World History
description
Transcript of World History
WORLD HISTORY
Enlightenment/American Revolution Study List Review
NATURAL RIGHTS Idea that all people were born with
certain rights “life, liberty, pursuit of happiness”
Created by John Locke
SOCIAL CONTRACT
an agreement by which people gave up their freedom to a powerful government in order to avoid chaos.
NATURAL LAW Laws that governed human nature Laws discoverable by reason
PHILOSOPHE
French for “philosopher”
French thinker who desired reform in society during the Enlightenment.
VOLTAIRE (1694-1778) French
philosopher and author
Imprisoned in the Bastille
Used with to expose the abuses of government and society
advocated a tolerant approach to religion.
BARON DE MONTESQUIEU (1689-1755) French political philosopher explored democratic theories of
government.
Proposed a government divided into 3 branches, greatly influenced the United States Constitution.
JOHN LOCKE
(1632-1704) English philosopher Developed political and economic
theories during the Enlightenment. Wrote Two Treatises on Government in
which he declared that people have a right to rebel against governments that do not protect their natural rights.
THOMAS HOBBES English philosopher who lived
through the English Civil War Thought people were
naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish
Supported powerful government; For him such a government was an absolute monarchy, which could impose order and compel obedience.
JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU (1712-1778) French political
philosopher
Believed that people in their natural state were basically good and were corrupted by the evils of society, especially the unequal distribution of property
DENIS DIDEROT…. labored for more than 25 years to produce a 28
volume Encyclopedia, which means “circle of teachings”.
His purpose was to “change the general way of thinking”
The Encyclopedia articles: Denounced slavery Praised freedom of expression. Urged education for all.
His articles and positions reflect the ideas of humanism as seen in the Renaissance.
ENLIGHTENMENT a time of optimism and possibility
from the late 1600s to the late 1700s; also called the Age of Reason.
ADAM SMITH
(1723-1790) Scottish economist
Became the leading advocate of laissez-faire economics
Considered by some to be the “father of modern economics” wrote the first true text on economics, The Wealth of Nations, in 1776.
LAISSEZ-FAIRE policy allowing business
to operate with little or no government interference.
BAROQUE ornate style of art and architecture popular in the 1600s and 1700s.
Palace at Versailles
ROCOCO
elegant style of art and architecture
made popular during the mid-1700s, featured designs with the shapes of leaves, shells, and flowers.
SALONS gatherings in which intellectual and
political ideas were exchanged during the Enlightenment.
CENSORSHIP
restriction on access to ideas and information
ENLIGHTENED DESPOTS
the absolute monarchs in 18th century Europe who ruled according to the principles of the Enlightenment.
Catherine the Great of Russia
Joseph II of Austria
Enlightened despots were absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political and social change
JOSEPH II- REBEL WITH A CAUSE!! Most radical of enlightened despots. Granted toleration to Protestants and Jews. Ended censorship and tried to control the Catholic
Church. Sold church property to build hospitals. Abolished serfdom. Eliminated the death penalty and torture.
Unfortunately these reforms only remained until his death then things went back to the way they were.
* Serfdom was the enforced labour of serfs on the fields of landowners, in return for protection and the right to work on their leased fields.
HELP ME, HELP YOU
Was interested in Enlightenment ideas but intended to give up no power
Made some limited reforms in law and government.
Granted nobles a charter of rights.
Criticized the institution of serfdom
Wouldn’t abolish it because she would lose the support of wealthy land owners if she did.
Catherine the Great
FREDERICK THE GREAT
Exerted tight control over subjects, but saw himself as a “first servant of the state.”
Tolerated religious differences. Except for Jews he tried to limit the number of Jews allowed to live in Prussia.
Distributed seeds and tools to peasants.
REVOLUTION
radical change, far-reaching effects.
KING GEORGE III King of England during the time of the
American Revolution
GEORGE WASHINGTON 1732-1799 First president of the United
States commanded the
Continental Army during the Revolutionary War
served as a representative to the Continental Congress.
STAMP ACT Law passed in 1765 by the British
Parliament that imposed taxes on items such as newspapers and pamphlets in the American colonies; repealed in 1766
THOMAS JEFFERSON (1743-1826) American
statesman
Third president of the United States, member of two Continental Congresses
Declaration’s main author
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE Letter to King George III, written by
Thomas Jefferson, declaring the 13 colonies’ independence (life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness) from Great Britain.
POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY
Basic principle of the American system of government which asserts that the people are the source of any and all governmental power
Government can exist only with the consent of the governed.
FEDERAL REPUBLIC
government in which power is divided between the national, or federal, government and the states.
TREATY OF PARIS Treaty of 1763 that ended the Seven
Years’ War and resulted in British dominance of the Americas
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1706-1790) American statesman; he was
a philosopher, scientist, inventor, writer, publisher, first U.S. postmaster, and member of the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence.