c.62L --g34'72Document of

The World Bank

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

Report No. 12176-IN

STAFF APPRAISAL REPORT

INDIA

FORESTRY RESEARCH EDUCATION AND EXTENSION PROJECT

FEBRUARY 1, 1994

MICROGRAPHICS

Report No: 12176 INType: SAR

India DepartmentAgricultural Operations Division

This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance oftheir official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorizalion.

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CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS

Currency Unit - Rupee (Rs.)

US$1.00 Rs.30

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

The metric system is used throughout the report

GOVERNMENT FISCAL YEAR

April 1 to March 31

MOR OmFCIL USE ONLY

ABBREVIATIONS

ADG Additional Director GeneralC(CF Chief Conservator of ForestsCRC Conifer Research CenterCWW Chief Wildlife WardenDDG Deputy Director GeneralDFO District Forest OfficerDG Director GeneralDIG Deputy Inspector GeneralEDO Ecodevelopment OfficerESF Ecodevelopment Support FundFRI Forestry Research InstituteFRI-DU Forestry Research Institute- Deemed UniverityGHNP Great Himalayan National ParkGOHP Government of Himachal PradeshGOI Govemment of IndiaGOTN Govemment of Tamil NaduHRDP Human Resource Development PlanIAFR Institute of Arid Forestry ResearchICAR Indian Council for Agricultural ResearchICB International Competitive BiddingICDP Integrated Conservation-Development ProjectsICFRE Indian Council for Forestry Reseh and EducationIFG&TB Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree BreedingIFLIN Indian Forestiy Library and Informadon NetworkFRIS Indian Forestry Research Informadon SystemIFS Indian Forest ServiceIGP Inspector General of ForestsIGNFA Indira Ghandi National Farest AcademyIIPM Indian Institute for Forest ManagementIIPA Indian Institute for Pubhc AdiniraionIPAS Integrated Protected Area SystemIPIRI Indian Plywood Industries Research InstituteIPT Institute of Paper TechnologyIR&MDFR Institute of Rain and Moist Deciduous Forest ResearchIWS&T Institute of Wood Science and TechnologyJD Joint DirectorKMTR Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger ReserveLCB Local Competitive BiddingMOEF Ministry of Forests and EnvironmentNABARD National Bank for Agriculture and Rual DevelopmentNFLIC National Forestry Library and Infomation Center

This document has a restricted disttibution and may be used by recipients only in the pefonucof their official duties Its contents may not otherwie be disclosed without World Bank authbozation.

NFRP National Frestry Research PlanNGO Non-Governmental OrganizationODA Overseas Development Administation, UKPA Protected AreaPCCF Principal Chief Conservator of ForestsPRA Participatoty Rual AppraisalPSC Project Steering CommitteeROF Research Grant FundSAU Stae Agricultural UniversitySDR Special Drawing RightsSFD State Forestry DepartmentSFDC State Forestry Development CorporatonSFS State Forestry ServiceSFSC State Forestry Service CollegeSOE Statement of ExpenditureSRC State Ranger CollegeSSR Staff/Student RatioROF Research Grant FundTFRI Tropical Forest Research InstituteUSAID United States Agency for Inemnational DevelopmentWuI Wildlife Institute of IndiaWIMCO West India Match Company

INDIA

FORESTRY RESEARCH EDUCATION AND EXTENSION PROJE¢Cr

Table of Contents

CREDrr AND PROJECr SUMMARY ..................... .... ii

L BACKGROUND1, ........ ....... ........ 1

A. TheForestry Sector ........ *....... 1

B. The Conservation of Biodiversity ............................ 12

C Lessons from Past Bank Lending ............................ 17

n TBE PROJECr ............................................. 18

A. Rationale for Bank Involvement ............. ................. 18

B. Project Objectives and Dkesign ................................ 18

C. Summary Description ................................ 20

D). DetailedFeatres ... . . . ......... 21

E. Project Cotsand Financing ......................... 26

F. Procuminent .. ... ..... ... 28

0. Disbursements ................................ 31

H. Accounts andAudit ............................... 32

III PROJECI' nJ04ENTATIO N ............................... ..... 33

A. Orsgmizaion and Maagement . .. ....... ....... ......... . . 33

B. ProjectManagement ......... ... .... 35

C. Project Benefits and Justificadon ................................ 44

TV. ASSUR.ANCES AiND RE OM) EN1)DATION ......... .................. 47

Tbb rwo is bsed on he findings of an aVraisal mission which vistd l inan Mack, 1993, wih a folbw-

minb in May, 1993. Th missn comprised: L Hil (Mision Leder), N. Jones (oremy Speialst), P.

Guhathkula (oesry Speiai), A. Pithwd (eseach Manaemt Speciai) ML Jarmn sen,emSpecs), and 0. CampWel (Conslta Ral Sociologist). Mes J. Stivasa and X. Kirmase and Ms A.

Mon wen dhe peer ,viewr for the prjecL tI report is endored by Mr. IL Veor (Dep_bef Dict)

and Mr. S. Baghout (Divisio Cief).

ii

ANNEXES1. ICFRE. Mandate, Structure and Staff Functions2. ICFRE Research Institutes, Mandates and Programs3. Membership of Project Management Committees4. Ecodevelopmnt5. Extension Support Fund6. Planting Stock Improvement Program7. Research Grant Fund8. ICFRE Statistical Unit9. Conservation of Biodiversity Project Areas

10. Conservation of Biodiversity. Research Programs11. Sunmuay Cost Tables12. Schedule of Estimated Disbursements13. Research Management14. Project Implementaion Schedule15> Technical Assistance, Studies and Consultancies16. Projec Supervision17. Documents Available in Project File

FIGURES

1. Stucture of ICFRE2. Ornization Chart - Forestry Research Education and Extension3. ization Chart - Conservation of Biodiversity

MAPS

1. Great Himalayan National Park (IBRD 24927)2. Kalakad MuthurailTger Reserve (IBRD 24928)

iii

NDIA

FO,lRY RESEARCH EDUCATION AND EXTENSION PROJECT

CREDIT AND PROJECT SUMM Y

Borrower: India, Acting by its President

Eecutieng Agenies: The Indian Council for Forestry Research and Education(ICFRE), the Ministry of Enviionment and Forests (MOEM) andthe States of Himachal Pradesh and Tamil Nadu

Amount: IDA Credit of SDR 33.8 million (US$47.0 million equivalent)

Tem: Standard, with 35 years maturity

Ptroject Desiption: The project would initiate a long-term process to strengthenIndia's forstry research system, improve the system of forestryeducation, and facilitate the extension of reseach findings, thuscontributing to growth in the forestry sector that is consistentwith priorities for conservation and the sustainable use of forestresources. The project would also support research anddevelopment of methods for the conservation of biodiversitythrough the participation of local communities in the planningand implementation of ecodevelopment programs.Implementation would be on a pilot basis in and around twoprotect areas.

The project would be implemented over five years and wouldhave five main components: (i) Research Management basedon the development of ICFE to improve the management andcoordination of forestry research and extension, through stafftraining, studies and consultancies to develop priority setdngmeffiodologies and a management information systm, andprovision of a headquarters building and equipment; (ii)Research Program Support providing necessary infrastructure,equipment and operating expenses for selected research programsin ICFRE institutes, the establishment of a research grant fund tocommission research by public and private sector agencies,measures to improve the quality of planting stock, humanresource development through staff training, scientific review ofinstitutes and programs, and the improvement of library andinformation systems and statistical services; (iii) Forestry

iv

Education involving the development and validation of forestrycurricula in formal education through provision of funds forreview and revision work, and development of the DeemedForestry University at Dehra Dun, primarily by financing post-graduate research awards; (iv) Forestry Policy and Preparationwhich would strengthen capabilities witiin MOEF for theanalysis of forest policies and prepaaion of future forestryprojects dtrough staff training and provision for studies andconsultancies; (v) Conservation of Biodiversity which wouldsupport development of programs for ecodevelopment aroundtwo protected areas, by involving communities in the planingand implementation of programs for creation of alteravenatural or social resources or for income generton. Concurrentimprovements in the planning and management of the protctedareas would also be financed. The project would supportresearch and monitoing and evaluation programs.

Estmated Project Costs

Foreign Local Total............ US$ million

Research Management 1.2 4.6 5.8Research Program Support 17.0 20.8 37.8Fotresty Education 0.2 1.6 1.8Forestry Policy and Preparation 0.4 1.8 2.2Conservation of Biodiversity 0.8 4.5 5.3

Total Baseline Costs 19.6 33.3 52.9

Physical Contingencies 1.6 2.6 4.2Price Contingencies 1.6 -2.3 -0.7

TOTAL PROJECT COSTS 1/ 22. 6 56.4

1/ Including dudes and taxes of US$3.4 million

v

Financing Plan

Foreign Local Total.................. US$ million.

IDA 22.8 24.2 47.0

GOI 0.0 9.4 9.4

Total 22.8 33.6 56.4

Estimated IDA Disbursements

FY94 FY95 FY96 FY97 FY98 FY99........................ .US$ minilon

Annual 4.9 11.5 11.5 8.3 7.1 3.7Cumulative 4.9 16.4 27.9 36.2 43.3 47.0

Rate of Retwn: Not applicable

Poverty Category: Not applicable

Benefits: The project would support a key element of the Govenment'sstategy for the forestry sector as articulated in the NationalForest Policy, providing for research dtat would lead tosustainable use of the forest resource. Improvements o theresech management system would lead to the identification ofresoeh priorities that reflect the requirements of the NadonalForest Policy and the needs of the uses of foest resources.Improvements in the level of operadonal funding for selectedresearch programs, improvements to the research infrastructure,and regul intenational scientific review of research programswould enhance the quality of research. By facilitadnginformation flows from researchers to the staff of SFDs and

private sector organizations, including NGOs, the project wouldfurther improve the relevance of on-going and planned rsearchprograms. In addition, project support for forestry educationwould lead to a cadre of forestry staff at all levels with a betterappreciation of the possible benefits of research, and mprovedcapabilities to manage forests in a sustinable mamner with theactive participation of communities. Project support for the

vi

conservation of biodiversity would have wider long-tembenefits, through the development of effective metiods forinvolving communides in the planning and implementatioa ofprograms to reduce the pressures on protected areas.

Risks: A risk affecting any research project is that research findingsgenerated may be irrelevant to the needs of users. Projectsupport for an improved methodology for setting researchpriorities and the active involvement of state and private sectororganizations in deciding on priorities should minimize such arisk. In addition, support for research that is identified andundertaken within separate ecological zones further reduces therisk. Project support for the development of research-extensionlinkages, for the provision of extension materials to state forestyextension serices, and for criculum improvements in forestryeducation, would reduce the risk that research findings would notbe trwsmitted to the users. Another risk affecting manyresearch projects is that changes in economic policies render newtechnologies unsuitable or less economically viable. Theimprovements to the research management system and a moresystematic method of identifying research priorities thatexplicitly take into account socio-economic factors would

_mnize this risk. There are risks associated with providingsupport for ecodevelopment as the process is not well developed.However, the pilot nature of project support for ecodevelopmentand the growing realization of the need for change fron thetraditional authoritarian approach nunimizes these risks.

NDIA

FORESTRY RESEARCH EDUCATION AND EXTENSION PROJECT

L BACKGROUND

A. The Forestry Sector

Forestry in the National Economy

1.1 About 19 percent of the land area of India, or about 64 milliou hectares, is

covered by forests. The distribution of forest cover is meven, with more than 50 percent in

five states: Madhya Prdesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and Ma shtra.

More than 80 percent of Arunachal Pradesh is forested, while the forest cover amounts to less

dtan 4 percent in Rajasthan and Punjab. Forest cover is concentaed in the northeast, in the

Himalaya and Siwaik ranges, the central belt, along the Westen Ghats and in patches of

mangroves.

1.2 Forested areas play an important role in the conservation of environmental quality

through conservation of soil and water resources and biological diversity. They are the

principal source of timber and wood, for which the demand in 1988 amounted to 264 million

ra About 90 percent of this demand was for fuelwood. Forests are also the main source of

fodder and non-timber forest products. The contribution of the forestry sector to GNP has

been estmated at less than 2 percent, but this does not take into account the numerous non-

market and external benefits, nor the fuelwood and timber that are harvested illegally and,

therefore, uncoded. Nor does it reflect the great importance of the forests to supporting the

enormous cattle population.

1.3 Most of India's forests are degraded and productivity is poor. Only about half

the forests have a crown density of over 40 percent and the resources are under pressure due

to over-exploitation and encroachment. Forest degradation is due to the severe land scarcity

in India, which is increasing with the rising population. Poor farmes and the landless

sometmes encroach on forest areas, whilst many derive their income from the sale of

fuelwood and other forest produce. Other imortant pressures on the forests are the demands

for timber, pulp and fuelwood to supply industies and urban consumes. Over-exploitation of

grzing resources in forested areas may further accelerate degrdation.

1.4 Gomrnment is addressing the problems of the forestry sector through policy

reforms, legislation and afforestation. Historically, Indian national policy focused on forests

as a resource to be managed by government as a source of wood products and to raise

revenue. The new forest policy, revised in 1988, is to treat forests as an ecological necessity

first, a source of goods for use by the local populations second, with particular emphasis on

non-timber forest products, and only thirdly as a source of wood and odter products for

industries and other non-local uses The policy encourages industies to obtain raw marils

2

from farm forestry. Forestay activities are regulated by the Idian Forest Act, the WildlifeAct and the Forest Consevadon Act. The government has sought to incease te area offorest by planting on wastelands and encouraging tree planting on private lands. It isestimated that, since 1985, about 5 million hectares have been developed from a toul of about74 million hectares of wastelands and marginal agricultural lands, paralleled by an incease inagroforestry activities. However, much of the land identified as wasteland may be used bylocal populations for other purposes, paricularly seasonal grzing. The Eighth Five YearPlan (1992-97) further enphasizes investments for rehabilitation of degraded forests and famforestry.

1.5 A World Bank review of India's forest sector I endorses the need to impwveforest protection and management as the most important forest polcy goal for the ntdecades. This will require the coperation of local populations and agencies in forestprotecton, management and development, which will depend on improving incentives forlocal participation, the technological means of production and the effectiveness of publicsector forest management, and on prioritizing the areas to protect and develop. The reporthighlights the need to improve the productivity of the sector, through mproved plantingmaterials and practices, a strengthened research system and an effectiv forestay extensionservice. Problems of a general nature that have also been identified include delays in prodectmobilization, institutional weaknesses, and inadequate local funding.

Forestry Research

1.6 Institutions. Ihere is a long history of forestay research in India as programs onthe utiLization of forest pzoducts were started in the Forest School at Debra Dun in the latenineteenth centwy. The Inperial Forest Research Institute was established in 1906 andmoved to substantial buildings in Dehra Dun in 1929. Increasing pressure on the forestresource and a growing realizadon that forestry research had a key role to play in them-nanagement and sustainable utilizadon of the national forest estate led to the e mbnt,in 1986, of the Indian Council of Forestay Research and Education (ICFRE), which wasgranted full autonomy in 1991. The Council is responsible for 6 Institutes, two researchcenters, and 45 research stations that provide foci for reseach in various ecological zones.Research is undertken by a number of State Forest Departments (SFDs), and StateAgricultural Universides (SAUs) also participate in forestry research. Research is alsosupported by commerca pnivate sector firms, and Non-Govenmental Org ons (NMOs)play an important role in applied research, mainly in social forestay. The varous agencies aredescribed below.

1.7 ICFRE. Tle mandate of the Council is to advise GOI on the formulation offoresty research policy and to organize, direct and manage research and education in theforestry sector. The Council is established as an autonomous society, the ICFRE Society, of

I h.nda ores Sector Review. World Bank Report No. 10965 -IN. 1992.

3

which the Minister of Environment and Forests is President A 21 member Board ofGovemors (See Annex 1) is responsible for direcdon and control of the affairs of the Society,overseeing the formulaion of foest policy, the determination of research priorities, tiecoordination of research activities, and the stration and financing of the Council and itsconstituent institutes and centers The Director General iL the chief executive of the CounciLHe is presently assisted by a Director (Research), a Secretary, two scientists and a smallsupporting staff.

1.8 ICFRE Research Institutes and Centers The six research institutes under theCouncil are: the Forest Research Institute (FRI), Dehra Dun; the Institute of Forest Geneticsand Tree Breeding (IFG&TB), Coimbatoee; the Institute of Wood Science and Technology(IWS&T), Bangalore; the Tropical Forest Research Institute (TFRI), Jabalpur, the Institute ofArid Forestry Research (IAFR) Jodhpur, and the Insttute of Rain and Moist Deciduous ForestResearch (RMDFR), Jorhat. Tlhe Council also runs two centers: the Conifers ResearchCentre (CRC), Shimla; and the Forest Productivity Center at Ranchi, both of which are to beupgraded to institutes The mandate for each of the institutes and centers is presented inAnnex 2. Each is headed by a Director, assisted by senior staff responsible for researchprogams, facilities and administration. The Director has adinistrative autonomy, thoughcertain issues must be referred to the Director General, ICFRE. Research programs aredetermined in consultation with a Research Advisory Group (RAG) for each institute, whichmeets twice per year. Membership of the RAG for each institute is shown in Annex 3.

1.9 State Forest Departments. There are well developed State Forest ResearchInstitutes in Kerala and Madhya Pradesh, wbilst facilities are being developed in several otherstates. The number of staff and funding assigned to forestry research vary widely amongstthe states. Budgetary support for research is limited in all states, whilst staff deputed toresearch actvities seldom have specialist knowledge or training and are frequendy transferredto other duties before research programs are well established or yield results. These factorshave tended to lead to un-focused research programs and a dissipation of research effornThey also result in a lack of coordination between states and often to duplication.

1.10 Unlvrsltie. There has been no systematic review of fotesry related research inuniversites. Many undertake biological research programs that are of relevance to forestry,and otr, in particula agriculual universities, participate in agro-foestry rsearchsponsored by the Indian Council for Agricultual Research. In 1991-92, ICFRE sponsoredreseach in 12 university depatmts, including both basic and applied research topics.

1.11 Private Sector Agencies. A number of private commercial companies, includingthe Westemn India Match Company (WIMCO), South India Viscose, lTC, Bhadmchalam, andBILT Tree Tech Pvt Ltd. undertake research programs. These programs are closely focusedon the specific requirements of each firm. but include species selection, vegetativepropagation, and plant and wood quality. Several NOOs support research programs inagroforestry and participatory resource management

4

1.12 Research Funding. Expenditure on forestry research in the last decade has beenless than one percent of public sector expenditure on the sector as a whole as shown by thefigures below:

Plan Period Public Expenditure Research(Rs. Millions) as % of

Foresty Sector Forestry Research Sector

1980 - 85 6,920 41 0.61985 - 90 18,599 159 0.9

1.13 Forestry was less than one percent of total public sector outlay over the period1950 - 90 so expenditure on forestry research and education is a minute proportion of thetotal. It is also small in comparison to the contibution made by forestry to GNP, as formallyrecorded forestry production contributes 1.7 percent to GNP and considerably more ifunrecorded forest produce, such as fuelwood, gzing, and non-wood forest products are ta6eninto account. The forestqy research budget increased to Rs. 300 million in 1991-92, toRs. 400 million in 1992-93 and an esimated Rs. 400 million in 1993-94. Over 40 percent ofthis is for capital expenditure and a further 30 percent is for salaries. Operatonal researchfunds are consequendy severely constrained. In 1991-92, funds available to ICFRE institutesfor recurrent research expenses, excluding salaries, amounted to about Rs. 160,000 perresearcher, or about US$5,000. There will be a slight increase in the 1992-93 budget.Although there are no fium data, it is likely that average expenditure in the states isconsiderably less. Experience from agricultural research in many developing countriessuggests that operating funds should be at least US$20,000 per research scientist 2.

1.14 Staffmng. There is a total of 729 scientists in the ICFRE institutes, of whom 472are permanent ICFRE staff. The remainder are IFS staff on deputadon or other non-permanent research officers. By comparison FAO esdmates that there are 120,000professional forsters in India '. Terms of service have recently been agreed for ICERE,which allow for promotion of scientists on the ments of their research work, refenred to as acomplementing scheme of service.

1.15 Data on the numbers of staff appointed to state researh institutes or to the postof Silviculturalist are incomplete. All of them are members of the IFS or SFS in which thecurrent career structure is such that there is little incentive to make long-term cotments toresearch. In addidon, deputadon to research or silviculturaist posts is commonly only for

2 Source teniaonal Sevice for Naional Agricultual Reseach. Te Hague, N ctelnds

3 Wood Energy News, August, 1992. FAO, Bangko

5

throe years, so there is litde continuity in research programs, even with the most committedstaff. There is a need to address this problem to ensue continuity of research in the sftaeand coplementart with the research undertaken by ICFRE institutes.

1.16 Research Faditles. All the six ICFRE research institutes have at least somelabrtory or field expeiment facilities. FRI, Debra Dun is the oldest with well-establishedfacilities, albeit in need of some improvement. Substantal new buildings are undercostruction at Jabalpur and Jodhpur, and the institute at Jorhat and the centers at Shimla andAllahabad are stdll under development. Space is a constaint at the older institutes, pary dueto the increase in numbers of staff and reorganization into a larger number of scientificdivisons. There is basic laboratory equipment in all the institutes, but there is a need toimprove and modernize much of the equipment. All insttutes suffer from the liitedavailability of some laboratory supplies and inadequate maintenance of equipment. Allinstitutes require improved greenhouse, mist chamber and nursery facilides to enablelaboratory fndlings to be translated to pot cultures and the field. Lack of reliable trspotand an adequate travel budget are also constraints to applying research findings in the field, incollabration with ste forest departments.

1.17 None of the forestry research institutes in India have up-to-date library andinformation services. However, the library at FRI. Dehra Dun, has a wealth of books anddocuments and regularly receives a large number of joumals. Equipment has been instaLedto make use of abstracts on CD-ROM diskettes and training has been provided with assistanmcfrom the Forestry Research Support Program for Asia and the Pacific. Routne cataloguingappears to be undertaken systematically, but it is not computerized in any of the institutes.Further, there are no current awareness services and no mechansms to share informationbetween FRI and the other ICFRE institutes, or with state and university research agencies.This is in part due to lack of equipment and finance, but most importantly, there are noqualfied libaians in any of the ICFRE institutes with up-to-date knowledge of informadon

.sym.

1.18 Two states have substantial forest research institutes, Madhya Pradesh and KeralaThe Kerala institute has received support from the British ODA and IDRC and has a vigorousprogm of research. In Madhya Pradesh, the institute suffers from lack of continuity ofstaffing, limited funding, and perhaps, isolation from other forest research actividesL

1.19 Research Pr _ The focus of forestry research as discussed in a perspectiveplan4 I in lge measu a response to the requirements of the National Forest Policy. Thefollowing prionty areas have been identified:

4 Nation Fosty Rarch and Educat Perwective Plan for the Year 2000 AD and Beyond. DN. Tewar, Director General. ICFRE, Dehra Dun. Undated.

6

Productvity. Impvement through better propagation and nurseytechniques and bio-ferlizadton, species selecon through geneticimprovement, and control of pests and diseases tirough pathology andentomology researh;

- Management. Conservation and management of ecosystems, pardcipatory,commuity and social management and rehabilitation of natumal forests,wasteland, and plantations;

- Utilization. Treatment, improved conversion technologies and udlizationof timber and non-wood forest products,

- Policy and Socio-Ecoonoics. Socio-economuc implications of policies,technologies and management systems.

1.20 The matrix in Annex 2 presents the way in which ICFRE institutes undtkereseach to address these priority conceans. More details of the programs in each institute areconaind in the supplement to the project preparation doument (Annex 17). Whilst theprogams can be linked to each of the priority areas listed above, they reprsent a wide rangeof resech topics and their inter-relidonships, or complementrity are not always clear. Thisis in pat due to the lack of a detailed medium-term national foresty reseh plan. Ihepepetve plan (Footnote 3) provides an overnew of research objectives rather than detailedresearch prposals.

1.21 Methodologies for Setting Research Priorities. The National Foest Policypovides the framewodc for deciding priority areas for research. Tlese are tanslated intoactua research progrms through formal and informal discussions between ICFRE and theState Fst Depatments. Metings involving the PCCFs and other senior forestrydepamen staff from a zone or group of states are held with the ICFRE institute directorusuy annually. Problems are identified by the states and research pinoties agreed, mainyan the basis of expeience. There are no formally agreed criteria for deciding on priorities,though ther is discussion of the social or economic importance of the various problemsidentified. Then is no formal means to attach relative priority weighings to the criteria dtha used. Decisions on rarh progms to address identified piiorities are, therefore, basedon subjective asssments, which are rarely supported by systemadc quantitative analysis.This often leads to progrms that are over-ambitious in the light of awailable funding,equipment and staff experience, whilst progms are rarely closed. Priority setting is furthercomplicated by the lack of detailed social and economic analysis of some of the implicaionsof the forest policy at both central and state levels.

1.22 Potetial. The forestry research system in ndia has the potential to makesubstantial contributions to the development of the sector in the medium to long tem.University facuies produce an adequate number of graduates for recruitment into theresearh service. here are well established research institutes to undertake species and factr

7

reseach programs with a reasonable level of autonomy, under ICFRE. In additon, there Is awell qualified cadre of research staff in India, in reseach institutes, the universities and in theprivate sector. The SFDs and para-statal oions, such as the State Forest DevelopmentCorporadons (SFDC), have the responsibility for management of the forest estate so there is astrue for the applicadon of research results. This is reinforced by insdtutional changesbeing implemented as part of recent projects such as the Mahamshtra and West BengalFostry Projects, resulting from the focus of the Nadonal Forest Policy on social and farmforestry and the involvement of local populations in forest managemenForthcomingforestry projects will further strengthen the forestry research and extension capabilities ofSFDs. The forestry research system is, therefore, well placed to respond to improvements inresearch planning and management, institutional arrangements and physical infastucte.

1.23 Constraints. Despite its long history and past perfomance, the forestry rsearchsystem in India does not at present live up to its full potential to improve the productivity ofthe sector and the sustainable use of the forest resource. This is due to a number ofconstints as follows:

(a) Determination of Priorities and Resource Allocaton. An importantconstraint to the operation of the research system is the lack of a methodbased on the systematic application of agreed criteria to twansla therequirements of the National Forest Policy into detailed research programs,or to allocate resources to such priorities. Tbis is reflected in the lack of amedium to long-term natonal forestry research plan and the lack ofntegradon of many of the research programs. It has also led to thecriticism that the research system is not responsive to the needs of the usersof research results, in part because insufficient priority has been given toresearch and extension into the improvement of planting stock

(b) Instittinal. Coordination between the reseah agencies and the users ofresearch results, both in the SFDs and the private sector is not alwayseffecdve. In addition, there is little collaboration in research between thepublic and private sectors, whilst the research skills available in theuniversities are not used to the best possible advantage throughcollaborative research programs, even though ICFRE can authonze reseachcontacts.

(c) Sta g. Changes in the conditions of service for scientists recruited tICFRE have improved incentives for a career in rsearch. However, animortant constraint to effective research in the states is the generally short-term appointment to research posts with rotation to regula service posts,often after he years or less. This, coupled with the appointment offoresters with little experience or interest in research, adversely affects thecontinuity and quality of state research programs.

8

ICFRE research staff are mainly from forestiy or biological sciencebackgrounds and there are only a limited number of staff with expertise ineconomics, and even fewer with social science skills. This is a constraintto undertakdng research into the types of participatory forest managementrequired for successful implementation of the new forest policy. Manyresearch scientists also lack commercial experience which may constraintheir understanding of priorities in the private sector.

Most ICFRE research staff are well qualified but many lack expenence andhave only limited exposure to recent international research methods andresults, or even to research undertaken elsewhere in India. This makesconsiderable demands on more experienced staff for supervision and on-thejob trainng. In addition, the ratio of technical support staff to researchersis only about 1.4 and many require further training. In particular, the lackof well-qualified instrument technicians constrains the effectivemaintenance of some equipment. Numbers of other unskilled support staffare often excessively high, so that much of the recurrent budget is spent onsalaries, leaving litde for research operations.

(d) Facdities. Inadequate maintenance and investment in research facilities hasresulted in deterioration and many researchers are accommodated in anenvironment that is not conducive to effective research. Similarly, lack ofpast investment in both laboratory and field equipment means that muchexisting equipment is not functoning properly, or is obsolete. This is anincreasing constraint as research becomes more sophisticated.

The lack of adequate facilities for seed collection, pzocessing and storage,and for plant propagation, coupled with limited experience of modernpropagation techniques, is a constraint to the production of high qualityplanting material. This directly affects research programs and limitsICERE's ability to provide demonstrations of appropriate technology toSFDs and others.

(e) The lack of effective library and information services is a major constaintto the effectiveness of forestry research in India. Researchers are,therefore, unable to review current literature to avoid duplicating researchdone elsewhere, cannot keep up-to-date with advances in specialized topics,and are unable to make use of material that may be available withinICFRE. Of equal importance is the lack of linkages with other libraries inuniversides and agricultural research institutes.

(f) Funding. The absolute level of funding for forestry research constrains theoverall size and content of the research program. Of particular significanceis dte fact that recurrent funding, excluding salaries, amounts to only about

9

US$5,000 per researcher per year. This is inadequate to support aneffectve research progm.

(g) Research-Extenson Linkages. The lack of formal or even informallinkages between research workers in the institutes and staff of SFDsresponsible for management of the forests constrains the dissemination ofresearch results. This is exacerbated by the lack of collaboraive researchprograms, involving both SFD and institute reseachers in joint researchprograms. Similarly, there are few links between ICPRE research scientistsand those working within private sector organizations.

Forestry Education and Training

1.24 In India, a distinction is usually drawn between forestry education and taining.Education implies both formal education programs in universities and schools, and educationof the public at large through public awareness campaigns, whilst training means theprofessional and vocational training of staff of national and state forest services in collegesrun by those services. This Staff Appraisal Report is primarily concerned with forestryeducation, as training is the subject of a closely related project to be financed with bilatealsupport from the Bntish ODA.

1.25 Universities. Following the 1987 recommendations of the National Commissionon Agriculture, 14 State Agricultural Universities and 5 general universities established BSccourses in forestry. The main purpose of developing these courses is to provide a pool ofguates with spedalization in forestry for recruitment to the private sector and involvementin agroforestry activities. However, only five universities are now recognized by ICFRE andthe rapid reduction in the number of universities offering degree courses in forestry is due tothe fact that the SAUs, which are dependent on funding, have been unable to recruitexperienced, well-qualified teaching staff. Consequently, graduates have had limitededucation in forest ecosystems and forestry specific subjects, and litde or no exposure to theforest environment Employment of the faostry graduates has been poor as many failed topass the recuitment board tests for employment in IFS and SFS, particulaly as they have tocompete with the best graduates from other science disciplines.

