World History Mid-Term Exam

Test Review

The conquests of Alexander the Great created the

a. Dark Ages, a time of great sadness for the Greek people.b. Hellenistic Era, an age that saw the expansion

of the Greek language and Greek ideas to the non-Greek world.

c. Macedonian Age, a period of advancement in art.

d. Age of Lawlessness, a period of extreme cruelty and anarchy.

____ became the first Christian emperor.

a. Constantineb. Ciceroc. Nerod. Julius Caesar

Under which emperor did Rome adopt Christianity as its official religion?

a. Julius Caesarb. Neroc. Theodosius the Greatd. Diocletian

What mountain range forms a ridge that divides the western Italian peninsula from the east?

a. the Apenninesb. the Himalayasc. the Andesd. the Pyrenees

Saint Benedict founded a community of monks that

a. established the basic form of monasticism in the Catholic Church.

b. separated themselves from the Catholic Church.c. became infamous for their idle and lustful lifestyle.d. tortured and killed those who would not convert to Christianity.

In 1066 William of Normandy

a. tried to invade England, but was soundly defeated by King Harold’s forces.b. was forced to sign the Magna Carta.c. called for the death of Thomas à Becket.d. invaded England, soundly defeating King Harold’s forces at the Battle of Hastings.

Who among the following led the Muslim forces to retake Jerusalem from the crusaders?

a. Nicholas of Cologneb. Alexius Ic. Justiniand. Saladin

Charlemagne established the missi dominici, who werea. two men who were sent out to local districts

to ensure that the counts were carrying out the king’s orders.

b. priests charged with the education of young men, in order to prepare them for a life in the clergy.

c. missionaries charged with converting people in Eastern Europe.

d. messengers who carried the king’s laws to all the cities in the kingdom.

The struggle between Henry IV and Gregory VII was known as

a. the Investiture Controversy.b. the Magna Argument.c. the Seven Years’ War.d. the Concordat of Worms.

Born to a wealthy merchant family, Francis of Assisi

a. used his status in society to improve the life of women.

b. eventually abandoned all worldly goods and material pursuits to live and preach in

poverty.c. was both a successful, wealthy merchant

and a very popular poet.d. gave up his claim to the family fortunes to

join the Benedictine monastic order and compose music.

Despite their importance in developing a new view of the family, Protestants

a. took a dim view of divorce and made even stricter policies against it.

b. were unable to agree on the role of children in the household.c. had little impact on most other aspects of

society.d. did nothing to change women’s subordinate role in society.

Which of the following was the best known of all Christian humanists?

a. Desiderius Erasmusb. Martin Lutherc. Filippo Brunelleschid. Albrecht Dürer

The final decrees of the Council of Trent

a. reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings in opposition to Protestant beliefs.

b. empowered the Jesuits to find and try eretics, including anyone who was Protestant.c. stated that Catholics and Protestants could

practice their faiths freely.d. were ultimately meaningless, since they

were never put into practice.

James I of England believed in the divine right of kings, which isa. the belief that a king was granted the wisdom of God upon ascending to the throne, and therefore was faultless.b. the concept that kings were equal to God, and therefore did not have to live by the l aws of the Church.c. the theory that kings alone could know the mind of God, and therefore could determine the future through divination.d. the idea that kings receive their power from

God and are responsible only to God.

Which of the following were Protestants in England who were inspired by Calvinist ideas?

a. Puritansb. Roundheadsc. Royalistsd. Cavaliers

Absolutism isa. the practice by monarchs of undergoing

daily absolution to keep states free of the burden of sin.b. the belief that all citizens within a state

must conform to one religion.c. an offshoot of Islam, in which it is believed that baptism absolves all past and future sins.d. a system of government in which a ruler

holds total power.

____ were French Protestants influenced by John Calvin.

a. Nantesb. Ultra Catholicsc. Huguenotsd. Calvinists

Absolutism is a system in which a ruler holds total power. In seventeenth-century Europe, absolutism was tied to the idea of the divine right of kings. This means that rulers received their power from God and were responsible to no one except God. They had the ability to make laws, levy taxes, administer justice, control officials, and determine foreign policy.

