Measurements of inclusive W and Z cross sections in pp collisions at ¢â€¹± s = 1.96TeV
World Civilizations Unit 12 PP 1 Chapter 20 sections 1 & 2
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Transcript of World Civilizations Unit 12 PP 1 Chapter 20 sections 1 & 2
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World CivilizationsUnit 12PP 1Chapter 20 sections 1 & 2
The Congress of Vienna
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The age of ideologies:REVIEW
•Conservatism:•Liberalism: •Nationalism:
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Return to the old order•Following the Congress of Vienna
Metternich and the conservatives began to suppress revolutionary thought with a program known as the Concert of Europe▫The Metternich system
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Revolutions of 1820•The first challenges to the Metternich
system come from Central and Eastern Europe▫Serbia▫Greece▫Italy▫Spain
▫RESULTS▫Why?
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France
•Ruled by a constitutional charter and Louis XVIII
•Reforms that stayed▫Press, speech, religion▫Only 100,000 of 30 million vote▫Nobles believed the country too liberal
so when Louis dies in 1824 they begin to work on Charles X (1824-1830)
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Charles X• Brother of Louis XVI and
XVIII• Wanted to reestablish the old
order in France• 5 hour coronation ceremony
(very medieval)• 1830 he tried to revoke the
constitutional charter• Within 3 days the upper-
middle class led a revolt and unseated him
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Louis Phillippe (1830-1848)•Louis Phillippe was the cousin of Charles
X and the Duke of Orleans•Known as the “Citizen King” dressed like
a businessman •Kept the monarchy but extended the vote
a little•Adopted the “tricolore” (flag)of the
revolution•But…still favored the wealthy
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Other revolutions in the 1820’s and 1830’s•Belgium (1830-1831)
▫Why?•Poland (1831-1832)
▫Why?▫The Cadet revolution
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Factors in the Revolutions of 1848•Nationalism: Created by who?•Economic crisis: 1846-1848 bad
harvests led to business failures and unemployment (Marx???)▫Drought in Europe, Potato blight (Ireland)
•Romantic movement: Carried out in the arts and literature. Revolt against classicism (rules for art) and the enlightenment (rationality, order and restraint)▫Spontaneity, love of nature, emotional
exuberance, imagination
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Romantic artists•Giuseppe Verdi: Italian nationalist
composer•Richard Wagner: German nationalist
composer•Alexander Dumas: The Three
Musketeers•Eugene Delacroix: Liberty Leading the
People (1830)
▫Gothic (Mary Shelley)
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France•Problem: Discontent with Louis Philippe by
the working class▫Feb 22 1848 they rose up and Louis
abdicated creating the 2nd French republic▫Louis Blanc emerges as a leader of the 10
man board that now runs France▫France begins a national workshops
program▫By June the middle class has had enough and
elects more conservative delegates who end the workshops
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The June Days•The poor responded by barricading the
streets which led to 3 days of fighting▫10,000 dead▫Shows the division in French society▫Socialism rejected as too radical
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Louis Napoleon•Nephew of the Emperor, wins the
Presidency in late 1848•More conservative but also believed in
helping the poor•At the end of his 4 year term the Assembly
tried to stop him from running again but failed▫December 1851 he was elected to a 10 year
term▫1 year later 97% voted him Emperor
Napoleon III
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Austria•The Empire had too many ethnic groups
and had rejected all liberal reform•Vienna March 1848
▫Student led disturbances asking for liberal reform
▫Nationalist revolts from the Czechs Hungarians (Louis Kossuth) Italians German States (Frankfurt Parliament)
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Results of 1848•The Austrian imperial government
decided to reassert its authority October of 1848▫Bombard Vienna and liberal revolt
folded▫December 2:Emperor Ferdinand I
abdicates and is replaced by his nephew Francis Joseph (1846-1916)
▫By March 1849 military rule is reestablished over the Hungarians, Czechs and Italians
▫German states failed to unify