1.26 In 1991, the University Grants Commission ganted Deemed Forest Universitystatus to the Forest Research Institute (FRI-DU), in Dehra Dun, to provide post-graduate andPhD courses in forestry. Since then, planning for the development of the FRI-DU hasproceeded. The Director General, ICFRE would be the University Chancellor and theDirector, FRI, the Vice Chancellor. The DDG Education would be the chairman of theUniversity Management Committee, whilst a registrar would deal with administrtve matterIt is planned that the university would provide facilidtes for post-graduates to study withinFRI, run courses in forestry for staff of universities providing forestry degree courses, and

continue the short courses in special subjects that are presently run by FRI Plans for thephysical development of FRI-DU have also been drawn up. Whilst the provision of post-

10

graduate research facilities is highly desirable and will benefit both the students and theresearch institutes, the demand for certain of the planned courses is not yet clear.

1.27 lIstitutional Linkages. Responsibility for forestry education and trainingcufrently lies with a number of different institutions, linked to the distinction between formalforestry education and vocational and professional forestry training. ICFRE has beenconcerned with fonnal education in the SAUs since 1987, and since its recognition in 1991,in the FRI- DU at Dehra Dun. Part of ICFRE's mandate is the accreditation of forestryteaching bodies and the validation of degrees and diplomas. There has been limited progresswith this aspect of ICWRE's work, due in large part to a lack of appropriate staff. Nationalinstitutions involved in forestry trining, such as the Indira Ghandi National Forest Academy(IGNFA) and the Indian Institute of Forest Management (IIFM) are responsible directly toMOEF. SFSCs are also administered directly by MOEF, whilst SRCs are the responsibilityof the states. Linkages between all the insdtutions concerned with forestry education andtraining and those in other scientific disciplines are, at best, tenuous whilst there appear to beno formal institutional links with training establishments outside India, though informal tiesare maintained with the Oxford Forestry Institute.

1.28 Potential. The forest services are able to recruit young men and women of goodintellectual capacity because of the high standing of employment in forestry. There is anetwork of well-established universities for undergraduate teaching of forestry and relatedsubjects, whilst the FRI-DU plans to provide a focus for post-graduate research.

1.29 Constiaints. Although the system of forestry eaucation and training has servedthe country well in the past, it suffers a number of constraints that limit its ability to train acadre of foresters for the future. The most important of these are:

(a) Staffing. The failure of many universities to recruit well-qualified andexperienced forestry staff has been a serious constraint to successfuldevelopment of planned forestry faculties. Deputation of IFS and SFSofficers has only been partially effective as they have had few careerincentives to remain in university teaching. Staff in both universities andtaining institutions have had little training in teaching methods, which hasan adverse effect on the quality of instruction.

(b) Curriculum. The curriculum in many institutions evolved to meet theneeds of the forestry services and private sector when forest policy wasbased on timber production and protection. Such a curriculum is aconstraint to the training of foresters in the range of technical and socialskills needed to implement changed forest policies and to meet thechanging demands of the sector. However, there is an on-going review ofthe curiculum in govemment taining institutions.

11

(c) Institonal. The division of responsibility for formal frestry educationin universities and professional and vocadonal taining in nationda and statecolleges is a constmaint because it weakens linkages between the universitesta are concerned with a wide range of biological and social sciences, andthe more practicaily oriented forestry rining nstitutions. This means thatuniversity students lack the opportunity to gain practical expetience.Conversely, trainers and students are often isolated from developments inother disciplines that could be of relevance to forestry.

Forestry Extenion

1.30 Forestry extension is primarily the responsibility of SFDs, though somecommercial companies run successful extension programs. NGO involvement in forestryextension is usually linked to wider rual development programs. Involvement in massextension programs is not part of ICFRE's mandate, but the Council does have aresponsibility for extending research results to SFDs and private sector agencies in a readilyunrstandable form and for investgating the most effectve extension methodologies. The

focus of ICFRE's activity in extension is, therefore, the development of research extensionlinkages.

1.31 In earlier years, extension programs were almost exclusively based on buildingresarch extension linkages through Silvicultural Conferences, generally held once every fiveyeams These provided a forum for research staff to present their findings to the StateFostry Departments. FRI also organized symposia and wokshops for SFD staff, and onforest products for forest-based industries. Silvicultural conferences became more irregularater 1961, whilst the program of workshops has been replaced by occasional courses. Thepost of Publicity and Liason Officer was created at Dehra Dun vith responsibility fordisseinating research results. Bulletins and monographs have been produced but these areusually highly technical and not aimed at non-specialists, though some simpler forestryextension materials have been produced. ICFRE institutes do not, at present, have staff withthe necessary skills to investigate the most effective extension methods, or to assist SFD staffwith the production of extension materials on a regular basis In addition, limited travelbudgets have meant that FRI staff have been unable to make extensive field visits, so atradition has grown up of public and private sector agency staff visiting Dehra Dun forinformation, rather than vice versa

1.32 Pbtential. The emphasis of the new National Forest Policy on the involvementof communities in the management of forest resources has stimulated a growing awareness ofthe impance of forestry extension. Similaly, farm forestry programs are dependent onproviding advice and assistance to small farmers for cultivation and marketing of trees, inmuch the same way as the agriculural services have done for crops over many years. Thereis also an increasing appreciation of the need to undetake research that rewsponds to the needsof users of research results and to dissemnate the results effectively, through developingstrng rsearch-extension linkages.

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1.33 Constrants. The constants affecng forcsry exnsion, and in pardcula thedevelopment of research extension linkages in India are:

(a) Institutional. The lack of linkages between the reseach insdtutions, thestate forest services and the pnvate sector have limted the way in whichadvice can be provided to those responsible for the magement andutlization of forests and forest products. This has been componded by alack of resources for these agencies to mount effective extensioncampaigns.

(b) Staffing. The lack of experience in extension of mmy staff in bothresearch institutes and the SFDs is a further constraint his is accentuatdby the fact that forestry extension is a relatvely new discipline in whichmethods are evolving, which means that staff must have a flecible andinnovative approach to their work. The hierarhical and often authoritradition of the forest services does not aiways encourage such innovation.In addition, front-line extension staff have little aning.

B. The Conservation of Biodiversity

Bakground

1.34 Ten bi-geographic zones are recognized in India, representng a broad range ofecosystems. Indian flora comprises an estimated 45,000 plant speciesof which about 15,000flowering plants have been described. Estimates of other plant taxa include 5,000 species ofalgae, 1,600 lichens, 20,000 fungi, 2,700 bryophytes and 600 pteridophytes. At least 33percent of all plant species are endemic, with the Western Ghats and the north-wterm andeastemalayas particularly rich in plant endemism. As many as three to four thousandplant species are endangered. The total mammal fauna comprs 341 species. There are1,178 species of birds within India, reprsnting 14 percent of the wl totl, whilst thereptilea md amphibian fauna clude 420 and 165 species respectively. In addition there aresome 50,000 insect species, 2,000 fishes and 4,000 moluscs. Among the larger animals, 79species of mammals, 44 of birds, 15 of reptiles and three of amphibians are endangered. heimportance of forests in suWorting this biological diversity has been discussed earlier in tisrpor This section describes exisdng efforts to conserve India's biological resources inresponse to a growing appreciadon within India of their impce and discusses thepresues on these resources, largely due to a rapidly increasing human population.

The Protected Area Network

1.35 The framework for the development of the Protected Area (PA) network in lniais the Natonal Wildlife Action Plan of 1983. The PA network includes 75 naonal paks,and 419 sac ies and a large number of closed areas. The to area amts to about four

13

percent of the land area of India.

1.36 Legal Status. The legal status of PAs and the protection of wildlife is based onthe Wild Life (Protection) Act of 1972, and the Wild Life (Protetion) Amendment Act, 1991.This defmes the requirements and responsibilities for the designation and management ofsanctuaries, national parks and closed areas, as well as the regulations for hunting of wildlifeand the control of trade in animals and trophies. State Governments may, by nodfication,declare any area to be a sanctuary, national park, or closed area, whilst the CentralGovernment has similar rights within areas in which the State Government has transferedcontrol. No alteration of the boundaries of a national park or sanctuary can be made excepton a resolution passed by the Legislature of State. The Collector is responsible fordetermining the existence, nature and extent of the rights of any person in or over the landwithin the proposed protected area. If the rights are recognized, Government may acquirethose rights if the holder of the rights agrees to relinquish them, or through payment ofcompensalion. However, the Collector may, in consultation with the Chief Wildlife Warlen(CWW), allow the continuance of any right within the limits of a sancuary. The CWW shallbe the authority who shall control, manage and maintain all sanctuaries and national parks,with power to restrict entry. The CWW may take such measures, in the interest of wild life,as are consdere necessary for the improvement of any habitat, and may issue a permit forexploitation or removal of wild life from a sanctuary if satisfied that it is necessary for thebetter management of wild life.

1.37 Pessurs on the Protected Areas. Excessive use of PA resources leading todegradation, declining biodiversity and a loss of wildlife habitat is linked to human andiivestock populations in and around the PAs. A survey of a sample of national parks andsanctuaries undertaken by the Indian Institute of Public Adminisadon showed that over 50percent of parks and over 70 percent of sanctuaries reported human populations within theirboundaries, though population densities ranged from one to over 1000 persons per km 2. Asis to be expected in a densely populated country like India, over 80 percent of parks andsanctuaries reported human populatons in areas adjacent to the PAs. Grazing livestockwithin both parks and sanctuaries is also common as about 70 percent of parks and over 80percent of sancuaies reported cattle within the PAs, either legally or illegally. Cattledensities ranged from one to over 1,000 per km2. In addition to grzing, fodder is extrctedfrom almost all PAs. Legal extraction of timber is relatively uncommon in parks but it ispermitted in about 40 percent of sanctuaries. Although there are no data, it is likely thatunauthorized extraction of firewood and nSon-timber fest products is very widespread inmany PAs. Non-timber forest products such as leaves, medicinal plants and mushrooms, arealso obtained from many PAs. All these uses affect PA ecosystems and excessiveexploitation is usustnable. In the absence of data indicating sustainable levels ofexploitation and the difficulties of managing sustainable use, the present government stategyis to attempt to reduce the pressures on PA resources by forbidding all use.

1.38 Maagemt Approaches. Since the setting up of the protected areas networkin India the preominant approach has been to protect by policing. Where funds have been

14

available, walls, fences, gates, guards and guns have been used in efforts to protect parks andsactuaries. The approach is consistent with a strict interpretation of the Wild Life ProtectionAct and the somewhat authoritarian tradition of the forest service as a whole, reinforced by agenuine desire to peve the last remnants of undisturbed lad Unfortunately, policing hasnot been an effective means of preventing the exploitation of the resources of PAs by localcommunities and other interests and has often led to confrontation between the wild lifeauthorities and the users of PA resources. There is, however, a growing realization thatperhaps the most effective and desirable way of preserving the resources of PAs is bydeveloping alternative resources and sources of income for the people dependent on the PAresources. This strategy, commonly refenred to as ecodevelopment, is discussed in moredetail in Para. 1.39.

1.39 The project preparation document (IIPA) 5 indicated that management plans havebeen developed for about 50 percent of the national parks and about 30 percent of thesancuaries. The plans are mainly based on a zonation of the PA into core and buffer zones.In principle, the core zone is designated as a totally protected area and the buffer zone anrea wbich is designed to absorb the impact of the surrounding populations, thereby reducingthe biotic pressure on core areas. Development within buffer zone villages is envisaged asone means of reducing such biotic pressures, as outlined in MOEF guidelines 6. However,the amended Wild Life Protection Act limits the activities permitted within buffer zones,where these form part of the designated PA, to improvements that are in the interests of wildlife. The Act precludes commercial exploitation and even the use of PA resources bycommunities, resident either in the PA or in suzrounding areas, that have utilized theseresources over a long period of time, often with the sanction of the Forest Department.Although these uses may not be recognized as legal rights, they are de facto rights in the eyesof the counities. At the same time, there are often enclosures, such as established treecrop estates or public sector infrastructure within both core and buffer zones. There appearsto be no consistent approach to these situations, and in pracdce, PA managements respond tothese situadons in an ad hoc manner.

1.40 Ecodevelopment. The term ecodevelopment has been in use in India since the1980s and a number of different definitons have been proposed. These are discussed inAnnex 4. The IIPA port (op cit) defines ecodevelopment as a strategy for protectingecologically valuable areas from unsustainable or otherwise unacceptable pressures resultingfrom the needs and actvities of people living in and around such areas. The nature of theecodevelopment process has been discussed in some detail in the IIPA report and by

S Biodiversity Conservation Through Ecodevelopment A priinary lndicative Plan for Greatimalyan National park, Hmchal Pradesh, and Kalaka Mundanhuai Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu.

Indian Inttute for Pubhc Administtion (DIPA). New Delhi. April, 1993.

Detwl Guidelines of the centndly Sponsord Scheme "Ecodevelopment in and around NationalPars and Wild Life Sancrie". MOEF, 1991.

15

Rodgers 7. A summary is presented in Annex 4. The fundamental principle on which theprocess is based and which governs the whole approach to ecodevelopment is that of people'sparticipation, in the )lanning and implementation of agreed programs. The process is alsodependent on site specific planning. The IIPA report emphasizes the need for participativemicro-planning and the need for the concunent development of a management plan for theprotected aea There are two possible sets of ecodevelopment inputs. One is to increaseresource productivity in the areas used by people that are peripheral to the PA. The second isto reduce the dependence on PA resources through alternative developments, including theprovision of alternative energy sources, non-forest based employment and income generationschemes, improved agriculture, and in many cases measures such as the provision of watersupplies or medical care. Although there is a growing acceptance of the ecodevelopmentapproach, there is little experience of implementation of ecodevelopment progmms in India.Small scale ecodevelopment activities have been implemented around the Ranthaambore TigerReserve in Rajasthan and a few other protected areas, but few of these experiences have beenanalyzed, evaluated, or documented. Similarly, some rural development and social forestryprograms have been initated around PAs but the involvement of local communities inplanning and the linkages with PA management have been limited. A strategy forimplementation that builds on this limited experience is discussed in Chapter II.

1.41 lnstitutions. The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF) is the centralgovernment institution with overall responsibility for planning and coordinating India'sstrategy for the conservation of biodiversity. Within the Forestry Wing of MOEF, the post ofDirector of Wildlife Preservation is held by an Additional Inspector General of Forests.There is a Director in charge of Project Tiger and a Joint Secretary, assisted by twoAdditional Diretors, takes responsibility for wildlife and protected areas outside the ProjectTiger reserves. The main responsibility for notification and management of protected arenaslies, however, with the state governments, specifically the Chief Wildlife Wardens in theWildlife Wings of State Forest Departments. Day-to-day management of many PAs isprovided by a Paxk Director, assisted by Forest Rangers or Foresters, and Forest Guards. AResearch Officer is posted to some PAs. Actual staffing is variable, with many PAs lackdng aDirector, whose duties may be undertaken by the District Forest Officer or Conservator.

1.42 The Wildlife Institute of India (Wi) is the main govemment agency withresponsibility for training staff in protected area and wildlife management Recently, WII hasstared a series of training courses in ecodevelpment, with funding support from UNDP. WHalso has an important research function. A number of other institutes and universities providetraining and undertake research into the ecology and management of PAs, whilst severalNGOs focus on biodiversity conservation and public awareness.

