World history fall semester final review
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World History
Fall Semester Final Review
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Unit 1: The Emergence of CivilizationUnit 1: The Emergence of Civilization
1Paleolithic Age Neolithic AgricultureNeolithic AgricultureRevolutionRevolution
Sumerian writing system
cuneiform
PrehistoricPrehistoric“Old Stone Age”
Egyptian PyramidsKing Tut
hieroglyphics
Hunter
Farmer
3000 B.C.
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1. prehistoric – period of time before writing systems were created (before 3000 B.C.)
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2. artifact – object made by humans i.e. tools, weapons, pottery, clothing
3. archeologist –person who digs to find artifacts to learn about early people
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4. Paleolithic Age - Old Stone Age (2,500,000 B.C. – 10,000 B.C.)
• Humans where nomadic• Hunters & Gathers• Temporary houses• Lived in small groups• Life was short and harsh
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5. Neolithic Agriculture Revolution – change from hunting & gathering to farming New Stone Age (10,000 B.C. – 3,000 B.C.)
permanent homes
surplus food
Hunting
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Stability tends to promote progress.Stability tends to promote progress.
The change from nomadic to farming led to the emergence of civilization.
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6. civilization – complex highly organized social order made possible because of agriculture surplus
Cities were key features of early civilizations.
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Cities
Art &Architecture
CentralGovernments
Roads, Bridges,Temples
Writing System
SocialClasses
Featuresof
Early Civilizations
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7. culture – the way of life of a society handed down through generations
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8. cultural diffusion – the spread of culture (ideas, customs, and technologies)
from one group of people to another
Culture is spread by people migrating (moving)caused by interaction among people through
migration (moving).
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warfare
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Culture is spread by trade.
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The growth of cities near fertile river valleys was a central feature The growth of cities near fertile river valleys was a central feature in the development and spread of civilizations.in the development and spread of civilizations.
9. physical geography - most directly influences were people live.
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10. Mesopotamia (Tigris-Euphrates River Valleys) (3200 B.C.)
1st civilizations developed here in the Fertile Crescent.periodic flooding left rich soil – ideal for farming
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developed -cuneiform – first writing system 3200 B.C
Judaism, the first monotheistic religion was established in Mesopotamia. (belief in one god) (Kingdom of Israel 1000 B.C.)
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11. Egypt (Nile River Valley) (2700 B.C.)
“Gift of the Nile”
Fertile soil, stable food supply helped it to grow.
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pyramids – burial tombs built for their pharaohs
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Ancient Egyptians were
polytheistic - believed in many gods
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12. Indus River Valley Civilization (2500 B.C.)
first to grow cotton and weave it into cloth
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13. Huang He River Valley Civilization (1650 B.C.)
Desert and mountain barriers caused Chinese civilization to grow independently.
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Early Chinese people developed a complex civilization and made many advances in learning and the arts.
made first books
learned to make silk threads
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Unit 2: Ancient Greece and Rome: Unit 2: Ancient Greece and Rome:
The Birth of Democracy The Birth of Democracy
1313
Greek Alphabet
AthenaAthena
Drama
Roman ForumRoman Forum
AcropolisAcropolis
Roman ArchRoman Arch
Roman SenateRoman Senate
ColosseumColosseum
Trojan WarTrojan War1250 B.C.1250 B.C.
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14. Greece is a mountainous peninsula.
Physical geography lead to isolated societies in ancient Greece.
Greece
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The mountainous terrain (land) of Greece resulted in the development of many small independent city-states in ancient Greece – each had their own ruler.
The physical geography also led to many different political systems.
Monarchy Oligarchy Tyranny Democracy
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Two powerful city-state, Athens and Sparta, arose in Greece.Each developed very different societies and systems of government.
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Athens was named after Zeus’s daughter – Athena –goddess of wisdom and war
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The Greeks believed in beauty, balance, and order in the universe.
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Golden Age of Athens (after the Persian Wars 460 B.C. – 429 B.C.)
15. Athens was a democracy – ruled by Pericles
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Golden Age of Athens(after the Persian Wars 460 B.C. – 429 B.C.)
Athens prospered - cultural center of Greece (Thinkers, writers, and artists came to Athens to take part in the growth of culture.)
HomerGreek epic poet
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School at Athens
Ancient Greek Philosophersexplored the nature of the universe and the place of people in it
Socrates
Plato Aristotle
Raphael’s School of Athens
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Sparta
16. Sparta was an Oligarchy. From childhood, Spartan boys were trained to be soldiers.
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17. The Roman Empire Rome’s central location helped the Romans to unite Italy and all of the Mediterranean would under their control.
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By about 270 B.C., Rome controlled most of the Italian peninsula.
• well-trained army• Treated defeated enemies fairly• Gave rights to conquered people
Why was Rome’s expansion in Italy successful?
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Unit 3: The Fall of Rome to the Emergence of Unit 3: The Fall of Rome to the Emergence of Feudalism – Chaos to OrderFeudalism – Chaos to Order
A.D. 476
Legacy of Rome
Christianity Feudal System
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18. What factors lead to the fall of Rome?
The fall of Rome was not a single event. It was a long, slow process.
Germanic invasions weakened the empire.
