World Geography Chapter 1 & 2 Ch. 1 – Studying Geography Ch. 2 – Earth In Space.

World GeographyWorld GeographyChapter 1 & 2Chapter 1 & 2

Ch. 1 – Studying Geography Ch. 1 – Studying Geography

Ch. 2 – Earth In SpaceCh. 2 – Earth In Space

GeographyGeography

►Geography – the study of everything Geography – the study of everything on earth. on earth.

►2 main branches of Geography 2 main branches of Geography Human Geography Human Geography

►The study of how people and their activities The study of how people and their activities vary from place to place. vary from place to place.

Physical Geography Physical Geography ►The study of how Earth’s natural features vary The study of how Earth’s natural features vary

from place to place.from place to place.

Uses of GeographyUses of Geography

► Cartography Cartography The branch of geography that studies maps and The branch of geography that studies maps and

mapmaking. mapmaking. Computers have revolutionized map production. Computers have revolutionized map production. The U.S. Geological Survey is the largest The U.S. Geological Survey is the largest

employer of cartographers. employer of cartographers. ►Meteorology Meteorology

The field of geography that specializes in The field of geography that specializes in weather and weather forecasting. weather and weather forecasting.

The person providing information on the nightly The person providing information on the nightly news is a meteorologist.news is a meteorologist.

The Six essential elements The Six essential elements

► 1. 1. The World in Spatial TermsThe World in Spatial Terms a. Focus on special perspective. a. Focus on special perspective.

► 2. 2. Places and RegionsPlaces and Regions a. How we perceive various regions a. How we perceive various regions

► 3. 3. Physical SystemsPhysical Systems a. The Earth’s Physical features (mountains, oceans, a. The Earth’s Physical features (mountains, oceans,

hurricanes) hurricanes) ► 4. 4. Human SystemsHuman Systems

a. All about the people a. All about the people ► 5. 5. Environment and societyEnvironment and society

a. How we interact with the environment a. How we interact with the environment ► 6. 6. The Uses of GeographyThe Uses of Geography

a. Helps us to understand relationships among different a. Helps us to understand relationships among different peoples past and present as well as the physical make up peoples past and present as well as the physical make up of our planet.of our planet.

Geography TermsGeography Terms

►Grid – Grid – Pattern of lines that circle the globe Pattern of lines that circle the globe in east-west and north-south directions. in east-west and north-south directions.

► Latitude –Latitude – lines drawn in an east-west lines drawn in an east-west direction and measure distance north & direction and measure distance north & south of the equator south of the equator

► Longitude –Longitude – lines of longitude are drawn in lines of longitude are drawn in a north-south direction and measure a north-south direction and measure distance east and west of the Prime distance east and west of the Prime Meridian. Meridian.

► Equator –Equator – imaginary line that circles the imaginary line that circles the globe halfway between the North Pole & globe halfway between the North Pole & South Pole.South Pole.


► Parallels – Parallels – Another name for lines of latitude. Another name for lines of latitude. They are always parallel to the equator. Parallels They are always parallel to the equator. Parallels north of the equator are labeled with an N, and north of the equator are labeled with an N, and those south of the equator are labeled with an S. those south of the equator are labeled with an S.

► Meridians –Meridians – Another name for lines of longitude. Another name for lines of longitude. ► Prime Meridian –Prime Meridian – imaginary line that runs through imaginary line that runs through

Greenwich, England, from the North Pole to the Greenwich, England, from the North Pole to the South Pole. South Pole.

► Degrees – Degrees – Measurement used when using latitude Measurement used when using latitude & longitude. Symbol for degrees is ° . Degrees are & longitude. Symbol for degrees is ° . Degrees are further divided into minutes, for which the symbol is further divided into minutes, for which the symbol is ‘. There are 60 minutes in a degree.‘. There are 60 minutes in a degree.


► Hemispheres –Hemispheres – The world is divided into 4 The world is divided into 4 hemispheres. The equator divides the earth into a hemispheres. The equator divides the earth into a Northern & Southern Hemisphere. The Prime Northern & Southern Hemisphere. The Prime Meridian divides the earth into a Eastern & Western Meridian divides the earth into a Eastern & Western Hemispheres. Hemispheres.

► Continents –Continents – The earth’s land surfaces are The earth’s land surfaces are organized into 7 continents. North America, South organized into 7 continents. North America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, and America, Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, and Antarctica. Antarctica.

► Oceans –Oceans – The largest division of water surfaces. The largest division of water surfaces. There are 4 major oceans. Atlantic Ocean, Pacific There are 4 major oceans. Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, & Arctic Ocean.Ocean, Indian Ocean, & Arctic Ocean.