7 Rodgers W. A. 1992. Guidelines for Eco-Development around Wildlife Protected Areas in IndiUnpublished Paper preed for the World Banl.

16

1.43 Potential. The growing awar-ness in India of the importance of biodiversconsevaion is the most important factor in realizing the potential for improved conservadonprogams. This awareness is evident in government policy statements and a number of NGOprograms linked to conservation activities. The existing network of PAs provides an excellentbasis for improved conservation whilst the amended Wild Life Protction Act (1991) formsthe legal framework. The Wildlife Wings of Forestry Departments at stae and centralgoveament levels have been established for many years and have the potential to implementfurther programs for the conservation of biodiversity, including ecodevelopment programs

1.44 Constrints. The constraints affecting the conservation of biodiversity in Indiaare:

(a) Land Availability and Population Pressure. The limited aea of landavailable that can be designated for conservation purposes is the mostimportant constraint to conservation of biodiversity. This is direcdy relatedto the needs of large human and livestock populations, which limitdesignation of new PAs and impinge directly on the resources of exisdngones.

(b) Integrated Protected Area System (IPAS). The absence of any IPASlining PAs thrugh networks of forested conidors or complementarymultiple-use areas, compounded by the lack of integration betweenmanagement of PAs and the surrounding areas.

(c) Lea Procedures and Management Plans. Legal procedures areincomplete for at least 60 percent of national parks and 90 percent ofsanctuaries as final notification of the PAs is pending the completion of theprocedures stipulated in the Wildlife (Protection) Act In addition, almost60 percent of national parks and almost 70 percent of sanctuaries have nomanagement plans.

(d) Implementation Experience. The limited experience of programs toinvolve communities in the planning and implementation ofecodevelopment actvities to reduce pressures on PAs is an importantconstraint to biodiversity conservation efforts. This lack of experiencerelates not only to the choice of advities, but also to the most appropriacommunity organizations and the role of government and NGOs.

(e) Staffing. Few of the large numbers of staff in State Forestry Departmentshave raining in community participation and ecodevelopment. Tainingrequirements are, therefore, considerable but there is, in addition, only alimited number of institutions with the capabilities to provide appropriatetraining for staff or trainers.

17

(f) Fi unding. Resources for management of PAs are limited and fundsspecifically allocated to ecodevelopment activities form only a smallproporton of these. This obviously constrains the type and extent ofprogram that can be undertaken.

C. Lessons from Past Bank Lending

1.45 There has been no Bank or IDA lending specifically for forestry research inIndia, but there is a portfolio of projects in the forestry sector, some of which havecomponents to support technology development. A World Bank review of the sector as awhole (op cit) which brings together the experience gained during the implementation of theseprojects, has recendy been completed. The report indicates the need to move towards acomprehensive approach to the sector on a national or state-wide basis. Recommendations inthe report for the improvement of the research and forestry extension systems have alreadybeen noted in Para. 1.5. Experience from Bank support for agricultural research, which wasreviewed in 1990, is also relevant . In particular, the conclusions of the review concetnte need: for research policy to reflect nadonal priorides for the sector for improvedmanagement of the research system based on an effective management information system,leading to program and project budgeting; for improved personnel management within thefiamework of a human resource development plan; and for better coordination betweenresearch institutes and the SAUs. These lessons have been taken into account in the design ofthe proposed project, which focuses on the improvement of the national forestry reseachsym, with associated support for human resource development and the strengthening ofresearch-extension linkages

1.46 Nor has there been Bank or IDA lending specifically for ecodevelopmentactivities in India. Recent forestry projects have included funds for the conservation ofbiodiversity, but there is little implementation experience as the projects have been effectivefor only a short period of time. There is, however, experience with ecodevelopment inIntegrated Conservation-Development Projects (ICDPs) supported by the Bank or IDA in anumber of other countries. This experience is described in detail by Wells and Brandon 9who conclude that such projects must form part of a larger framework that includes politicalsuppor, enabling legislation, realistic institutional arrangements, resource tenure andcompatibility with regional development. The scale of projects, local participation, siteselection and financial resources all affect project success and these factors have been takeninto account in the design of the proposed ecodevelopment component of this project

s India. Agricultval Research: Prologue, Perfomance and Prospects. World Ban Repoit No. 8383 -IN. 1990.

Wells h. andBrandon K. 1992. PeopleandPatrks. Liig PotectedAraManmetwithLcaCommunis The World Bank, World Wildlife Fund and US Agency for eational Dev_opmL

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IL THE PROJECT

A. Rationale for Bank Involvement

2.1 Development of a research system is part of a long-term strategy for thedevelopment of technology to improve the productivity and sustainable use of forests. Theproject should be seen as part of such a long-term strategy and the Bank is one of the fewinstitutions that could provide the necessary continuity of support. The Bank is also wellplaced to assist in developing links with international forestry research initiatives. In addition,the Bank has a strong interest in developing an effective forestry research system, as thesuccess of other Bank initiatives in the forestry sector in India is at least parially dependenton the continuiF g development of improved technologies. This is endorsed by both the ForestSector Review (op cit) and the Bank's Agriculture Sector Public Expenditure Review. WorldBank support for research and development of effective methods for conservation ofbiodiversity in India, including ecodevelopment activities, is mandated by its strongcommitment to improving environmental management. The proposed project would beconsistent with the strategy for Bank assistance to the agricultural sector in India, which is tosupport policies and investments that promote economic growth and social development in thecontext of macro-economic restructuring. It would also be consistent with the objectives ofthe Bank's new forestry policy and the Asia Region's strategy for forestry lending, whichgive emphasis to strengthening the capacity of the center and state academic and technicalinstitutions to provide research, education, and training for state initiatives and priorities. Theproposed project is based on proposals put forward by ICFRE in 1991, a preparation reportdealing with proposed ecodevelopment activities produced for MOEF by IlPA, and thefindings of pre-appraisal and appraisal missions in 1992 and 1993.

B. Project Objectives and Design

2.2 The main objectives of the project are to strengthen the capacity of national andstate institutions to plan and undertake priority research progmms, to improve the system offorestry education in research and academic institutio,ns, and to improve the extension ofresearch findings. Important additional objectives are to improve the policy analysis andproject preparation capabilities within MOEF, and develop a supporting forestry statisticalservice. The project would also aim to develop and test on a pilot basis methods forconservation of biological resources in protected areas through ecodevelopment.

2.3 The project is designed as the first phase of a long-term process of developmentof the forestry research system. It would ensure that research programs are related topriorities for conservation, management for sustainable use, or production, by involvingresearchers, public and private sector users of forest resources and political decision makers,in the determination of research priorities and the development of a National Forestry

19

Research Plan. The process is designed to be consultative, rather than top-down andcommittee-oriented. Project design builds on the strengths of the existing research system bydeveloping human capital and addressing the constraints that have been identified. Thedesign provides for the implementation of research programs through the development of acore capability for research, by providing support for selected programs, rather than the wholeof the ICFRE research mandate. This core capability would include not only the scientificand technical skills of research staff, but adequate operational funding that would benefit thewhole research system. Appropriate infrastructure for research would be essential and theproject is designed to provide a limited number of facilities in each ecological zone, ratherthan a proliferation of well constructed but ineffective, research stations. The role of stateforestry services in both the identification of research priorities and the implementation ofcollaborative research programs is central to the project design and is reinforced by theprovision of research grant funding to commission public and private sector research. Theproject will, therefore, support existing and planned Bank-assisted state forestry projects byproviding the mechanisms whereby basic research priorities identified by the states can beaddressed by the national research system. Such national support would complement themore site-specific adaptive research funded through state projects.

2.4 The project is designed to improve standairs of forestry education, for researchersand staff in public and private sector organizations involved in forest management. Theproject design also provides for training of specialists within the country and overseas.Emphasis is given to the development of the socio-economic expertise necessary for theimplementation of the new forest policy. The development of research extension linkages toensure that the research results are rapidly transferred to the users of the results is also givenpriority. The collaborative research programs referred to above are designed to reinforcethese linkages, complemented by improved capabilites for policy analysis and projectpreparation within the sector.

2.5 Development of effective methods for the conservation of biodiversity throughecodevelopment activities and improved PA management in and around two PAs form aspecial sub-set of programs. These are designed to develop innovative means of preservingbiological resources for wider application in the future. Supporting applied research programsare designed to provide information that is relevant to PA management and theinplementation of ecodevelopment actvities, with monitoring and evaluation studies to recordecological and socio-economic changes. A national study of ecodevelopment experiences andneeds would provide the means of linking experience gained in this project, with that fromsimilar participatory initatives in other Bank supported state forestry projects.

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C. Summary Description

2.6 The project would be implemented over a five-year period and would have fivecomponents, listed below with the main activities in each:

Research Management. The development of ICFRE to inprove themanagement and coordination of forestry research at national, state andinstitute levels; to strengthen procedures to ensure research prioities arelinked to national and state priorities for development of the forestry sector,to develop a detailed National Forestry Research Plan; and to improve theextension of research results. The project would finance staff training,studies and consultancies for the development of priority settingmethodologies and a management information system, a new building, andnecessary computing and office equipment.

Research Program Support. Provision of necessary infrsucture,equipment, and operating expenses for selected research programs inICFRE institutes; the establishment of a research grant fund to commissionresearch by public and private sector agencies outside ICFRE; measures toimprove the quality of planting stock; provision of support to the forestryresearch system as a whole, through human resource development,provision of equipment or infrastructure required by sevesal researchprograms, scientific reviews of institutes and on-going reseach progms;improvernent of lihby and information systems; and imp¢ovement in themanagement and processing of forestry statistics through development of aForestry Statistics Unit within ICFRE.

Forestry Education. Development and validation of forestry curricula informal education through provision of funds for review and revision work.Development of the Deemed Forestry University at FRI, primarily throughfinancing post-graduate research awards for socio-economic, as well astechnical research.

lForestry Policy and Preparation. Strengthening capabilities for policyanalysis within MOEF, in particular, the analysis of the economicimplications of various policy decisions through staff training, provision forstudies and consultancies, and necessary computing equipment; provisionof funds for preparation of fuure projects in the forestry sector.

Coneation of Biodiversity. Development and implementaton ofprograms for ecodevelopment around two PAs, the Great HimalayanNational Park (GHNP), Himachal Pradesh, and the Kalakad MundanthuraiTiger Reserve (KMIR), Tamil Nadu. Local communities would beinvolved in the planning and implementation of progams to generate

21

altentve resources or income. The project would finance the planningprocess and provide funds for a range of ecodevelopment activities. Theproject would also finance concurrent improvements in the planning andmanagement of the two PAs. The project would support researh aimed atimproving PA management and the implementation of ecodevelopment, anda program to monitor socio-economic and ecological changes.

D. Detailed Features

lRosbe nt (US$5.8 million)

2.7 Development of ICFRE (US$4.3 million). The project would finance thedevelopment of ICFRE as the main body responsible for planning and coordination of forstryreseach in India. The approved structure of ICFRE is shown in Figure 1. ICFREHeadquarters would be staffed with a limited number of senior staff (See Annex 1)responsible for developing research, education and extension strategies based on a clearmethodology for setting reseach prioities, that would lead to the development of a NationalForestry Research Pln The project would finance necessary studies to develop themethodology and its application to the formulation of the plan. The project would supportthe development of the Indian Forestry Research Information System (IFRMS), coordinated byICFRE, that would provide an essential tool for monitoring and evaluation, and theintoduction of program budgedng. The project would provide funds for a new building,necessmy computing and office equipment, and furniture and vehicles. The project wouldalso finance training, mainly through short courses and visits for senior staff, and speciizdtechnical assistance, both local and inteional, in the fields of pririty setting, newtechnologies, management infonmation systems, monitoring and evaluation and curriculumdevelopment. Worshops to discuss methodologies for setting research priorities, andsubsequenty the identication of those priorides would be funded through the project.

2.8 E on (US$1.5 million). The project would strengthen the capabilities ofICE headquarters and institutes to supo extension activities in three main aeas: (i) thedevelopmnt of research extension linkages, involving technology tansfer by counicationof research results to state forest services and private sector organizations; (ii) provision of

chnical support for extension programs run by the states and private sector, by investigatingthe most effective extension methods, assisdng with the production of electrnic and paperextension mateials, and financing demonstrations through an Extension Support Fund; and(Iii) pubLic awareness campaigns and development of materials for inclusion in school andcollege cunicula that emphasie the importance of sustainable use of fors resources. Theprject would finance a small ICFRE headquarters staff with specalized extension and mediasIdlls, and the creadon of Extion Support Divisions in four institutes - FRI, Ddea Dun;TlFI Jabalpur, IWST, Bangalore; and IFG&TB, Coimbate. Each of these Divisions would

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have funds to conct actual production and printing of films, videos and pamphlets to mediaprofessioals. Provision would be made for limited extensions of buildings, where necessary,and the project would finance the purchase of desk-top publishing and audio-visual equipmentand publicity vans. Training would be provided for the heads of the extension divisions andfor technicians and funds would be available for local recruitment of extension specalis asrequired.

2.9 The project would also finance the creation of an Extension Support Fund. Thiswould be used to fund programs designed to demonstrate the results of research in the field.Such programs would be planned by the four institute Extension Support Division, incollabadon with State Departments of Forestry and Agriculture as approprie. They wouldprobably cover a group of panchayats and include rapid sociological surveys, project planningand costing, the preparation of an implementation plan, implementation of the program andevaluation procedures. Details of the adinistaton of the Fund are presented in Annex S.Following approval of the planned progrm, funds would be transfenred from ICFRE to theState Departments who would be responsible for implementaton.

Research Program Support (US$37.8 million)

2.10 Institute Program Support (US$15.1 million). The project would fund anumber of specific research programs in ICFRE and other instutes. These progams havebeen chosen because they contribute to the objectives of the nadonal Forest Policy and liewithin the mandates of the respective insdtutions and centers, as shown in Annex 2. Theproject would finance the purchase of necessary equipment and opadtng expenses, trainingsPecfically related to each of the progrws, and certain facilities at each of the instittes andcenters, such as computers, mist chambers, and nursery facilities. These facilities would be ofuse, not only to the project supported programs, but also to many of the on-going progams ineach institute.

2.11 Planting Stock Improvement (US$4.6 million). The project would finance aprogram to improve the quality of plantng stock produced at ICFRE Institutes throughadaptation, if necessary, of proven technologies, providing not only greater quantities of betterplanting matrals, but most importantly providng demonstrations of the technologies toSFDs. The project would finance the necessary surveys, equipment, establishment andmaintenance costs for. identified seed production areas; clonal seed orchards; seedlng seedproduction areas; seed harvest, handling, testing and storage services; and the development ofnurseries and multiplication gardens. Nursery improvements would be financed at allinstitutes as part of the suppor to specific research prgrams, but major nurseies would bedeveloped at tWo research institutes. The first, developed in thle first year of the project,would be at Jodhpur, and the second would be developed in the di year of the project at aninstute to be decided. The project would provide for necessary buildings, ipigadonequipment, water supply, plant containers and staff training. Technical assistance would beavilable to assist with the development of the planting stock improvement program which

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would focus on the ten priority species identified by ICFRE as being of national importance.Details are presented in Annex 6.

