GIS: Bringing Geography to the World & the World to Geography; Slide Presentation
World geography
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Transcript of World geography
WORLD GEOGRAPHY
Sept. 19, 2014
Notice
- Make-up class for Tuesday’s cancelled class will be announced later.
Research Project Information
Information sheet will be uploaded to the course website later today.
- Read the instructions carefully.
Research Project Information
- Choose a topic that interests you (see the topic list for ideas).
- Conduct extensive research on that topic (Internet, library)
- Organize your research notes and create an outline for your paper, along with a references/reading list.
I will check this and provide feedback.
Research Project Information- Write a 6 – 8 page (double-spaced) paper.
- Note: Cover page, references, maps, appendices do not count toward the page total.
- Format: APA (guidelines will be available on the course website).
Research Project Information
Sample topics:
- Population policies in a developing nation
- Immigration policies in a developed nation
- Culture and the physical environment
- Language as a nation builder
- The Global diffusion of European culture
Research Project Information
Deadlines:
10/03: Topic choice (notify me by email; I will provide approval)
10/31: Outline + references list (APA format) - 5/20 points of the “Projects” grade.
12/12: Final draft- 15/20 points of the “Projects” grade.
Today
Population (part 2)
- Reasons for uneven distribution and density
- Population dynamics
One dot = 500,000 people
Texas
Texas
New York City: 10,000 people/km2
One dot = 500,000 people
Global population
Population distribution and density
- The world is not lacking in space.
- So why is the global population distributed like this?
World texture map
Global population is unevenly distributed
Why? It’s not a matter of “space”, exactly.
- Several factors affect how global population is distributed:
Main factor: Environment.
World texture map
Environment and population distribution
Places with lower populations tend to have hostile environments that were not/are not conductive to human population growth.
(Obvious) Example: Antarctica
Environment and population distribution
“That’s an awesome place to live…”
…said no human ever.
Environment and population distribution
Population of Chad: 10.3 million
Population of Nigeria: 174 million
Environment and population distribution
Yangtze River
Gobi Desert
Global population distribution
There are also historical and socio-political reasons underlying human population distribution.
Some of these, we will visit later in the semester.
Global population density – Physical factors
Factor High density Low density
Relief (shape and height of land)
Low, flat land (e.g. Ganges Valley, India)
High, mountainous land (e.g. Himalayas)
Natural resources Abundant resources (e.g. wood, fishing, oil)(e.g. Western Europe)
Few resources(e.g. The Sahel)
Climate Temperate climate: sufficient rain and heat to grow crops(e.g. The U.K.)
Extreme climates of hot and cold (e.g. Greenland)
Global population density – Human factors
Factor High density Low density
Political Places with stable governments(e.g. Singapore)
Unstable countries often lose people to migration (e.g. Afghanistan)
Social Some groups of people prefer to live closely for security(e.g. the U.S.)
Some groups prefer to be more isolated(e.g. Scandinavians)
Economic Better job opportunities correlate with high popn. Densities (esp. large cities)(e.g. New York City).
Limited job opportunities correlate with lower popn. densities(e.g. Amazon Rainforest)
Population growth- Natural increase: difference between number of births and
number of deaths.
- Crude birth rate (CBR) - # of births per year per 1,000 people.
- Crude death rate (CDR) - # of deaths per year per 1,000 people.
Natural increase
CBR
Mortality rate
Life expectancy
The demographic transition model
Crude Birth Rate
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)- Considered a more accurate means to show reproduction
in the population.
- TFR = the average number of children that would be born to each woman if she bore children at the current rate for all women her age.
- TFR is measured in children per woman.
Replacement level TFR = 2.1 to 2.5 children/woman
TFR
Cultural values and fertility rate- Traditionally, more children were needed to help on the
family farm (or other business).
- As urbanization increased, children became more of a financial burden, and people started having less children.
- Religion also plays a role (at times) in fertility rate.
TFR
Overalldownwardtrend (globally)
Cultural values and growth
Role of women in a culture/society also has a significant influence on TFR (and growth).
- More equality for women = lower growth
Politics and population
Examples:
Expansive population policies:
- Communist governments (e.g. USSR, China) originally wanted large families for expansion purposes.
- Government incentives programs (e.g. Sweden, Australia)
Australia’s “Baby Bonus”: ($3,000 - $5,000)
Politics and population
Examples:
Restrictive population policies:
- Forced sterilization programs in India
- One child policy in China (relaxed now)
Population composition
Key components: Age and gender
- Relevance: The issues facing countries with overall young populations vary from those with aging populations.
Population pyramids are used to display the two key components of population composition.
Population pyramidsPoorer nations Wealthier nations
Population pyramids
Population pyramids
Population composition
Can also be displayed in other forms (e.g. Ethnic population composition of California)
Health and population dynamics
- Infant mortality rate (IMR)
- Child mortality rate (CMR)
- Disease
- Life expectancy
Health and population dynamics
- Infant mortality rate (IMR) - babies deaths during the first year following birth.
IMR temporal dynamics
Health and population dynamics
- Child mortality rate (CMR) - children's deaths from ages 1-5 years old.
Health and population dynamics
Disease
Infectious diseases (e.g. Malaria, HIV/AIDS)
Chronic & genetic diseases (e.g. cancer, heart disease)
HIV/AIDS
HIV/AIDS – key facts (WHO)
- 39 million deaths, so far (1.5 million last year)
- 35 million people infected with HIV currently (2.1 million newly infected last year)
- Subsaharan Africa: 24.7 million infected (~70% of world’s HIV infections).
AIDS and Subsaharan Africa
HIV/AIDS
Cancer
Health and population dynamics
- Life expectancy - average # of years someone expects to stay alive.
Health and population dynamics
- Life expectancy - average # of years someone expects to stay alive.
Things that lower Chronic diseases – pneumonia, tuberculosis, cancer, AIDS, and other random diseases are examples.
Things that lengthen Medical achievements, technology advancements, sanitation.
Health and population dynamics
- Life expectancy – comparisons (WHO statistics)
Highest: Monaco (88.2 years: Male – 85.3 Female – 89)
Lowest: Sierra Leone (47.5 years: Male – 47, Female – 48)
Mean (average): 70 years
World’s mean age: 28.4 years (Japan – 44.6, Germany – 43.7, Uganda – 15, Chad – 16.6)
Health and population dynamics- Life expectancy – U.S. data breakdown (ethnicity)
Overall: 78.7 years
White: 78.9
African-American: 74.6
Hispanic: 82.8
Asian-American: 86.5
Native American: 76.9
% of popn. Under 15 years old
Summary
- Population distribution
- Population density
- Population dynamics
Before next class
Do the reading on the website.