Which power is not included in the authority that the system of Absolutism believed God had given to kings?a. making lawsb. changing the country’s religionc. setting foreign policyd. levying taxes

To Voltaire and many other philosophers, the universe was

a. a divine creation.b. like a clock.c. unknowable.d. constructed like a flower.

Montesquieu’s most lasting contribution to political thought was his

a. analysis of the governmental system of checks and balances.

b. identification of the natural laws that governed human society.c. theory that the government should interfere with religious matters.d. idea that punishments should be brutal to

be effective.

According to Darwin, which of the following was central to organic evolution?

a. natural selectionb. natural productionc. genetic engineeringd. organic selection

The social change brought about by the Industrial Revolution was evident in the

a. emergence of the middle class and the working class.b. growing death rates.c. thick air pollution that choked the British Isles.d. widespread famines caused by families abandoning their farms.

Archimedes is associated with all of the following EXCEPT

a. geometry of spheres.b. specific gravity.c. value of pi.d. Earth’s circumference.

Romans were tolerant of other peoples’ religions unless those religions

a. worshipped Yahweh.b. were sects of Judaism.c. threatened public order or morals.d. worshipped the state gods and emperors.

Christianity grew for all of these reasons EXCEPT

a. it was personal for individuals.b. it held familiar beliefs.c. it provided care and support for all.d. it included the old Roman gods.

The Jewish Essenes group

a. helped the Romans.b. advocated violent rebellion.c. waited for God to save Israel.d. created the province of Judaea.

According to Plato, individuals could not achieve a good life unless

a. they lived in a just and rational state.b. they lived a moral and pious life.c. they were ruled by a good king.d. they observed religious rituals.

According to the philosophy of Epicurus,

a. happiness was the goal of life and could be achieved through the pursuit of

pleasure.b. enlightenment could only be achieved through long periods of meditation.c. happiness could be found only when

people studied poetry.d. public service was regarded as noble; selfish pursuits brought about sadness.

Who said that “the unexamined life is not worth living”?

a. Zenosb. Socratesc. Aristotled. Euripides

What was the result of Alexander the Great’s conquests?

a. Alexander ruled Greece and all conquered lands for over 20 years.

b. Greek language, art, architecture, and literature spread throughout Southeast Asia.c. After hundreds of years, Persia finally conquered Greece and took control of Greek lands.d. The progress of Greek scholars was halted.

Which four kingdoms emerged following Alexander’s death?

a. Macedonia, Syria, Pergamum, and Egyptb. Sparta, Rome, Mycenae, and Minoac. Persia, Syria, Palestine, and Spaind. Thermopylae, Marathon, Pergamum, and

Egypt

According to the philosophy of Stoicism,

a. life could only be complete when it was centered on the basic ideal of friendship.

b. gaining material wealth brings happiness.c. happiness was the goal of life, and the way to

achieve it was the pursuit of pleasure, the only true good.

d. happiness could only be found when people gained inner peace by living in harmony with the will of God.

Which conflict resulted in the loss of political power for the Catholic Church?

a. the Black Deathb. the Hundred Years’ Warc. the Great Schismd. the War of the Roses

The chief task of ____ was to harmonize Christian teachings with the works of the Greek philosophers.

a. Saint Francis of Assisib. Scholasticismc. the chanson de gested. lay investiture

To achieve his political ends, Pope Innocent III often used an interdict, which

a. allowed the pope to choose a king’s successor.b. prohibited priests from giving the sacraments of the Church to a particular group of people.c. forbade certain groups from holding office.d. declared a holy war against the enemies of the Church.

The Inquisition was

a. the court created by the Catholic Church to find and try heretics.

b. a ruthless group who enjoyed torture and execution.

c. a group of scholars in Spain who promoted learning.d. an inquiry into the inner workings of the

Catholic Church.