2.12 Research System Support (US$12.4 million). The project would widen supportto the research system through the creation of a Research Grant Fund to finance forestryresearch programs undertaken by State Forestry Departments, universities, or private sectororganizations. Criteria for the use of the Fund in terms of the type of research and the typesof expenditure, and procedures for administration of the Fund are described in Annex 7.Grants would be based on proposals for research programs, related to national or stateresearch priorities, that would complement research being undertaken by other agencies.Costs could include operational expenses, the costs of needed equipment, and funds to supportpost-graduate student research activities within the program.

2.13 The project would also provide substantial support for human resourcedevelopment within the research system as a whole. A number of training awards andresearch fellowships would be financed, to meet the needs of the Human ResourceDevelopment Plan to be drawn up by ICFRE. This would be paralleled by the provision offunds for specialized consultants, both locally and internationally recruited, in fields where thenecessary skills are not available widtin the agencies implementing the project Staff trainingwould be an important part of the role of all consultants.

2.14 In addition, support would be provided to mantain and further improve thequality of scientific work widtin the forestry sector. This would include reviews of eachinstitute by a panel of Indian and international scientists, a visiting scientists program toenable eminent international specialists to advise and participate in specific researchprograms, and annual reviews of individual research programs by Indian scientists, withtemination of inappropriate programs. The project would also finance procedures foranalytical standardization. In addition a Research Prize would be awarded annually to theresearcher who is judged to have made the greatest contribution to the sector in a particularzone. A prize would be awarded in each of ten zones and would be decided on the vote ofstaff of the rank of DFO and above in State Forest Departments in each zone.

2.15 Project funding of specific research programs (Para. 2.10) would becomplemented by the provision of support to the research system as a whole. This wouldinclude the provision of DNA equipment in IFG & TB, Coimbatore, to serve a range ofprograms in all the ICFRE institutes. The project would also finance repairs of existingequipment through provision of spares and funds to recruit a consultant instrument technician.In addition, the project would provide additional vehicles for field oriented research. Iidtially,all institutes would receive one or two four-wheel drive vehicles, but in subsequent yearsadditional vehicles would only be allocated to institutes with operational field researchprograms.

2.16 Library and Information Systems (US$5.3 million). The project would financethe development of a National Forestry Library and Infonnation Center (NFLIC) at DebraDun and a network involving libraries in ICFRE and related institutes, the Indian ForestryLibraty and Information Network (IFLIN). The Dehra Dun center would incorporate the

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existing FR library. Project funds would be available for the construction of a new buildingand the purchase of libray furniture. Computers, CD ROM equipment and disketts, andequipment for the production of current awareness materials would also be provided at DehraDun and other libraies in the network Funds for the purchase of books and jounals, the re-binding of many existing jounWals, and the computerization of the FRI library catalogue undercontract would be available. Contract printing of special bulledns and monographs would befinanced. Training of staff in library and information sciences through short internationalcourses and longer courses at Indian institutions would be an important aspect of the project.The project would also fimance reviews of current research and a sech of grey literature onspecific topics, through the provision of funds for local consultancies. Recurrent expenseswould include publication supplies and the costs of communications for the development ofan inter-library loans system.

2.17 Forestry Statistics (US$0.4 million). The project would finance the developmentof a Statistical Unit within ICFRE to coordinate the compilation and analysis of nationalforestry statistics. Computing and office equipment, would be provided, together withtaining for staff. Staff salaries and allowances would be included, together with the costs ofany necessary consultancies to collate statistics collected by State Forest Services. Moredetails of the operation of the Unit are presented in Annex 8.

Forestry Education (US$1.8 million)

2.18 The project would strengthen ICFRE's capacity to review and develop forestrycuricula in universities and schools through the appointment of a DDG Education withinICFRE headquarters, assisted by an ADG and staff. A series of specific studies for reviewand cuicula development would be fmanced through provision of consultancy funds. Theproject would also suo post-graduate technical and socio-economic resewch programs atthe FRI Deemed University (FRI-DU) by providing post-graduate student grants and financingthe construction of residential accommodation for students, and the purchase of computingand other office and laboraty equipment. Salaries and allowances for a registrar, and fundsfor coodinators for each of four MSc courses and visiting professors would be included.

Forestry Policy and Preparation (US$2.2 million)

2.19 The project would provide support to the Policy Division of the Forestry Wing ofMOEF through provision of funds for local consultancies This would enable the Division tocomission studies on policy issues as required. The project would also finance shortcourses and workshops for senior staff in the Ministry and the states, who are involved inpolicy formulation and related analytical work. Project funds would be available to upgradethe Division's computing facilities to provide the capabiLties to manipulate and presentforestry statistics for particula purposes. The project would also provide funds for thepreparation by local and foreign consultants of future foresty projects for funding by GOI, ordonors.

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Conservation of Blodiversity (US$5.3 million)

2.20 The Conservation of Biodiversity Project Are". These areas would be the twoPAs of GHNP and KMITR, together with peripheral areas of between five and ten kilometersin width, which are not already part of adjacent PAs (See Maps I and 2). GHNP, with anarea of 62,000 ha is representative of a wide range of Himalayan ecology from altitudes of1300 meters to over 4000 meters, contains a very diverse flora, and is a refuge for a variedHimalayan fauna, of which some species are endangered. KMTR is located in the southernWestern Ghats and has an area of 81,700 ha. The reserve contains a unique and varied flora,ranging from thorn and dry teak forests to tropical evergreen forests, and has a rich variety ofbirds and animals, including both tigers and panthers. The PAs were selected because theyare representative of widely differing ecosystems, are not affected by major issues ofresettlement, and provide a manageable area for the introduction of ecodevelopment progrms.More details of the two PAs and their surroundings are presented in Annex 9, together withan assessment of their biological value and an analysis of the pressures on PA resources. Thecomponent for conservation of biodiversity would consist of three sub-components describedbelow.

2.21 Ecodevelopment (US$3.3 million). The project would finance the operations ofa small ecodevelopment planning team to work around each PA. The team would include notonly staff of the State Forestry Departnents, but also NGO staff to assist with micro-levelparticipative planning of ecodevelopment activities. The precise nature of the activities wouldbe dependent on the micro-planning exercise. Consultation with sample rural communidesduring project preparation, based on surveys using Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)techniques, indicated that these communities would wish ecodevelopment to include: biomassgeneration through tree and fodder plantings; income generation activities such as smallartisanal or agricultual enterprises; infrastructual improvements; eco-tourism and, in atransidonal phase; paid labor opportunities related to PA development in and around the PA.More details are presented in Annex 4. An important part of the planning would be to reachagreement on the management of funds by the communides themselves, accepting that thesearrangements may differ from one community to another. The implementation of plannedactivities would be financed tirough the creation of an Ecodevelopment Support Fund (EDS).The planning process and the operation of the EDS are also described in Annex 4. Traimng,staff housing and specalist advisers to monitor progress and to assist with the development ofmethods and institutional arangements for the management of funds, and production,marketing, and eco-tourism would be provided.

2.22 PA Management (US$1.1 million). The project would support improvermts tothe management of GHNP and KMTR. Funds would be available for the refinement andfurther development of existing management plans for each area, so that they are lind toecodevelopment activities in areas peripheral to the PA. On the basis of these revised plansthe project would finance infrastructure that would include visitor centers, research sub-stations, fire watchtowers, and staff housing. The project would also provide forcommunications, computing, office and field equipment, vehicles and mules or horses, andmaerials for education and public awareness. Intemational and local taining of project staffwould be financed and funds made available to recruit specialist advisers for development of

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PA management plans, for design of park buildings, and for developing public awarenesscampaigns and materials.

2.23 Research, Monitoring and Evaluation (US$0.9 million). The project wouldfinance a number of different research progams to provide infornaton required forsuccessful management of PAs. Research topics would include studies of the vegetation andcanrying capacity of alpine pastures, the ecology and possible cultivation of herbs andmedicinal plants, biological crop protection, social anthropology and indigenous knowledge ofthe environment. Monitoring and evaluation would include baseline studies of ecological andsocio-economic and cultural conditions, with follow-up studies undetaken in the third andfinal years of the project. Emphasis would be given to assessing the impact of human andlivestock populations on biodiversity and PA ecology and L.- impact of PA relatedrestricdons on the lives of local people. The project would also finance strategic nationalstudies of the requirements for ecodevelopment around PAs, in order to establish piorities foraction and to provide a mechanism for building on experience gained through this project andother initiatives, including Bank-supported state forestry projects . The objectives of project-financed research topics are summarized in Annex 10.

E. Project Costs and Financing

Project Cost Estimates

2.24 Total project costs are estimated at US$56.4 million (Rs.2152 million) inclusiveof duties and taxes in the amount of US$3.4 milion (Rs.124 million). Of this, 40 percent orUS$22.8 million are foreign exchange costs. Investment costs amount to 86 percent andrent costs to 14 percent of base costs. The base costs are those obtained at the ime ofappraisal and have been adjusted for inflation to the time of negodations. Physicalcontingencies amount to 8 percent. Price contingencies of 2.8 percent per year were addedfor the foreign exchange component. For local costs, price contingencies were added at 6.5percent for 1994 and at 6.0, 5.5, 5.0 and 5.0 percent for the following years 1°

'° Source: Word Bank Guidelines for India as of June, 1993. Mme tgi for inteatona infladonare conisten with tke Bank's latest 0-5 MUV Index, updatod peiodially.

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2.25 The table below gives a summary of project costs by component. Additionalsumnuay tables on project costs by year, by conmponent and by summary accounts arepresented in Annex 11.

Project Cost Summary

Foreign Local Total FE.......... (US$ million) ....... %

Researh ManagementA. Development of ICFRE 0.9 3.4 4.3 21B. Extension 0.3 1.2 1.5 17

Research Program SupportA. Institute Program Support 6.4 8.7 15.1 43B. Planting Stock Improvement 1.1 3.5 4.6 25C. Research System Support 6.7 5.7 12.4 54D. Libra and Information Systems 2.7 2.6 5.3 52E. Forestry Statistics 0.1 0.3 0.4 24

Forestry Education 0.2 1.6 1.8 13

Forestry Policy and Preparation 0.4 1.8 2.2 16

Conservation of BiodiversityA. Ecodevelopment 0.3 3.0 3.3 10B. PA Management 0.3 0.8 1.1 30C. Reseach, Monitoring and Evaluation 0.2 0.7 0.9 21

Total Baseline Costs 19.6 33.3 52.9 37

Physical Contingencies 1.6 2.6 4.2 38Price Contingencies 1.6 -2.3 -0.7 0

TOTAL PROJECr COSTS 1/ 22.8 56.4 40

I/ Including duties and taxes of US$3.4 million

Proposed Financing Plan

2.26 The prposed IDA Credit of US$47.0 million equivalent would finance 88percent of total project costs, net of taxes, or 83 percent of total project costs, including txsThe credit would finance 100 percent of the dire and indirect foreigp exchange coss and 71

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percent of local costs. Incremental recurrent costs amount to 13 percent of total costsincluding contingencies. These would include the operation and maintenance costs of civilworks, vehicles and equipment fnanced by the project, and research expenses. IDA wouldfund an average of about 75 percent of the incremental recurrent costs, excluding salariesand allowances, which amount to US$1.5 million over the five-year peiod. There would be aphased increase in Govenment's contribution to other incremental recurrent costs. IDAwould finance 85% during the first 30 months of the project, to enable new researcb proramsto be initiated successfully, but this contribution would decline to 50% in the second half ofthe project period. In order to further develop the forestry research system and to maintainthe momentum of research activities developed through the project, there will be a continuingneed for investment in research and a commitment by Government to provision of adequaterecurent expenditure beyond the five-year project period. The project is designed as part ofa long-term effort to strengthen forestry research capabilities in India, and future increases inGovemment funding and continued donor support for forestry research would be consideredin the light of project experience. The financing plan below presents lDA and GOIcontibutions for the inital five-year project period.

Proposed Financing Plan by Foreign Exchange and Local Costs(US$ million)

Foreign Local Total

DA 22.8 24.2 47.0GOT 0.0 9.4 I/ 9.4

Total 22.8 33.6 .4

i/ Includes duties and taxes of US$3.4 million

F. Procurement

2.27 Cvil Works (US$11.0 million) up to an aggregate amount of US$10.0 millionwould be procured under contracts awarded on the basis of Local Competitive Bidding (LCB)procedwes acceptable to IDA. iTe jusdfication for the proposed LCB for civil works is thatthey consist of rebiition of existing buildings, or the construction of new buildings inwidely scattered locatons, during the first thee years of the project Ihere would be about45 septe buildings, to be consucted in 14 different localities. Te largest contrat islikely to be less than US$1.5 million, whilst the average contract size is likely to be less thanUS$500,000. It is unlikely that foreign firms would find such contract attractve.Nonetheless, bids from foreign conuctuors would not be precluded. Detailed design of theworks would be completed prior to issuing the invitation to bid. Contcs would be enteredinto following stndard bidding procedures and documents acceptable to IDA. Small civilworks, not exceeding the equivalent of US$10,000 each would be undertaken by ICFRE underforce account, or by inviting bids from at least three qualified contractors, up to an aggregateamount of US$1.0 million. These works would not be suitable for competitive biddingbecause of the smal amounts involved.

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2.28 Vehicles, Equipment and Materials (US$9.6 million). Wherever possible,equipment, in particular, scientific equipment would be grouped into contracts valued atUS$200,000 or more and would be procured through International Competitive Bidding (ICB)procedures, to an aggregate total of US$7.6 million. Equipment estimated to cost more thanthe equivalent of US$60,000 but less than US$200,000, up to an aggregate of US$1.0 million,would be procured using LCB procedures. Standard Bidding Documents acceptable to IDAwould be used for ICB and LCB procurement. Vehicles would be required throughout theproject period in different locations. For operational efficiency it would be necessary toprocure the vehicles in installments of types that car, be easily maintained and servicedlocally. Consequendy, they would be procured using local shopping procedures acceptable toIDA. Similarly, small items of equipment, and some field and laboratory supplieswould beprocured in small lots over the five-year period. Individual contracts are not expected toexceed US$20,000 and as such will be procured using local or intemational shoppingprocedures satisfactory to IDA, up to an aggregate amount of US$1.1 million for vehicles andUS$1.0 million for equipment. Intemational shopping will be used to the maximum extentpossible. This level of shopping would be needed because of the number of differentinstitutions involved in project implementation, each with specific and differing needs.

2.29 Consultancies, Studies and Training (US$15.9 million). Consultancy servicesestimated at US$4.3 million would be contracted on terms and conditions :n accordance withthe IDA Guidelines for the Use of Consultants. Technical assistance esmated to costUS$3.1 million and training, including a service contract for placement and support oftrainees, to a total of US$8.5 million would be agreed using procedures acceptable to IDA.

2.30 Research Grant, Extension and Ecodevelopment Support Fund& (US$8.7million) are designed to provide support for research and extension undertaken by agenciescontcted by ICFRE and for ecodevelopment activities. The funds would be utilized usingprocedures acceptable to IDA.

2.31 Plant Establishment (US$2.6 million). This includes the cost of establishingidentified seed production areas, clonal seed orchards, seedling seed production areas, andmultiplication gardens. As these would be small and widely scattered and individualcontracts would be less than US$10,000 equivalent, each would be undertaken by ICFREunder force account.

