native kingdoms were formed: Koguryo in the north, Paekche in the southwest, and Silla in the

southeast. Chinese influences, however, continued as repeated waves of Chinese refugees from the Han dynasty poured into Korea. The

expansion of Koguryo and consolidation ofPaekche brought the two to almost three centuries of war. In the sixth century Silla allied with Paekche

and then turned on its ally. The reunification of China by the Sui dynasty was followed by an attack on Koguryo in 598, and then three more

expeditions in 612-614. All ended in disaster and contributed to the collapse of the Sui. The successor Tang dynasty had no better luck in 644 and

659. In 660 with the aid ofSilla, Paekche was destroyed. Three years later a Japanese expedition to aid Paekche was repulsed. Meanwhile theTang and Silla attacked Koguryo and brought it to an end in 668. Within a decade the Tang forces were expelled by the Silla from most ofKorea

and the land was unified. Silla became a tributary to the Tang but remained autonomous. By the middle of the eighth century, unification began to

disintegrate. In 780 after more than a decade of revolts, the Silla king was assassinated and over the next century and a half a series of briefly

reigning kings assumed the throne.

2. By the fifth century the Yamato state had established itself in central Honshu and conquered the southern island of Kyushu and Kanto east of the

Yamato plain. A foothold had also been established in Korea that probably facilitated the movement of people from Korea to Japan until the early

ninth century. The Japanese hold in South Korea was eliminated in 562. The result of this contact was the penetration of Chinese and Buddhist

ideas into Japan.

3. Prince Shotoku Taishi (574-622) renewed establishing embassies with China beginning in 607. Another was sent in 608 and 614. The last was

dispatched in 838. The purpose of these were to establish diplomatic relations, maintain trade, and provide a source of cultural acquisition.

Questions:

1. How was Korea unified? What was the role of China?

2. What kind of cultural contacts were there between Japan and Korea?

2004Wadsworth,adivisionofThomsonLearning,Inc.ThomsonLearningisatrademarkusedhereinunderlicense.


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Japan and the Chinese Model

Consequences of isolation

Lack of knowledge form the outside delayed the process of

change

Spared destructive invasions

Decentralized political forces remained dominant

Korea Bridge to the East Farming began about 2000 B.C.E.

Chinese influence and rule

Three Kingdoms (4th-7th centuries)

Koguryo -- influenced by China, Buddhism, and Confucianism

Paekche

Silla -- dominant power


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Unification Koryo dynasty

Social structure

Buddhism

Under the Mongols

Corve labor

Yi dynasty, 1392

Vietnam: The Smaller Dragon Irrigated agriculture in area of the Red River

Trung Sisters Revolt, 39 C.E.

The Rise of Great Viet

Expansion Champa

March to the south

Repeated attacks by China


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The Chinese Legacy

Following the Confucian model

Vietnamese monarch was the symbol and defender of Vietnamese

independence Control aristocratic families by using civil service exams

Ministers and censors

Spread of Buddhism, Daoism, and Confucianism

Borrowed from Chinese for literature

Society and Family Life Peasant masses

Growing emphasis on male domination

Strong tradition of heroic women

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World History to 1500 A.D.-Ch11-Japan

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