What issue was at the heart of the Investiture Controversy?

a. Control of the Inquisitionb. Location of the papal residencec. Supremacy of Church or stated. Anti-Semitism

____ was called the father of Italian Renaissance humanism.

a. Michelangelob. Petrarchc. Danted. Geoffrey Chaucer

Christian humanists believed that

a. if people read the classics, and especially the basic works of Christianity, they would become more pious.b. by entering a monastery, one could assure one’s salvation.c. God did not intend man to know more than what was written in the Bible.d. society should return to simpler ways and not focus on gaining wealth and material possessions.

Which of the following was the first Protestant faith?

a. Calvinismb. Christian humanismc. Zoroastrianismd. Lutheranism

Part of Calvin’s reformation of the city of Geneva included

a. the formation of the Consistory.b. exiling all Catholics.c. the execution of Thomas More.d. requiring all citizens to buy indulgences.

Which of the following founded the Society of Jesus, also known as the Jesuits?

a. Pope Paul IIIb. Ignatius of Loyolac. The Council of Trentd. The Act of Supremacy of 1534

Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales is an important work because

a. Chaucer’s use of the English vernacular was important in making his dialect the chief ancestor of the modern English language.b. it was the first work in French to be published in England and France, opening those countries up to England’s culture and language.c. it was the first collection of short stories by a single

author to be published.d. his poignant portrayal of the English lower class evoked a change in English society, allowing families to break the hereditary cycle of poverty.

The publication of Martin Luther’s Ninety-five Theses

a. was immediately seen as a threat by local businesses.b. attacked the abuses in the sale of indulgences, beginning the Protestant Reformation.c. was largely ignored until decades after Luther’s death.d. was distributed first in England.

Calvin agreed with Luther on most important doctrines EXCEPT

a. whether the Bible should be in the vernacular.b. the leadership of the Catholic Church.c. predestination.d. the sale of indulgences.

Both Catholics and Protestants considered the ____ to be dangerous radicals.

a. Anglicansb. Calvinistsc. Moraviansd. Anabaptists

To which religion did most Ottomans belong?

a. Christianb. Sunni Muslimc. Buddhismd. Shia Muslim

By 1500, the Indian subcontinent was divided into which two types of kingdoms?

a. Christian and Buddhistb. Muslim and Christianc. Hindu and Muslimd. Hindu and Buddhist

Which religion included the custom of suttee in India?

a. Islamb. Buddhismc. Christianityd. Hinduism

Ottoman expansion in the early fourteenth century eventually led to their control over

a. the Danube Valley.b. Italy.c. the Bosporus and the Dardanelles.d. the Hungarian plain.

Isaac Newton’s universal law of gravitation

a. was denounced by the Anglican Church as the work of the Devil.

b. refuted Galileo Galilei’s theory of universal movement.

c. was laughed at by Galileo, Kepler, and Copernicus.d. showed how one law could explain all motion in the universe.

Francis Bacon, an English philosopher, believed scientists should

a. use inductive reasoning.b. rely solely on the Bible.c. leave nature alone.d. use chance to study nature.

John Locke’s ideas suggest that people were

a. born either good or evil.b. inherently self-centered.c. naturally inclined to be stupid.d. molded by their experiences.

In Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s concept of a social contract,

a. an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will.

b. punishments are not exercises in brutality, and capital punishment is discarded.

c. the government should not interfere in economic matters.

d. women should be granted rights nearly equal to those of men.

According to the Ptolemaic system,

a. the Moon is the center of the universe, and the Earth and the stars revolve around it.

b. the Earth revolves around the Moon, and the Moon revolves around the Sun.

c. the universe is a series of concentric spheres with Earth fixed at the center.d. the Sun, Earth, and the Moon all revolve

around Apollo, the sun god.

Galileo’s observations seemed to indicate that

a. Copernicus and Kepler were wrong in their beliefs about the moon.b. the Catholic Church’s beliefs about the heavens were correct.c. Plato was correct about the way the planets

were arranged.d. the heavenly bodies were composed of material substance just like Earth, not pure orbs of light.

Who has been rightly called the father of modern rationalism?

a. Chaucerb. René Descartesc. Francis Bacond. Robert Boyle