2.32 Operating Costs (US$7.5 million) include incremental operating andmaintenance costs of vehicles and equipment, and the purchase of office, laboratory, andcomputer supplies. Costs of field expermentaton and trials, including labor, seed or otherplanting mials, ferdlizers, and chemicals are also considered as operating costsIncremental staff salaries and allowances are also included as operating costs, though thesewould be financed by GOL

2.33 Contract Review. Civil works contracts valued at US$200,000 and above,contracts for goods and vehicles valued at US$100,000 and above, consultant contracts valuedat US$10,000 and above, all computer contracts, and the first five contracts for serviceswould be subject to IDA prior review. This would result in prior review of about 20 percent

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of all contracts to a total value of about US$18 million. About one in ten of all othercontracts woud be subject to random post-review by visiting missions. The nature of theproject is such that a higher level of IDA review would not have a significant impact onprocuement quality.

2.34 The project elements, their estimated costs and proposed methods of procurementare summarized below:

Summary of Proposed Procurement Arrangements

Project Element Procurement Method TotalICB LCB Others Cost........................ .US$ Million

WorksBuildings 10.0 1.0 11.0

(7.5) (0.8) (8.3)Goods

Equipment/Supplies 7.6 1.0 1.0 9.656.1) (Q-8) (Q.8) (7-7)

Vehicles 1.1 1.1(0.9) (0.9)

Consultancies, Studies and TIningCapacity Building 3.1 3.1

(3.1) (3.1)Studies and Consultancies 4.3 4.3

(4.3) (4.3)Training 8.5 8.5

(8.5) (8.5)Miscellaneous

Research Grant, Extension andEcodevelopment Support Funds 2.0 6.7 8.7

(1.8) (6.0) (7.8)Plant Establishment 2.6 2.6

(1-9) (1.9)

Operatng Costs 7.5 7.5(4.5) (4.5)

Total 13.0 3.8S 56.4(6.1) (10.1) (30.8) (47.0)

Not. 1. Figures in parentheses are the respecive amounts financed by dhe IDA Credit.2. Other methods include force account, shopping, engagement of consultants and

training.

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2.35 ICFRE would play a lead role in preparing procurement schedules for the projectICFRE has little experience of IDA procurement procedures, although they have someexpenience with other donors. A Procurement Officer has, therefore, been appointed tocoordinate the procurement requirements of the ICFRE institutes, preparing equipmentspecifications, procurement schedules, and bidding documents. On-the-job training for theProcurement Officer would be aranged with an agency with procurement experience in otherIDA financed projects.

2.36 There is a limited amount of procurement associated with the Conservation ofBiodiversity component. This would be coordinated by the PA Dircors of the WildlifeWimgs of the State Forest Departments in Tamil Nadu and Himachal Pradesh. There are on-going or recently completed Bank group projects in both states and staff are familiar withIDA procurement procedures. MOEF would be responsible for procurement of consultancyservices linked to forest policy and preparation and, in collaboration with WII, forcommissioning research under the Conservation of Biodiversity component. Such studies andconsultancies would be arranged in accordance with IDA guidelines for the use of consultants.

G. Disbursements

2.37 Disbursements under the Credit would be made for

(a) 75% on civil works for buildings (including construction of nurseries andprovision of water supplies);

(b) 100% of foreign expenditures, 100% of local ex-factory costs or 80% ofother local costs of equipment, vehicles, construction materials, andresearch expenses, (including laboratory and field supplies);

(c) 100% of expenditures on consultant services, training, and studies;

(d) 100% of foreign expenditures and 80% of local costs of equipment,construction materials, research expenses and opertng costs financedthrough the Research Grant, Extension Support and EcodevelopmentSupport Funds;

(e) IDA would finance 85% of incremental recurrent costs, other than staffsalaries and allowances, during the first 30 months of the project, to enablenew research programs to be initiated successfully. This contnbutionwould be reduced to 50% during the second half of the project period,representing a phased increase in Government's contribution to incrementalrecurent costs. All incremental staff salaries and allowances would befinanced by GOI so the IDA contribution to incremental recurrent costswould amount to an average of about 60% of expenditures on operating

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costs. These would include the incremental recurrent costs of operation andmaintenance of vehicles and equipment, and laboratory and field researchexpenses of research programs supported through the project.

2.38 Disbursements against civil works on contracts exceeding US$200,000 equivalentand against equipment and supplies on contracts exceeding US$100,000 equivalent would befully documented, as would disbursements for all vehicles, consultants, and overseas training,conferences and study tours. Disbursements for other expenditures would be made againstStatements of Expenditure (SOEs). Supporting documentation for SOEs would be retained byGOI and be made available to Association staff during supervision. Expenditures for projectactivities incurred after September 30, 1993, would be eligible for retroactive financing, up toa maximum of SDR 2.9 million (US$4.0 million equivalent). All contracts and items to befinanced retroactively will have been procured in a manner acceptable to the Association.Disbursements are projected over a period of five IDA fiscal years, from July 1994 to June1999. The disbursement schedule is presented in Annex 12. It is shorter than the historicaldisbursement profile for agriculture sector projects in India, but appears realistic since there isa well-established network of research institutions responsible for undertaking project-financedresearch programs, and an important project objective is to improve management skillsthroughout the system. The closing date of the Credit is December 31, 1999.

2.39 To facilitate project implementation and to reduce the volume of withdrawalapplications, a Special Account in US dollars would be established in the Reserve Bank oflndia, with an authorized allocation of US$2.5 million, which is equal to the estimated threemonthly average disbursement. Assurances were obtained at negotations that GOI, GOHPand GOTN would implement a system satisfactory to IDA for channelling funds required forcanrying out the project. An understanding was reached at negotiations that GOI wouldrelease about three months anticipated project expenditure in advance to GOHP and GOTN,and that upon recept of funds from GOI, GOHP and GOTN would immediately transfer suchfunds, together with quarterly countexpart contributions, to project accounts of the stateimplementing agencies.

IL Accounts and Audit

2.40 ICFRE, MOEF and the State Forest Departments in Tamil Nadu and HimachalPradesh would establish separate accounts for the project. These accounts, together withsupporting documentation, including contributions from GOI and the Credit, would provide acomprehensive recod of project financing and expenditures. Assurances were obtained at

otiaons that. these accounts and the Special Account would be maintained and auditedannually in accodance with approprite auditing principles consistently applied byindependent auditors acceptable to IIDA; and the auditor's report, which would include asepart statement on the SOEs and certified copies of the SOEs, would be submitted to IDAnot later than nine months after the close of each fiscal year.

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mI. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

A. Organization and Management

3.1 Forestry Research Education and Extension. The organization of the project

would be fully integrated with the coordination and management of the forestry research,education and extension systems at national, state, research institute, and program levels.This is illustrated in Figure 2, showing planning and coordination of forestry researchprograms centered on the ICFRE Society and its governing Board, with institutional linkagesto the Forestry Wing of MOEF, the State Forestry Departments and the Universities. Onceresearch priorities have been set by ICFRE and a long-term National Forestry Research Planagreed, detailed program management m the shorter term would be the responsiblity of theDirectors of Institutes, State Forestry Departments, Deans of university faculties, or otherimplementing agencies. ICFRE also has a role in forestry education, directly through theFRI-DU and indirectly through its role in curriculum development and validation of forestrydegrees in universities. Training of professional staff in IGNFA and the SRCs is theresponsibility of MOEF. Mass extension programs are primarily the responsibility of theState Forestry Departments, but ICFRE institutes would provide support and advice.

3.2 Conservation of Biodiversity. The innovative nature of the component for theConservation of Biodiversity and state government responsibilites for implementation requirespecial arrangements for coordination and management. There is no existing institution witha clear-cut mandate for coordination of ecodevelopment activities at a national level, so aProject Steering Committee for Conservation of Biodiversity would fulfill this role, at leastfor the duration of this project. In particular, the committee would provide a focus forevaluation of ecodevelopment pgrams and the review of policies in the light of experiencein the two PAs. As illustrated in Figure 3, the committee would coordinate planning andimplementation of PA management and ecodevelopment activities underken by State ForestDepartments of GOHP and GOTN, with the active involvement of NGOs. The committeewould also oversee research, monitoring and evaluation studies commissioned by MOEF withthe assistance of WIT.

3.3 1The nature of the research management system is first sumnarized below,followed by a discussion of strategies for forestry education and training, for extension andfor ecodevelopment. The project would provide support only for selected research anddevelopment aspects of each of these strategies as it is not designed as a comprehensivemeans of addressing all the needs of implementing, for example, forestry extension programs.Arrangements for project management and implementation are then described in the followingsection and discussed in more detail in Annex 13. A summary implementation schedule is

presented in Annex 14.

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3.4 The Research Management System. ICFRE would form the focal point of theresearch management system, fulffllng its mandate to formulate forestry resarrch policy andto organize, direct and manage research and education in the forestry sector. The ICFRESociety, whose membership is presented in Annex 1, would become the apex body govemingresearch policy and programs, providing advice directly to GOI. Every effort should be madeto broaden the membership of the Society to include more private sector representatives.ICFRE headquarters staff(Annex 1) would take the lead in formulating and coordinating theplanning and implementation of research, extension and forestry education programs on anational basis, and not merely for project financed programs. The management of ICFREinstitutes would remain, as at present, with the institute directors and the Research AdvisoryGroup for each institute. Development of the research management system would be in partdependent on the adoption of a systematic methodology to decide research priorities, thatwould improve efficiency in the use of limited research resources and ensure that the reasonsfor decisions to support particular programs are clear to all. A number of different methodshave been developed and are described in Annex 13. The development of the Indian ForestryResearch Informadon System (EFRIS) linked to the introduction of program budgeting wouldbe another important step to improve the management of forestry research, providing themeans to monitor the progress of research programs and to examine research expenditure inrelation to identified pnoities. IFRIS would require the preparation of annual research plansin a standard format Scientific evaluation of research programs and of institutes by panels ofinternatonaly respected scientists would be one further means of ensuring that research isrelevant and of high quality.

3.5 Strategy for Forestry Education. The radical changes in the National ForestPolicy requires foresters to be sensitive to the needs of village communities and tribal people,as well as promoDting greater efficiency in the use of forest resources, through improvedmanagement for greater productivity and sustainability. The strategy for forestry educationand training would be to introduce this major new element into the curriculum of universitiesand other training institutions. The project would support curriculum development andvalidation of those courses which give appropriate emphasis to the new requirements. Aclosely related ODA financed project, providing support for training of IFS probationers, SFStrainees, Rangers, Faresters and Forest Guards, would be consistent with this srtfegy. Itwould require the appointment of social scientists to teaching staffs, specifically to develop anawareness of rumral sociology, rual economy and forest economics. Other aspects of thestrategy concern the provision of research grants at the FRI-DU to provide oppotunities forpost-graduate research for university staff and others, thereby providing a linkage betweenidentified priority research programs and university forestry education.

3.6 Strategy for Forestry Extension. The new National Forest Policy with itsemphasis on community management of forests provides the necessary impetus for aconsiderable increase in extension activities. The strategy for forestry extension supportedunder the project would be to focus on the development of research extension linkages.ICFRE's role would be the transfer of technology to State Forestry Department staff and otherprivate sectr ganizations, the provision of advice and extension materials to those

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organizions, and the development of pubLic awareness campaigns. Emphasis would begiven to on-site rather than in-house workshops and demonstation. ICFRE would not beinvolved in mass extension programs, dealing direcdy with large numbers of users of forestresources. These programs would be the responsibility of SFDs forming part of their regulaactivities. In those states in which World Bank support is provided for forestry, extensionwould form an important part of the project.

3.7 Strategy for Conservation of Biodiversity. The strategy for conservation of

biodiversity would be based on ecodevelopment, through the involvement of people living inand around PAs in the planning and implementation of conservation measures. It would buildon the Limited experience of the process in India and elsewhere which shows thatparticipative, site-specific, micro-level planning is required to identify altenative ways toproduce the biomass or genemte income presendy derived from within the PAs. Planningwould make provision for a tnsitional phase, as many ecodevelopment activittes would taketime to produce alternative incomes or resources. Ecodevelopment planning would be backedby an appropriate management plan for the PA. This plan would: define the requirements ofconservation, thereby defining the limits to human udlizaon; identify ways in which thelocal population can be involved in planning and management of the PA; be linked toproposed ecodevelopment activities and; mnake provision for the institudonal structures andprocesses for management of the PA and associated ecodevelopment. Ihe strtegy would beto identify ways in which some of the benefits arising from conservation would be channeledto local communies and linked to programs that raise community awaeness of the value andconservation needs of PAs. Types of ecodevelopment activities have been identified duringproject preparation on the basis of participatoiy rural apprisals in representative communitiesaround each PA and are discussed in Annex 4.

B. Project Management

3.8 Project Steering Committees (PSC). Two Project Stering Committees, forForestry Research, Education and Extension, and for Conservation of Biodiversity would be

estabLished and chaired by the Secretary, MOEF, to enswe that the implementing agenciesmeet the obligations and assurances agreed during project negotiations. The functions of thetwo committees and their membship are presented in the following sections. Bothcommittees would meet at least once per year to review progress and resolve outstandingissues.

Forestry Reearch Education and Extension

3.9 Project Steering Committee (PSC) for Forestry Research, Education andExtension. TIis committee would be responsible for coordination of project activities in the

Research Management, Research Program Support, Foresty Education and the ForestryPolicy and Peon components of the project. In pardcula, the Committee would ensuredta each rsearch insttute introduces the proposed changes in management and budgeting

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procedures, and the preparation of annual plans for research progams. Linkages between thePSC and the implementing agencies are illustratd in Figure 2. The Secretary, ICFRE, wouldbe the Member Secretary of the committee and the membership is presented in Annex 3.

3.10 The Role of ICFRE. Headquarters staff of ICFRE have a key role to play inproject management and implementation. The agreed structure is illustrated in Figure 1, andthe main functions of senior staff in the headquarters unit are presented in Annex 1. Thisshows that the Director General (DG), the chief execudve of the Council, would be assistedby four Deputy Directors General (DDGs), responsible for Research, Education, ExtensionSupport, and Administration, supported by six Assistant Directors General (ADGs). JointDirectors (JDs) would be appointed with responsibility for specific activities or researchtopics. The responsibilities of these senior staff are discussed below in relation to projectadmistration and the implementation of the various project components, followed by asummary implementaion schedule, and a descripdon of the arangements for mid-tetm andcompletion reviews and reporting.

3.11 Project Administration. The DDG Administration, assisted by a qualifiedProcurement Officer would form a focal point for all project-financed procurement of goodsand services, coordinatng the preparation of procurement schedules, of detailed specificationsby the various implementing agencies, and of procurement documents in appropriate formats.ICFRE would be responsible for ensuring that procedures as set out in World BankGuidelines for Procurement are followed. Similarly, the management of the ICFRE ProjectAccount and the processing of disbursement applications to the World Bank would beundertaken by the ICFRE Finance and Disbursement Officers. MOEF would operate aseparate Project Account to finance activities within the Mnistry or its agencies.

