WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK 2015

Prof. Dr. Ali Nezihi BILGEHead of Energy Engineering Department and

Director of Natural and Aplied Science Institute

ENERGY

•ENERGY TYPES•PRODUCTION•POLITICS•SECURITY

Energy Types

• Sustainable Energy• Wind

• Solar

• Hydrolic

• Jeothermal

• Bioenergy

• Hydrogen

• Nuclear Energy

• Fossil Fuels

Sustainable EnergyWind

Wind Turbines catch the wind's energy withtheir propeller-like blades. A blade acts muchlike an airplane wing. When the wind blows, apocket of low-pressure air forms on thedownwind side of the blade. The low-pressureair pocket then pulls the blade toward it,causing the rotor to turn. This is called lift. Theforce of the lift is actually much stronger thanthe wind's force against the front side of theblade, which is called drag. The combination oflift and drag causes the rotor to spin like apropeller, and the turning shaft spins agenerator to make electricity.

Solar Energy

Photovoltaic (solar cell) Systems convert sunlightdirectly into electricity. They are made ofsemiconducting materials similar to those used incomputer chips. When sunlight is absorbed by thesematerials, the solar energy knocks electrons loosefrom their atoms, allowing the electrons to flowthrough the material to produce electricity. Thisprocess of converting light (photons) to electricity(voltage) is called the photovoltaic (PV) effect .

Bioenergy

We have used biomass energy or bioenergy -the energy from organic matter - for thousandsof years, ever since people started burningwood to cook food or to keep warm. The use ofbiomass energy has the potential to greatlyreduce our greenhouse gas emissions. Biomassgenerates about the same amount of carbondioxide as fossil fuels, but every time a newplant grows, carbon dioxide is actually removedfrom the atmosphere. The net emission ofcarbon dioxide will be zero as long as plantscontinue to be replenished for biomass energypurposes.

Geothermal Energy

Geothermal energy is the heat from the Earth.It's clean and sustainable. Resources ofgeothermal energy range from the shallowground to hot water and hot rock found a fewmiles beneath the Earth's surface, and downeven deeper to the extremely hightemperatures of molten rock called magma.Some geothermal power plants use the steamfrom a reservoir to power a turbine/generator,while others use the hot water to boil aworking fluid that vaporizes and then turns aturbine.

Hydropower

Flowing water creates energy that can becaptured and turned into electricity. This iscalled hydroelectric power or hydropower.The most common type of hydroelectric powerplant uses a dam on a river to store water in areservoir. Water released from the reservoirflows through a turbine, spinning it, which inturn activates a generator to produceelectricity. But hydroelectric power doesn'tnecessarily require a large dam. Somehydroelectric power plants just use a smallcanal to channel the river water through aturbine.

Hydrogen Energy

Hydrogen is the simplest element. An atom ofhydrogen consists of only one proton and oneelectron. It's also the most plentiful element inthe universe. A fuel cell combines hydrogenand oxygen to produce electricity, heat, andwater. Fuel cells are often compared tobatteries. Both convert the energy produced bya chemical reaction into usable electric power.However, the fuel cell will produce electricity aslong as fuel (hydrogen) is supplied, never losingits charge.

NUCLEAR ENERGY

Nuclear energy originates from the splitting of uranium atoms in a process called fission. Fission releases energy that can be used to make steam, which is used in a turbine to generate electricity.

Fossil Fuels

Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons, primarily coal, fuel oil or natural gas, formed from the remains of dead plants and animals.

In common dialogue, the term fossil fuel also includes hydrocarbon-containing natural resources that are not derived from animal or plant sources.

These are sometimes known instead as mineral fuels.

The utilization of fossil fuels has enabled large-scale industrial development and largely supplanted water-driven mills, as well as the combustion of wood or peat for heat.

Fossil fuel is a general term for buried combustible geologic deposits of organic materials, formed from decayed plants and animals that have been converted to crude oil, coal, natural gas, or heavy oils by exposure to heat and pressure in the earth's crust over hundreds of millions of years.

The burning of fossil fuels by humans is the largest source of emissions of carbon dioxide, which is one of the greenhouse gases that allows radiative forcing and contributes to global warming

Fossil Fuels

Forecast for Turkey

• Hydrolic power production of Turkey is 30% forecasting for 2040 is 70%

• Wind power production of Turkey is 0.05%,forecasting for 2040 is 5%

• Jeothermal and Bioenergy production is around 1%, forecasting for 2040 is around 5%

POLITICSEnergy Forecasting for Chine,OECD and the rest of

the world

Oil production expectations

Fossil( Coal) expectation forecast

Sustainable sources for electric production

Primary Energy Consumption of Turkey

Oil 27%Coal29%

Natural gaz 32%

Jeo.Wind, Solar 3%

Hydraulic 4%

Global EnergyChalenges and Opportunities

Oil investments and the Chalanges with several international oil companies. Big investment for energy

• Situation is very bad in Europe, because prices, climate and security

Climate changes and security supply are real problem for Europe.

And the cost of Network.

Global Energy Chalenges and Opportunities

In terms of Climate changes , there is a situation in the USAwhere the Shale Gas has been able to provide US market withcheap and abundant natural gas.

On the other hand we have to look for China for next 25 years.Investment on Nuclear energy

Global Energy Chalenges and Opportunities

Environmental Protection and security problems are soimportant

Important to regulate carbon from Power generation

US have a mission to reduce 30% CO2 from Power sector.

World should switch from coal to gas

Europe should also reduce carbon emission

ENERGY OUTLOOK

• Energy sector is under pressure not to give sufficient power supply

• Even though new tecnologies are promising but political desicions are not enough

• Main point is the world needs 37% more energy in 2040 depending on the increasing world population.

• Energy production is going to be on oil,LNG,coal and low carbon energy sources in 2040

ENERGY OUTLOOK

• Oil production may have security problems in future

• Carbon dioxside emission is a real safety problem for energy produced from coal.

• 550 billion US dollar subvention for fossil fuels prevents new energy investments.

• Nuclear energy will play an important role for most of the country politcs, especially in China

ENERGY OUTLOOK

• Even though some problems with Nuclear Energy, it still looks like good choice for clean energy.

• There were 434 nuclear reactor in 2013, but around 200 of them in Europe, USA, Russia and Japan will be out of operation by 2040. There will be a big energy production gap. Europe will strogly feel this energy shortage.

• Energy safety problem should be overcome.

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