A.D. 476
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Roman army lacked training and discipline
Divided empire becomes weak
By 133 B.C., Roman power extended from Spain to Egypt.
imperialism – added many conquered lands to the Empire
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Political corruption
Heavy taxes
Disease and war
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19. How did the fall of Rome affect western Europe?
Western Europe entered a period of chaos and disorder.• disruption of trade• downfall of cities• decline of learning• rise of Germanic Tribes
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20. Early Middle Ages - 500 to 1000 Europe was a frontier land -cut off from advanced civilizations in the Middle East, China, and India.
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Invasions of Europe, 700–1000
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Vikings – barbaric warriors from the North - Scandinavia – raided and terrorized Europe during the Middle Ages
raided monasteries – for gold and treasures
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Feudalism – System of rule in which powerful local lords divided their land among vassals. In exchange, the vassals pledged service and loyalty to lords.
Vassals
provided social stability
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Castles were built to protect the medieval lords against invading armies.
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Unit 4: The Rise of EuropeRevival of learning
new middle class
iron plow
Martin Luther
Joan of Arc
Mona Lisa
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21. Christian Church -
The most prominent building in a medieval town was usually the church. The Church was an important part of everyday life.
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The Crusades – holy wars to take back Jerusalem from the Muslims - spurred a revival of trade that led to economic growth throughout Western Europe.
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Why did people go on Crusades?
1. defense of Holy Land
2. desire to be released of feudal obligations
3. forgiveness of sins
4. desire for wealth from the Middle East
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22. Agricultural RevolutionNew farming technologies (innovations)
iron plow harness windmill three-field system
led to increase in food production
4
Population explosion (growth)
Between 1000 and 1300, the population of Europe doubled.
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23. medieval towns/trade -
A new middle class of merchants, traders, and artisans emerged.
Middle Class
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
(craftspeople)
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Merchants and artisans formed trade associations called guilds to keep the quality of work high.
(Becoming a guild member involved many years of hard work.)
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The Late Middle Ages was a period of decline in Europe,marked by disease, corruption and war.
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24. Black Death -
By 1347, the bubonic plague had spread from Asia to Europe. One in three Europeans died.
Society and economy fall apart.
5
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25. Hundred Years’ War - 1337–1453 England vs. France
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led the French to victories against the English
Joan of Arc
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The turmoil of the late Middle Ages began a decline in the power of the Church and a rebirth of classical studies and fine arts.
The Hundred Years’ War (1337 – 1453).
Church power declines
1347-1353
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26. Renaissance – revival of Greek and Roman culture, period of artistic and intellectual creativity - 1300s-1500s
Renaissance philosophers encouraged a questioning attitude.
Raphael’s School of Athens
Ancient Greek Philosophersexplored the nature of the universe and the place of people in it
Socrates
Plato Aristotle
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The Renaissance begin in Italy because Italian city-states had grown wealthy
from trade between Europe and Asia.
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At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism.
Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly
subjects rather than on religious issues.
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Geniuses of Renaissance Art
Made sketches of nature and of models
Dissected corpses to learn how the human body worked
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany, anatomy, optics, music, architecture, and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
Leonardo da Vinci
Mona Lisa
The Last Supper
Italian painter and inventor
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Talented sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Designed the dome for St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome
MICHELANGELO
the Pieta
David
Sistine Chapel
St. Peter’s Cathedral
Italian painter and sculptor
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The Printing Revolution1456 - Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible using the first printing press.
IMPACT:• Printed books were cheaper and easier to produce.• With books more readily available, more people learned to read –
literacy rate increased (more people could read and write)
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English Renaissance writer.
Wrote “Romeo and Juliet” and 36 other plays that are still performed around the
world
SHAKESPEARE
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The late Middle Ages brought spiritual crisis, scandal, and division to the Roman Catholic Church.
Tetzel selling indulgences
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27. Protestant Reformation – (1500s) movement to reform (change)
the Roman Catholic Church
People who joined the movement for reform called themselves Protestants, for those who “protested” papal authority.
Martin LutherGerman monk
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Martin Luther - German monk, protested church abuses by writing 95 theses and posted the list on the church door
Wittenberg Castle ChurchGermany
October 31, 1517
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Luther’s ideas and the Protestant Reformation led to a decline in power of the Roman Catholic Church.
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The Reformation in EnglandIn 1528, English King Henry VIII asked the pope to annul, his marriage.
The pope refused, and Henry broke from the Catholic Church and set up his own church – The Anglican Church.
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28. Age of Exploration and Conquest 1487-1609
New technology, the search for wealth, and a desire to spread Christianity led to an age of discovery.
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The astolabe - used to determine latitude at sea,
and improvements in cartography (mapmaking) helped Europeans to
explore the Western Hemisphere.
Columbus’s LandingOctober 12, 1492
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Millions of native peoples in the Americas died as a result of new diseases such as smallpox, measles and influenza in which they had no natural
immunity, after contact with Europeans in the 1500s.
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Mercantilism
•a nation’s real wealth is measured in its gold and silver treasure.
•To build its supply of gold and silver, a nation must export more goods than it imports.
•nations establish colonies for trade benefits – (to increase their wealth)