3.12 Researb Management. The DDG Research, assisted by three ADOs, wouldplay a key role in developing the research management system through three main groups ofactivities. The first group of acdvities relates to research planning, that would involve thedevelopment of a methodology for setting research priorities. Possible methods are discussedin Annex 13. Application of an agreed methodology would lead to the development of theNational Forestry Research Plan (NFRP). This would be closely linked to policy andeconomic analysis. It would be essential to involve SFDs and private sector agencies in thediscussions leading to formulation of the NFRP and the project would finance regtonal orzonal workshops for discussion of priorities. It would be important that SAU and zonalagricultural research center staff be included for discussion of agroforestry research programs.The project would finance a series of workshops to ensure that such discussions can takeplace. In parallel to this process the DDG, Education would take responsibility for thepreparation of a Human Resource Development Plan (HRDP) that would reflect the skillsrequred for the mplementation of the NFRP. Assurances were obktined at negotiaons thatproposals for a methodology for setting research prionties would be developed by ICFRE,reviewed by a research advisory sub-committee of the ICFRE Board of Govemnors, discussedwith IDA, and approved by the ICFRE Board by June 30, 1995 and that dafts of the NFRPand associated HRDP would be completed by June 30, 1996, and agreed with IDA by the

37

dme of project mid-term review, that is before February 28, 1997.

3.13 The second group of activities concerns monitoring and evaluation, also describedin Annex 13, and would include the development of IFRIS and the introduction of progambudgeting: the scientific review of institutes and progams is discussed in Pam 3.20.Assurances were obtained at negotions that a decision on the format of IFRIS would beagreed with IDA by December 31, 1994. Program budgeting would be introduced during FY95-96, the FY 96-97 budget would be based on a program budget system as far as practical,and fully utilized for the FY 97-98 budget.

3.14 The tiird group of management activities concerns the coordination of research.Coordination of research programs within ICFRE is discussed below in relation to thatseparate project component. Coordination with other agencies undertaldng research that isrelevant to the forestry sector requires considerable attention. A particular case in point isresearch into agro-forestry, in which foresters, crop scientists, livestock specialists andagricultralists all have important contributions to make. Mechanisms for such coordinationare already provided for at a high level, as the DG, ICAR is a member of the ICFRE Boardof Governors, and vice versa. At the institute level, agriculturalists from the states and theSAUs are represented on the Research Advisory Groups of each of the ICFRE institutes, andexternal review procedures for individual research programs would provide opporunities forcoordination with research in other institutions and to avoid duplication of effort. It would bethe responsibility of the DDG Research in ICFRE, to actively promote coordinaton ofresearch between agencies in different sectors.

3.15 Extension. Activities would be coordinated by the DDG Extension, tirough theExtension Support Divisions in four institutes. Each Division would, working with SFDs, beresponsible for the technical content of extension materials. They would also makearrangements for the production of these materials, using media professionals. ICFREheadquarters staff would be available to provide specialist advice to both institutes and SFDs.Responsibility for the operation of the Extension Support Fund would lie with the DDGExtension. Programs to communicate research findings would be drawn up by the ExtensionSupport Divisions in collaboration with SFDs. Programs would be reviewed by the ExtensionGrants Committee and the DDG Extension would transfer funds to the SFD forimplementation of approved programs. He would be responsible for their annual review.Representadves of ICAR and SAUs would be members of the Extension Grants Committee toensure coordination with other extension programs in the agiculumre sector, partiularly thosereling to agroforestry. Criteria for the use of the Fund would be agreed with IDA as aconditon for disbwrsement. It was agreed at negotaons tha the first three proposals forfinancing under the fund would be reviewed in collaboration with IDA.

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3.16 Rea-cl NogmPrm Support. The DDG Research would also have responsbilityfor coordinatng the planning and implementation of research progams, both those financedthrough the project and the overall program of research undertaken by ICFRE. Actualimplementadon of research programs would be the responsibility of institute dietors, andultimately of the resewch scientists. However, the DDG Research would be responsible forensuring that annual research plans are drawn up and, if necessary, adjusted in the light of thepriority setting methodology to be developed by ICFRE, and the scientific reviews ofinstitutes and programs.

3.17 Research Grant Fund (RGF). The management of the Research Grant Fundwould be the responsibility of the DDG, Research. Applications for grants would beconsidered by the Research Grants Board, which would be chaired by the DO. Themembership of the Board is presented in Annex 7, though specialsts would be coopted asnecessary to review specific applications. The first task of the Board would be to agree oncriteria for assessmg the types of research progams and expenditure eligible for supporttbrough the RGF. These would be publicized through SFi)s, private sector and NGOassociations. Suggested criteia are presented in Annex Fi together with procedures foradministaion of the Fund. The proposed criteria for t J type of researh include itsrelvance to the priorities established by ICFRE, the F elihood of producing results ofimmediate use to the users of forest resources, the probabilirty of obtaining results within fiveyeas, and its comlementarity with on-going research in India or elsewhere. The types ofependiture eligible for support would include equipment, operational expenses andfellowships for post-graduate stxdents participating in the proposed progm. Staff salarieswould not be eligible for financing through the Fund. Methods for assessing sechproposal would be agreed with IDA as a conditon for dIsbwsementL It was agreed ategotdIaons that the fis three proposals for financing under the RGF would be reviewed inollaboradon with IDA aftr pre-review by the Research Grants Board. Funds for apWoved

grants would be transfemd in three tranches, in advance, to a dedicated account set up by theimplementag agency. The Board would review progress of research financed through theRGF at least anmually, prio to the release of funding for the next yea?s work. Thepcentage of funds allocated to SFDs, universities, private sector agencies and NGOs wouldbe monitored.

3.18 PIanfg Stock Improvement. Coordination of the program for planting stockimprovement to be financed under the project would be the responsibility of the ADGProgamms, under the DDW Research. Detailed planning of the program would be managed bythe JD Troe ovement, working closely with instite Dirctors and staff and liaising withSFD staff. Responsibility for implementation of the agreed progam would lie with theinsdtit Director Assurces were obtained at negotatons that the survey to idendfyiterim seed soures for development would be completed and discsed with IDA byDecember 31, 1994, together with detailed site plans for clonal seed orchards, for seedingseed productin areas and for muldplication gardens. Detailed plans for nursy improvementin ail institutes would be completed by the same date. Quality materials produced by thenurseries would be made available to SFDs and the private sector for further multplicaton.

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3.19 Research System Support. An important element of this component would besupport for human resource development through the provision of traiing awards for localand overseas post-graduate and technical rainng, both degree comses and short-term visits.In addition, there is provision for junior and senior research fellowships within ICFREinstitutes. The nature of the trning has not been specified, in order to provide flexibility andpermit training to be tailored to the evolving needs of the research system. However, trainingin specific topics or research areas has also been included in the funding for researchprograms. The selection of candidates for training under both schemes would be theresponsibility of a Training Committee to be estabLished under the chairmanship of the DD;,Education. Assurances were obtahsed at negotatons that annual training plans, acceptableto IDA, for project-financed tanng would be prepared not later than September 30, 1994 forthe first year of the project, and not later dtan April 30 of each subsequent year, in order toensure placement of students in academic institutons in the following October. The costs oftrining include funds for student placement services, to facilitate timely placement ofstudents in appropriat courses. A contract for placement and support of trainees with aninstitution acceptable to IDA would be agreed by September 30, 1994.

3.20 This component would also include funds for the scientific review of researchinstitutes and programs. Responsibility for the organization of these reviews would lie withthe DDG, Research. Assurances were obined at negotations that review of the scientificactivities of at least two ICFRE institutes would be undertaken during each year of theproject based on terms of reference to be agreed with IDA and the recommendatons of thereviews would thereafter be implemented. The DDG, Research, assisted by the ADO,Programs would be responsible for drawing up a program for analytical standardiion withinICFRE institutes and coLaborating research organizations Assurances were obtained at

negotiaons that such a program would be discussed with IDA and introduced by December31, 1994.

3.21 In addition to specialists underakdng the scientific reviews of institutes, supportto the research system would also be provided through short-term recruitment of local andinternaional specialists where skills are not available within the ICFRE system or nationaland state forest services. Project-financed provision for internatonally-recruited technicalassistance specialists and locally recruited consultants are summarized in Annex 15. ICFREheadquarters would be responsible for consultant recruitment, with terms of reference drawnup by the concerned ADG and approved by the DDG. However, aU the technical assistanceand consultancies would be short-term, with individuals maling short visits for one to fourmonths in each year. In order to maintain continuity, and to facilitate the identification andrecruitment of appropriate specalists, ICFRE would enter into an agreement with anapropriate institution to provide technical specialists according to the agreed schedule inAnnex 15. This concept, essentially a twinning arrangement, is further discussed in Annex15 and in more detail in a World Bank Handbook '. The project would fund theaministrative costs of these services. It would be a condition of credi effectiveness that an

insdtution, acceptable to IDA, would be identfied and a contac for provision of technical

speciats agreed.

11 Handbook on Technica Assiaace. World Bank. 1993.

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3.22 Library and Informadon Systens. The DDG Extension would be responsiblefor the development of the network of library and information services, though the ADO,Library and Information Services would have specific responsibility for this specialized work.To avoid unnecessary duplication, assurances were obtained at negotiadons that byDecember 31, 1994, agreement would be reached among the various libraries in IFLIN, onthe purchase of joumals. Contracts for the computerization of the FRI and other institutelibrary catalogues would also be prepared and terms of reference finalized for any reviews ofcurrent research and grey literature agreed with IDA by the same date.

3.23 Forestry Statistics. The Statistician in charge of the Forestry Statistics Unit tobe developed in ICFRE would report to the DDG Research, through the ADG Planning P.Hewould draw up a program of work to collect and process statistics from each of the StateForest Services, with, if possible, a phased program aimed to collect statistics for the perioddwing which national statistics were not compiled by FRI.

3.24 FRI-DU. Management of the FRI-DU would be closely controlled by ICFRE.The DG would be the Chancellor, the Director FRI, the Vice Chancellor, and the DDGEducation would have an important role to play by reason of his chairmanship of theMianagement Committee, or University Court. The DU would be supported through theproject by the provision of post-graduate training awards for students working in FRI or otherICFRE institutes, and the construction of a student hostel. Awards for both socio-economicand technical research prgrams would be decided by the Training Committee. Responsibilityfor the construction of the student hostel would rest with the Director, FRI. The developmentof the FRI-DU would be linked to the establishment of criteria for validation of degrees inforestry awarded by universities. This would be based on a review of the curricula forforestry education in universities and assurances were obtained at negotiations that, inconsultation with IDA, the review would be completed by June 30, 1996. The DDG,Education would take a lead in the review and development of curricula for universities thatmeet the requirements for recruitment to forest services at various levels. Curricula thatmclude forestry topics for primary and secondary schools and other educationalestablishments would also be developed.

3.25 Policy and Preparation Studies. The Deputy Inspector General, Policy, in theMOEF would be responsible for implementing the program of consultancies designed to assistthe Ministry with policy related analysis and the preparation of future forestry projects. TheDIG would draw up terms of reference for the studies and be responsible for identification ofsuitable consultants. Assurmnces were obtained at negoations that terms of reference forthe first three policy analysis studies and for all project-financed preparaton studies would beagreed with IDA, no later than February 28, 1997.

Conswervation of Biodiversity

3.26 Ptoject Stering Committee (PSC) for Conservation of Biodiversity. ThisCommittee would be responsible for coordination of project support for the Conservation of

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Biodiversity component. It would review the revised management plans for GHNP andKMTR, and ensure that agreed areas are designated as sanctunies or as additions to nationalparks. Ihe Committee would also promote consistency of approach to ecodevelopmentthrough an overview of ecodevelopment plans and activities in the areas peipheMl to the twoPAs, and take responsibility for the inidating any changes in policy or institutionalarrangements that may be necessary in the light of implementation experience. Linkagesbetween the PSC and implementing agencies are illustrated in Figure 3. The membership ofthe Committee is presented in Annex 3. The Director, Project Tiger would be the MemberSecretary of the PSC and would be responsible for coordination of project acdvities for theConservation of Biodiversity component within MOEF.

3.27 Project Implementation Committees Committees would be established inHimachal Pradesh and in Tamil Nadu to oversee project implementation in GHNP and KMTRrespectively. The committees, chaied by the respective state Secretaies for Forests, wouldbe responsible for reviewing revised PA management plans, and ecodevelopment plans asapproved by the PA Director. Institutional arrangements, in paricular for the management ofecodevelopment funds at the commuity level would be periodically examined by thecommittees. The committees would also be empowered to delegate financial authority to thePA Director for cetain types of expenditure, to ensme that the implementation of approvedecodevelopment plans is not delayed. Membership of the cottees is presented in Annex3.

3.28 Ecodevelopment Activities. The PA Director would be in overall charge ofecodevelopment activities. All ecodevelopment staff, including Forest Rangers and Guardsworidng within both the PA and the peripheral area in which ecodevelopment would takeplace, would be responsible to the PA Director. In each state, an Ecodevelopment Officer(EDO) of at least ACF grade would be appointed to coordinate micro-planning andmplementation of ecodevelopment progms around each PA. The EDO would be spportedby an Assistant Ecodevelopment Planning Officer of Ranger level, one Deputy Ranger andtwo Forest Guards, one of whom would be a woman. The planning team would be completedby two NGO staff, and again one of these would be a woman. Asswrances were obtsined at

negotdations that these staff would be appointed and responsibility for Forest Rangers andForest Guards in the ecodevelopment areas transferred to the PA Director by September 30,1994. The planning team would give prority to those communities which have most impacton the PA. To provide continuity between planning and implemention Forest Rangers andGuards responsible for a beat in the area penipheral to the PA, would form part of the

planning team whilst it is worinug in that particular beat area. The planning teams woulddevelop ecodevelopment plans for hamlets or village groups based on a participative process.The plans would include detailed costings and an agreed mechanism for managing funds atthe community level. The nature of ecodevelopment planning is furher discussed in Annex4. In order to develop credibility, the micro-planning teams would be able to rcmmend,and the PA Director authorize, small preliminary investments to improve communityinfiastructue, for example, repair of a water point, or access path.

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3.29 Ecodeveloptnent plans would be approved by the PA Director and submitted tothe State Project Implementation Comnminee for periodic review. AUl plans would have to beconsistent with the principles underlying the GO! Environmental Protecdon Act, the GOIWildlife Protecion Act and with the World Bank guidelines for environment, involuntaryresettlement and indigenous peoples. Once approved, the PA Director would authorizedisbursement of necessary monies to the communities. Consistency of approach would beensured by a six-monthly review of approved plans by the Biodiversity Conservation Sub-Committee. Project support for these activides would be through an Ecodevelopment SupportFund. At the community level an ecodevelopment committee, or other communityorganization agreed by the participants during the planning stage, would be responsible fornmnagement of the ecodevelopment activities and related funds. Regular six-monthly audit ofESF expenditures would be mandatory. More details of the types of activity to be funded andthe criteria and procedures for the management of the ESF are presented in Annex 4.Agreement by IDA on the criteria for assessing proposals for implementation under the ESFwould be a condition of disbursement. It was agreed at negodations that the first threeproposals for funding under the ESF would be submitted to IDA for approval.

3.30 PA Management in each of the two PAs would be the responsibility of a PADirctor, from the Wildlife Wing of the Forest Departments in Himachal Pradesh and TamilNadu. It would be a condition of project effectiveness that the post of PA Director be filledin GHNP and KMTR. The Director would coordinate the development of a management planand the construction of PA facilities as agreed in the plan 2. Architectural designconsultants would be employed to ensure PA buildings are compadble with the natural beautyof the areas. The development and management of public awareness programs would beundertken with the assistance of an appropriate NGO. These programs would emphasize thelinkages between ecodevelopment and PA protection through outreach, or extension programsand would be linked to the management of visitor centers as foci for some of theecodevelopment activities. Additional staff, mainly Forest Guards, would be transfemred tosupervise activities within the PA. The PA Director would be assisted as necessary by aprocurement officer with experience of World Bank procurement procedures.

