WORLD HISTORY FINAL REVIEW

PowerPoint 3: Early Modern World (1350-1815)

Renaissance and Reformation, Exploration and Expansion, Revolution and Enlightenment,

French Revolution and Napoleon, Industrialization and Nationalism

RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION

• Renaissance in Italy and Northern Europe• Milan, Venice, and Florence became centers of Renaissance learning and culture.• Machiavelli's views on gaining and holding power influenced political leaders.• Humanist education focused on liberal studies.• Artists sough to portray the world realistically.

• The Reformation Begins• Erasmus and other Christian humanists paved the way for the Protestant Reformation.• Catholic teaching stressed faith in good works, but Luther believed the faith alone was

sufficient for salvation. (95 Theses)• The Peace of Augsburg ended the religious wars and allowed German states to choose

between Catholicism and Lutheranism.

• Reformation Spreads• Calvinism replaced Lutheranism as the most important form of Protestantism.• Henry VIII established the Church of England for political rather than political reasons.

(wanted divorce, but Pope said no)• Anabaptists began asking for total separation or church and state.• Pope Paul III began reforms within the Catholic Church.

RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION TEST PRACTICE

1. Theologians of the Reformation disagreed about how people could achieve ____, or acceptance into heaven.a. Indulgenceb. Predestinationc. Annulmentd. Salvation

2. Which was a characteristic of the Renaissance?a. Rejection of classical learning of ancient Greece and Rome.b. Renewed emphasis on an all-powerful Godc. Emergence of a more secular worldviewd. Reawakening of feudalism

3. In his Ninety-five Theses, Martin Luther wrote: “Christians are to be taught that he who gives to the poor or lends to the needy does better work than buying pardons.” To what is Luther objecting in this statement?

a. The doctrine of predestinationb. The lack of concern for the poorc. The sale of indulgencesd. The spread of secular humanism

4. How did the new ideas and the scientific advances of the Renaissance challenge the Catholic Church?a. New Renaissance universities, which emphasized scientific research, gave most

citizens educational opportunities that challenged the religious institutions.b. Individualism and humanist ideas from the Renaissance challenged citizens to

seek answers for themselves rather than from religious institutions.c. New merchant guilds formed by the middle class owed allegiance to the leaders of

the Renaissance rather than the Catholic Church.d. Feudal noble landowners accepted the scientific advances of the Renaissance that

were supported by the Catholic Church.

ANSWERS

1. D

2. C

3. C

4. B

To make 85%, you must get all of these right. While not a heavily tested topic, the Renaissance has been on every exam to date. Study up on this if you did not get at least ¾.

Chapter 12 in Blue Textbook

EARLY EXPLORATION OF WEST AFRICA, INDIA, AND THE AMERICAS

• Motivated by religious zeal, gold, and glory, Europeans began to explore distant lands. (God, Gold, and Glory!)

• The Portuguese sailed east around Africa to India.• India was a target for spices!

• Spanish ships sailed west to the Americas.

• Spanish conquistadors (conquerors) seized lands ruled by the Aztecs and Incas.

• Diseases introduced by the Spanish explorers killed much of the Native American population.

• By the late 1600s, the Dutch, French, and English entered the rivalry for new lands and trade.

AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE OF EUROPE, AFRICA, AND THE AMERICAS

• Before the new exploration, the primary market for enslaved Africans had been Southwest Asia.

• The demand for plantation laborers in the Americas greatly increased the slave trade (now mostly from Western Africa).

• Enslaved Africans were part of the TRIANGULAR TRADE between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.• Slaves taken to the Americas on the Middle Passage

• In Africa, the slave trade led to increased warfare, depopulation, and the deterioration of society.

COLONIAL EMPIRES IN LATIN AMERICA• The Portuguese and Spanish profited from their colonial empires in Latin

America.

• Peninsulares were the top social class, followed by creoles, mestizos and mulattoes, and finally enslaved Africans and Native Americas.• Encomienda system

• Catholic missionaries spread across the Americas to try to Christianize Native Americans.

EXPLORATION AND EXPANSION TEST REVIEW

1. Spanish conquerors of the Americas were known as…a. Viceroysb. Conquistadorsc. Peninsularesd. Governor-generals

2. The _____ is a trading route that connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas.a. Triangular tradeb. Bermuda Trianglec. Middle Passaged. Circular trade

3. What were the chief motives for European expansion?a. Adventure, travel, warb. Politics, taxes, and warc. God, glory, goldd. Oil, gold, coal

4. What caused the most deaths in the Aztec and Inca populations?a. Combat with the Europeansb. Human sacrificec. European diseasesd. Combat with rival cities

5. Which is an effect of European exploration of the Americas?a. Germany extended its New World empire.b. Spain dominated North and South America.c. Africans were enslaved to work in mines and on plantations.d. American Indians maintained resistance to African and Eurasian

diseases.

