World History AP
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Transcript of World History AP
World History AP
Chapter 22Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800Land based empires cost
more to defend; fewer choices for expansion; emphasis on agriculture & political centralization.
Disadvantage in competition
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800Society of Jesus (Jesuits)Francis Xavier, Matteo Ricci
brought Catholicism and European ideas to Japan & China, and ideas & info. from Eurasia to Europe.
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800The Portuguese, the
Spanish, the Dutch East India Company (VOC) & the East India Company of England opened new trade avenues with the east.
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800
New state – Muscovy. Absorbed former Kievan state, Novgorod, khanates of Kazan & Astrakhan & northern Caucasus region in east. Led by Ivan IV (Tsar)
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800Russian aristocracy (boyars)
overthrew Muscovite rulers and established the Romanov line in 1613. Continued Eastern expansion.
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800Peter the Great – wanted
port, built St. Petersburg. Wanted to westernize Russia. Undermined the boyars & controlled Russian Orthodox Church.
Peter the Great
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800Expansion in America driven
by search for fur. Russians dominated fur & shipping in North Pacific.
Catherine the Great (r.1762-1796) built empire on agriculture, furs, fishing, logging
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800Late Ming problems (global):
drop in temperature numerous events. May also caused Mongol & Manchu to take Ming lands.
New World silver & inflation.
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800
More problems: disorder & inefficiency in industrial sector, no growth in agricultural productivity & low population growth.
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800Increased threats on Ming
borders by new Mongol confederation. Lost $$ when they helped Korea defeat Japanese invasion. Riots in Southwest, pirates in SE.
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800Rebel forces led by Li
Zicheng overthrew the Ming in 1644, and the Manchu Qing Empire entered Beijing, restored order & claimed China as its own.
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800Manchu imperial family
ruled Qing empire. Majority of the population was Chinese.
Qing fostered foreign trade & overland communication.
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800Qing conquered Central Asia
gaining access to Afghanistan horses, coal, iron, gold & silver.
Eliminated danger of Mongols.
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800Kangxi (r.1662-1722)
Expanded territory & stabilized empire. Qing willing to learn from Mongolians, Tibetans, …Jesuits.
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800Qing wanted to expand
trade, but needed to control it to tax efficiently & control piracy & smuggling.
Single market point for each foreign sector.
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800
British saw Qing as limiting their ability to make profits.
Sent Lord Macartney to open diplomatic relations and revise the trade system.
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800
Russians transitioned to sea exploration & colonization which destroys the status quo between Russia & China.
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800
Peace and increased agricultural productivity led to Chinese population explosion and environmental stress.
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800
Population grew but not the number of officials. Qing depended on local officials who maintained order but couldn’t do much else.
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800
Qing investment in new industries was limited. Focus moved to taxing foreign trade to increase revenues.
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800
New Shogun: Tokugawa Ieyasu.
Rewarded loyalty w/land.Emperor had no political
power.
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800
Developed well-spaced urban centers in all regions.
Result: good transportation infrastructure and commerce.
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800
Successful new merchant class allied with lords and the shogun.
Wealthy families held key to modernization, industry.
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800
Rural rebellions blamed on Christianity.
Results: persecution, ban on Christianity, & in 1649, closing of Japan’s borders.
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800
Closed country policy intended to prevent foreign influences, not knowledge.
“Dutch Studies”Outer lords…Inner lords.
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800
Pop. growth in central Japan strained agricultural sector.
Economic growth outstripped pop. growth in the outer provinces.
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800Shogunate needs to control
price of rice & interest rates, but can’t.
Samurai and regional lords are dependent on merchants to extend credit.
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800Merchants at low social
status; Shogunate found it hard to regulate their activities. Merchants enjoy new freedom & become influential.
Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800“Forty-seven Ronin”
incident demonstrates problem of making the military obey civil law to build standardized law system.
Conclusion
2 land-based empires competed for the same resources. Kept their pop. In agricultural sector without the right of ownership.
ConclusionQing had limited exposure to
European contact & ideasRussia had unlimited
exposure, accepted military technology, rejected any liberal policies.
ConclusionJapan – decentralized.
Tokugawa allowed variety of policies, gave lords incentive to develop lands, stimulated merchants & local enterprises.