World History 16.1-2. Columbus: 1492 Taino people Grew corn, yams, cotton Friendly and generous ...
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Transcript of World History 16.1-2. Columbus: 1492 Taino people Grew corn, yams, cotton Friendly and generous ...
World History16.1-2
Columbus: 1492 Taino people
Grew corn, yams, cotton Friendly and generous
Conquistadors Settled islands of Hispaniola, Cuba, Puerto Rico Seized gold ornaments worn by Taino
Made them pan for more gold Forced to convert to Christianity
Europeans unknowingly carried smallpox, measles, influenza Natives had no immunity Spread rapidly Wiped out villages NA Population declined 90% in 1500s
Spread stories of empires rich with gold
Adventurers followed Hernan Cortes
1519: Mexican coast 600 men 16 horses A few cannons
Headed inland to Tenochtitlan Aztec capital
Aided by Malinche Indian woman Translator/advisor
Cortes learned that many people hated their Aztec overlords Sacrificed thousands per
year Cortes formed alliance with
many NA groups
Aztec emperor Mistook Spanish to be Quetzalcoatl
Sent gifts of gold and silver 1519: Cortes led forces to capital Aztecs drove Spanish from the city
Moctezuma killed Cortes retreated; planned new assault
1521: Cortes captured/demolished Tenochtitlan Built Mexico City on ruins
1532: Arrived in Peru Incan ruler Atahualpa
Had just won throne in civil war Pizarro captured Atahualpa
Killed thousands of followers Demanded huge ransom Incans paid it Spanish killed him anyway
Spain added SA to their empire
Hundreds of Spanish vs. millions of NA’s1. Superior military technology
Horses Muskets Cannons Helmets Armor
2. Division and discontent among NA’s Spanish played on old hatreds and won allies Provided Spanish with fighting power
3. Disease Weakened Aztec and Incas Survivors were demoralized Believed that the gods were less powerful than gods of
their conquerors
4. World’s End Believed that the disasters signified end of the world End of the reign of the sun god
Continued to resist Mayans fought Spanish rule NA’s preserved own culture
Language, religious traditions, clothing Treasure and wealth flooded Europe
5 Provinces Most important -New Spain (Mexico) and Peru
Strict control Council of the Indies
Pass laws for colonies Viceroys
Representatives who rule in king’s name 1 per province
Winning souls as important as gaining land
Missionaries baptized thousands of NA’s
Forcibly imposed European culture over NA culture
Controlled trade Colonists could only:
Export raw materials to Spain Buy manufactured goods from Spain
Laws forbade trade with any other nation Sugar cane, gold, silver, molasses
Plantations: finding workers a major problem Encomiendas
Right to demand labor from NA’s Those who resisted were hunted down and killed
Disease, starvation, cruel treatment caused massive population decline
Condemned evils of encomienda system New Laws of the Indies: 1542
Forbid enslavement of NA’s Spain too far away to enforce it NA’s forced to work to pay off a debt (peons) Landowners created debts that could never be paid
off in a lifetime
Las Casas encouraged bringing in workers from Africa Immunity to tropical diseases Skills in farming, mining, metal working Later regretted this advice Furthered African slave trade
Spanish brought in slave labor by 1530s As demand skyrocketed, so did slave trade Millions captured, imported Africans and American-born descendants outnumbered
settlers in time
New social structure
Blending of peoples and traditions created new cultures
Population of Mexico City grew rapidly 1550: Mexico City-largest Spanish speaking city in
world Education
University of Mexico: 1551 Harvard: 1636 Women: educated in convents
Treaty of Tordesillas: 1494 Portugal claimed Brazil
Land to nobles Built towns, plantations, churches No instant wealth from gold or silver Clung to coast Exported brazilwood Plantations and cattle raising New Culture: blended European/NA/African patterns
Spain: most powerful country in Europe Fueled envy French king declared…
“I should like to see Adam’s will, wherein he divided the earth between Spain and Portugal.”
Europeans challenged Traded illegally with colonists Dutch, French, English pirates
Privateers operated with approval from European govts! Hunted for gold and NW passage to Asia