6. What was a significant result of European exploration through the Columbian Exchange?

a. Europeans became dependent on crops from America.b. The bubonic plague spread throughout Europe.c. European diseases caused millions of deaths among Native Americans.d. Raw materials from America became very expensive due to scarcity.

7. The slave trade had all of the following effects on African society except which one?a. Increase in warfare among Africansb. Decrease in overall populationc. Increase in the continent’s wealthd. Destruction of previously healthy societies

ANSWERS1. B

2. A

3. C

4. C

5. C

6. C

7. C

To make 85%, you must get 6 of these right.

This topic has had several questions on every version of the test to date!

Chapter 13 in Blue Textbook

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION AND ENLIGHTENMENT

• Scientific Revolution• Changed the way Europeans viewed their world.• Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo provided new explanations of the universe.• Breakthroughs in chemistry and medicine changed the understanding of

human anatomy.

• Enlightenment• Philosophes applied the scientific method to examine government, justice,

and religion.• The ideas of the Enlightenment became a force for social reform.• Some rulers considered governing by the Enlightenment principles but

ultimately were more interested in maintaining power.• Architecture, art, music, and literature were influenced by Enlightenment

ideas.

AMERICAN REVOLUTION

• American colonists revolted against British rule.

• France, Spain, and the Dutch Republic helped the American colonies win independence.

• Many believed the American Revolution confirmed Enlightenment principles.

• The American Revolution became an example of successful revolution and inspired other revolutions in South America and Europe.

CAUSES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

• France was ruled by an absolute monarchy.

• A rigid social system existed.

• The government was bankrupt.

• The Third Estate had no voice in government.

• Bad harvests, rising food prices, and unfair taxation caused civil unrest.

• The political goals of the nobility and middle class challenged the monarchy.

SHORT-TERM EFFECTS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

• The end of the monarchy caused initial chaos.• France was attacked by foreign countries.• The beheading of royals and the Reign of Terror led to

internal disorder.• Napoleon seized power and became emperor of France.

LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

• Napoleon’s army conquered many territories and changed traditional political and class systems.• French armies spread nationalism and Enlightenment

ideals to other countries.

INDUSTRIALIZATION AND NATIONALISM• The Industrial Revolution began in Britain and spread throughout Europe and

the United States.

• New technologies improved the production and transportation of goods.

• Workers migrated to cities (urbanization)

• Harsh conditions in factories made socialism attractive in some areas

• The Industrial Revolution heightened interest in scientific research.

• Growing confidence in science undermined religious faith, leading to increased secularization.

REVOLUTION AND ENLIGHTENMENT TEST PRACTICE

1. One of the three classes into which French society was divided before the revolution is referred to as a/an…a. Tailleb. Estatec. Factiond. Assembly

2. A sudden overthrow of the government is known as…a. Electionb. Rebellionc. Coup d’etatd. crowning

3. Which was an environmental effect of the process of early industrialization?a. The introduction of smallpox to American Indiansb. The diffusion of new animal and plant species in Afro-Eurasiac. The process of desertification of Africa and Asiad. The widespread deforestation in Europe and North America

4. What is the significance of the US Constitution?a. It was the first embodiment of Enlightenment ideals in government.b. It changed the way European were governed.c. It put Enlightened Absolutism into practice.d. It declared the American colonies independent of Great Britain.

5. What was the purpose of the Reign of Terror?a. To remove the king from powerb. To protect France from foreign invasionc. To install Napoleon Bonaparte as kingd. To eliminate opponents of the revolution

6. How is laissez-faire economics more productive than an economy controlled by a government?a. Laissez-faire economics creates competition which leads to innovation,

greater profits for investors, and lower product prices.b. Laissez-faire economics creates competition which results in improved

working conditions, higher wages, and healthcare benefits.c. Laissez-faire economics creates a more nationalistic economy in which local

production is always preferred.d. Laissez-faire creates an economy which is regulated by government in order

to create ideal working conditions.

7. What was the primary goal of the Declaration of Independence?a. To guarantee rights of speech and assemblyb. To free the colonies from allegiance to Britainc. To protest the oppressive Stamp Act of 1765d. To set up a federal system of government

8. The colonists in America were unhappy with Great Britain. Which resulted from this unhappiness?a. The colonists fought for freedom during the American Revolution.b. The colonists fought the government for women’s rights to vote in

elections.c. The colonists fought for the control of land owned by the American Indians.d. The colonists fought to gain civil rights for all minorities in the United

States.

ANSWERS

1. B

2. C

3. D

4. A

5. D

6. A

7. B

8. A

To make 85%, you must get 7 these right. While not a heavily tested topic, this has been on every exam to date. Study up on this if you did not get at least 6.

Chapter 17-19 in Blue Textbook