MapsMaps► Atlas – book of maps. Atlas – book of maps. ►Map Projection – projecting round earth on a Map Projection – projecting round earth on a

flat map. flat map. ► Types of Maps Types of Maps

Physical, Political, Special Purpose, etc. Physical, Political, Special Purpose, etc. ►Map Tools: Map Tools:

Directional Indicator –Directional Indicator – shows which directions shows which directions are north, south, east, & west. are north, south, east, & west.

Compass Rose –Compass Rose – A directional indicator that has A directional indicator that has arrows that point to all four principal directions. arrows that point to all four principal directions.

Scales –Scales – used to represent distances between used to represent distances between points on a map. points on a map.

Legend or Key –Legend or Key – explains what the symbols on explains what the symbols on the map represent.the map represent.

Solar SystemSolar System►The The Solar systemSolar system is the sun and the is the sun and the

group of bodies that revolve around group of bodies that revolve around

it.it. ►Almost all of Earth’s energy comes Almost all of Earth’s energy comes

form the sun form the sun ►Satellites – A body that orbits a Satellites – A body that orbits a

larger body. Moons are natural larger body. Moons are natural satellitessatellites

The Sun, the Earth, and the The Sun, the Earth, and the MoonMoon

► The diameter of the The diameter of the Earth is about 8,000 Earth is about 8,000 miles. miles.

► The diameter of the The diameter of the

Sun is about Sun is about 865,000 miles.865,000 miles.

► The Moon is The Moon is 240,000 miles from 240,000 miles from the Earth. the Earth.

► The Earth’s orbit The Earth’s orbit

averages about 93 averages about 93 million miles from million miles from the Sun.the Sun.

The Solar SystemThe Solar System

►RotationRotation One complete spin of the Earth on its axis. Takes One complete spin of the Earth on its axis. Takes

24 hours. 24 hours. Solar energy hits only the half of the earth that is Solar energy hits only the half of the earth that is

facing the sun.facing the sun. ►RevolutionRevolution

Earths movement around the sun. Takes 365 ¼ Earths movement around the sun. Takes 365 ¼ days to complete one revolution.days to complete one revolution.

► Earth’s TiltEarth’s Tilt Earth is tilted at 23 ½ degree angle. Earth is tilted at 23 ½ degree angle. North polar axis always points towards the North North polar axis always points towards the North

Star. Star. ►

SeasonsSeasons► Tropics – Tropics – low latitude areas near the equator low latitude areas near the equator

that receives great amounts of solar energy year that receives great amounts of solar energy year round.round.

► Polar Regions –Polar Regions – high latitude areas that are cold high latitude areas that are cold most of the year, because they do not receive most of the year, because they do not receive great amounts of solar energy. great amounts of solar energy.

► SeasonsSeasons – Northern and Southern Hemispheres – Northern and Southern Hemispheres have opposite seasons, because they receive have opposite seasons, because they receive direct solar rays at different times of the year direct solar rays at different times of the year (due to tilt of earth).(due to tilt of earth).

► Solstice –Solstice – occurs twice a year. Time when occurs twice a year. Time when earths poles point toward or away from the sun earths poles point toward or away from the sun more than at any other time. (Occur around Dec. more than at any other time. (Occur around Dec. 21 & June 21)21 & June 21)

► Tropic of Capricorn – Tropic of Capricorn – Latitude in S. Latitude in S. Hemisphere. Receives suns most direct rays Hemisphere. Receives suns most direct rays during the December Solstice.during the December Solstice.

► Tropic of Cancer –Tropic of Cancer – Latitude in N. Hemisphere. Latitude in N. Hemisphere. Receives suns most direct rays during the June Receives suns most direct rays during the June Solstice.Solstice.

► Equinox –Equinox – Occurs twice a year. Earth’s poles are Occurs twice a year. Earth’s poles are not pointed toward or away from the sun. Night not pointed toward or away from the sun. Night and day are equal (12 hours each). Occurs and day are equal (12 hours each). Occurs around March 21 & Sept. 22 around March 21 & Sept. 22

SeasonsSeasons

SolsticeSolstice

TidesTides

The Earth SystemThe Earth System

►Earth System – Interactions of Earth System – Interactions of elements on and around our planet elements on and around our planet

►Broken into 4 parts Broken into 4 parts Atmosphere – layer of gases that Atmosphere – layer of gases that

surround earth surround earth Lithosphere – Surface of the planet Lithosphere – Surface of the planet Hydrosphere – all the water of the Hydrosphere – all the water of the

planet planet Biosphere – Part of the earth where all Biosphere – Part of the earth where all

plant and animal life existsplant and animal life exists

The Earth SystemThe Earth System

World Geography Chapter 1 & 2 Ch. 1 – Studying Geography Ch. 2 – Earth In Space.

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Transcript of World Geography Chapter 1 & 2 Ch. 1 – Studying Geography Ch. 2 – Earth In Space.