3.31 Research Monitoring and Evaluation. MOEF would contract the managementof research programs to WIU, which would have the main responsibility for coordination of

ii Government approval of the project would provide an opporuniy to increase the area of GHNP byissuing a notficadon to include an addidanal area of some 235 km2, lying to the north east of thepresent GHNP, and providing a lirk with the Pin Valey Nadonal Par. See Map 1. At the samedtme condation could be given to notfying additional areas as PAsM hnkng fte exing PAs inthe area, and thereby forming a lage consolidated block of protected land, represeig a uniqueexample of a wide range of Himalayan ecosystes and wildlife. The additional areas lie at a highalude and most are snow-covered for much, if not all the year. It would also be an oppotunity tonotfy an area of about 90 km2 within the Sainj valley in GHNP as a sctuy. This would be aninterim measue designed to provide enhanced protection for the area, until the nofcaton of thenatonal park is finalized.

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rearch programs, directly undakdng certain programs and commissioning reseach byother agencies. Similarly, WII would commission institudons to undertke monitoring adevaluation surveys. Recruitment of short-term specialists under technical assistancearrangements would be linked to the relevant research progrms, and institudona linHkages tobe developed by ICFRE (Annex 15) could be used for the identificadon of suitable pronnel

3.32 Project Supervision. Project Supervision would be closely linked to theimplementadon schedule discussed above and would involve monitorng a number of keyindicators. Details of the dming of supervion missions, the key indicatrs ard the skills thatare likely to be needed for supeiion are presented in Annex 16. Ihte -would be twomissions during each year of the project, and the first mission would corspond with aprqject launching wokshop, to provide assistance during the critical st-up period.Subsequendy, the main supesion mission would coincide with the review of annual plansfor the various project activities, taking place early in the fourth quarter of each year. Tberewould be one additional supevision mission in the second quarter of each year, though thiswould be combined with the mid-term review in the third year of the projeci In addition tothe usual indicators of physical and financial progress, which are related to theimplementation and disbursement schedules and to the detailed cost tables, supeavision wouldmonitor key indicators of progress in the development of the forestry research managementsystem, human resource development and forestry educadon, the research programsthemselves, and the creaion of research extension linkages. ICFRE headquarters staff wouldplay a key role in these supervision activities, in particular, the units responsible for

onitoring and evaluation. Supervision missions would also monitor the planning andimplementation of ecodevelopment programs and PA management, assessing the need for theapplication of the requirements of relevant Bank Operational Directives (Para 3.1).

3.33 Reporting, Mid-Term and Completion Reviews. The ADO, Monitoaing andEvaluation would be responsible for preparig six-monthly progress reports to be submittednot l than January 31 and July 31 of each year for the preceding six months. Asswnceswe,v obtained at negoiatons that no later than February 28, 1997, a joint mid-term reviewwould be held and the recommendations of the review would theeafter be implementedm Thereview would involve ICFRE, MOEF, GOTN, GOHP, and IlDA. It would main establishprogress towards the main project objectives and not merely an inventory of disbursementsTo this end, the review woud focus on a number of the key indicators presented in Annex16. in pardcular, conidion would be given to those reflecting progress towards theestablishment of the rearch mangement system, the results of research program andinstitute reviews, the establishment and operation of the information systm, the operation afthe Research Grant and Extension Support Funds, and changes in staff skill mxu resultingfom the training programs. The review would also examine the impact of ecodevelopmentactvides on the ecology of the PAs and the socio-economic conditions of participatingcommunities. To facilitate this review, ICFRE would take the lead in the preparation of aaid-term project report, but impount inputs wold be required from the Wildlife Wings of theState Fs Deparmes m Tamil Nadu and Himachal Pmadesh. The repots woud bedistributed to all partucipants four weeks prior to the st of the review. Te group woud

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review progress in the development of the research management system and tie NationalForestry Research Plan, the implementation of project-financed rsearh pro gams, includingthose financed through the ROF, the human resource development program and theestablishment of IPRIS.

3.34 The project completion report would focus on the acvhieements of the prect andits impact in relation to its objectives. In particular, considemion would be given t theeffectiveness of the research management system in deciding and impleentng pdiorityresearch programs, with appropriate resource aUlocations, and its responsiveness to the viewsof the users of research results. The effectiveness of the ROP in utilzng the forestryresech skills available outside the ICFRE institutions would also be exmned. In the lightof the findings, recommendations would be made for future development of faoesy rsechIn India. The report would also examine the successes and shortomings of theecodevelopment programs and make recommendations as to how the program could bereplicated on a wider scale. Terms of reference for tie review team and its composidtowould be agreed with IIDA, and the report submitted to IDA no lat ta sx months aftrcompletion of the project.

C. Project Benefi-ts and Justiffeation

3.35 Benefis The project would support a key element of the Govemments sategyfor the forestry sector as ariculated in the Nadonal Forest Policy, prviding for rsah Xtwould lead to sustainable use of the forest resource. The project would also help to ensuthat India's investments in forestry reseach infrtructue and trained manpower would beeffectively utilized. Improvements to the research management system would lead to the3dentificadon of research prioes that reflect the requiments of the Nationa Farest Policyand the needs of the users of forest resources. The long-term fimework for forestry reserhprwvided through the development of a National Forestry Research Plan, investments Inhuman resource development, improvements in the level of opedonal funding for selectedresearch pWrrams, and irovements to the research infastructure would ehce the qualityof research. By facilitating information flows fhom researchers to the staff of SFDs andprivate sector organizatons, including NGOs, the project would furtier impro the relevanceof on-going and planned research programs and lead to the cordination of research betweeaICFRE institutes and that underaken by the states and other orins. adon,project support for forestry education would lead to a cadre of forsy staff at al levels witha bet apreciation of the possible benefits of reserch, and impoved capabilities to manaforests in a sustnable manner with the acdve participation of communities

3.36 Project support for the conservation of biodiversity would have long-term futubenefits of by developing effective methods for involving cin the panning andimplemenation of progrms that reduce the pressures on protected a rsources. Te focuson research and development of replicable methods woud benefit consrvadon, not only inthe pilot areas, but in protectd areas throughout India Associated resech programs woud

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have important benefits for the management of protected areas as they woud provide basicinformation on the balance between resource use and habitat preservadon.

3.37 No economic rate of return has been calculated for the project. Such calculatic'sfor a forestry research project are not meaningful, as the nature of research achievements andrate and extent of their adoption is impossible to predict and will vary from one agro-ecological zone to another. In addition, not all benefits can always be attributed to newlydeveloped technologies, as they would be dependent on other inputs or management pctices.An important aspect of the improved management system would be the evaluation of theeconomic retums to various research programs.

3.38 Risks. A risk affecting any research project is that research findings generatedmay be irrelevant to the needs of users. Project support for an improved methodology forsetting research pnionties and the acdve involvement of state and private sector organizationsin deciding on priorities should minimize such a risk. In addition, support for research that isidentified and undertaken within separate ecological zones furher reduces the risk. Projectsupport for the development of research extension linkages, for the provision of extensionmaterials to state foestry extension services, and for curriculum improvements in forestryeducation, would reduce the risk that research fmdings would not be transmitted to the users.Another risk affecting many research projects is that changes in economic policies render newtechnologies unsuitable, that is, not economically viable. The improvements to the researchmanagement system and the more systematic method of identifying research priorities thatxplicitly takes into account socio-economic factors would miniwmze this risL.

3.39 There are a number of risks associated with any program for the conservation ofbiodiversity through ecodevelopment activities as the process is not well developed and islikely to need adaptaion for specific sites. In addition, ecodevelopment requires aconsiderable change in atftiude on the part of forestry staff, with a change from anauthoritarian enforcement role to a persuasive, extension role. However, the growingreaization of the need for change from the traditional authoritarian approach and the pilotnature of project support for ecodevelopment minimizes these risks.

3.40 Environmental Effects. The project would support research programs aimed atincreasing the sustainability of the use of forest resources within different ecological zones.Project support for research into the management and conservation of these resources, droughinvolvement of communities and tribal peoples would reduce degradation, whilstimprovements to the productivity of plantings on farms, plantations and natual forests wouldreduce exploitation. Project support for conservation of biodiversity would have directbenefits for the selected pilot areas and wider benefits in the long term for other protectedareas, as discussed in the previous section. The project would, therefore, have beneficialeffects on the environment.

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3.41 The project has, however, been given a World Bank environmental classificationof B, because of the nature of ecodevelopment programs and the linkages between people andPAs. Consequendy, during preparaton, an analysis of the two PAs was made that relatedspecifically to biological values, demographic features and existing pressures anddependencies on PA resources. As part of the analysis, participatory rural appraisals werconducted in representative communities, with the assisnce of local and national NGOs, todetenmine the type of ecodevelopment activities that communities are likely to want.Idendfied activities are listed in Annex 4. The participatory, micro-level process ofecodevelopment planning and implementation has been described earlier in this chapter and inmore detail in Annex 4. Project-financed ecodevelopment programs would be small and sitespecific, and would incoiporate local communities environmental concerns. Agreement on thecriteria for utlization of the Ecodevelopment Support Fund would be a condition ofdisbursement (Para 3.29). lTe criteria are presented in Annex 4 and include te need forproposals to take into account the issues of concern in World Bank Operational Directives onthe environment, involuntary resettlement and indigenous people. It is not envisaged thatecodevelopment programs would involve resettlement or impact on tribals.

3.42 Local community participation and village user rights would be monitored andevaluated during the project. Local institutions and NOOs would be involved in establishingbaseline conditions through socio-cultural and ecological surveys prior to implementation ofthe plans. Progress in implementation of the community participation and park managementsategies would be an important focus of supervision and the mid-texm review, and wouldpwvide a fmal process to assess whether the principles of 001 and Bank guidelines arebeing adhered to.

3.43 Impact on Women. The project would ensure that forestry research responds tothe needs of women as some of the criteria for assessing research priorities would includefactor that relate forest products or technologies to their inportance to women. Such criteriacould include the nutritional value of non-wood forest products, the contribution they make toa family budget, or the proportion of time women spend in collecting the products, orworking to purchase replacements. In addition to the use of such criteria in the planning ofresearch, the involvement of NGOs in the identification of constraints and the possibility forthem to obtain funding for research through the Research Grant Fund would ensure dtatwomen's needs are addressed. Many of the proposed ecodevelopment activities wouldprovide important benefits to women, either by reducing the labor reqir to obtain water orfuel, or by providing alternative sources of income. This is further discussed in Annex 4.Women play an important role in research in many universities and other insdtutes and thereare no barriers to the promotion of women to senior posts.

47

IV. ASSURANCES ANMD R1OMN/ TION

Assurance

4.1 Condidon of Credit Effectivenes

An institution, acceptable to IDA, to provide technical specialists would beidentified and a contract for the provision of their services agreed. (Pam.3.21);

4.2 Condition of Disbursements

Disbusement of funds under the Researh Grant Fund, the ExtensionSupport Fund and the Ecodevelopment Support Fund would depend on theagreement with IDA on criteria for assessing proposals for funding. (Paras.3.17, 3.15, and 3.29);

4.3 Other Asurances

(a) 001 would implement a system satisfactory to IDA for channelling dte fundsrequired for caying out the project a 3.29);

(b) A methdology for setting research priorides would be developed by ICFRE,discussed with MDA and approved by the ICFRE Board of Governors by June 30,1995. Drafts of the NFRP and associated HRDP would be completed by June 30,1996, and agreed with IDA as part of the mid-term review (Pan 3.12);

(c) The format of IFRIS would be agred with IDA by Deember 31, 1994, andutiized to intodu progrm budgeting dming FY 1995-96, for preparon of the1996-97 budget to the extent prccable and fully utlzed for the preparadon ofthe FY 1997-98 budget (Pam. 3.13);

(d) The first te proposals for funding under the Extension Support Fund (Pam3.15), the Research Grant Fund (Pan 3.17) and the Ecodevelopment SupportFund (Pan. 3.29) would be submitted to IDA for approval;

(e) The survey to identify interim seed sources for development, detailed site plansfor clonal seed orchards, for seedling seed production areas and for multplicadongarden, and detailed plans for nursey impfovement in all ICFRE institutswould be completed and discussed with IDA by December 31, 1994 (Pta. 3.18);

48

(0) Annual raining plans, acceptable to IDA, for project-financed taining would beprepared not later than September 30, 1994, for the first year of the project andnot later than April 30 of each subsequent yea (Pama. 3.19);

(g) A conta for placement and support of t-nees with an institudon acceptable toIDA would be agreed by September 30, 1994 (Pan 3.19);

(h) Review of the scientific activities of at least two ICFRE institutes would beundertaken duing each year of the project based on Terms of Reference to beagreed with IDA and the recommendations of the reviews woud thereafter beimplemented (Pam. 3.20);

(i) A program for analytical standardization within ICFRE institutes andcollaborating research organizations would be discussed with IDA and inroucedby December 31, 1994 (Pam. 3.20);

ii) Agreement would be reached by all Libraries participating in IFLIN on the rangeof jounals to be purchased by December 31, 1994. Contraus forcomputerization of library catalogues would be prepared and Terms of Referencefor reviews of current research and grey literate would be agreed with IDA bythe same date (Pagm 3.22);

(k) In consultation with IDA, the review of the curricula for forestry education inxndi universities would be completed by June 30, 1996 (Pam 3.24);

(1) Terms of reference for the first three policy analysis studies and for all project-financed preparation studies would be agreed with IDA no later than February 28,1997 (Para 3.25 );

(m) The posts of PA Director in both GHNP and KMTR would be flled and staff ofthe Ecodevelopment Planning teams in both PAs appointed, and responsibility forForest Rangers and Forest Guards in the ecodevelopment areas transferred to thePA Director by September 30, 1994 (Para. 3.28);

(n) Not later an February 28, 1997, a joint mid-term review would be held and thercndatons of the review would thereafter be implemented (Para 3.33);

49

4.4 An understanding was reached that ICFRE and MOEF expenditures under theproject would be ncorporated in annual plan budgets and released by MOEF as required.GOI would release about three months anticipated project expenditre in advance to GOHPand GOTN, and that upon receipt of funds from GOL GOOHP and GOTN will imediatelytransfer such funds, togetier with quarterly counterpart contributions, to project accounts ofthe state implementing agencies (Pam. 2.39);

Recommendation

4.5 With the above assurances, the proposed project would be suitable for an IDACredit of SDR 33.8 million (US$47.0 million equivalent) on standard IDA tems with 35years maturity.

Febnruy 1, 1994India DepartmentAgricultural Operations Division

Structure of ICFRE

DirectorGeneral

Sec.etl Recruitment Board Registr Chara

I ~Meber

r DDO | | DDGIX) DD& DWAdknibi_uadm Research Ed n Exuemsion

Suppomrt

ADO ADO ADO ADG GAdministration Plaig M&E Education LibraryInformation

|-F |nce-Priority Setting -Social Frstry -as&monitoeg -Human Res. -LibraFYI-Disbursement -Elcnmics & I I-Tmupovee t I -P( =Bwg I Dev. -Publications1 urem_ InI Policy I I FOPmducts l-Evaluation -Curricula Dev. -DocumentatiolFWSMW P I l st ! I-Non-woodPwd. -rants| | lh6ItllX | | t--Reearh Gant| ' ! ! 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ !-iao

Organzation Chan - floresty Research Education & Extension Project

ICFRE Project Steering ConmnitteeBoard _ P~~orms Research Education

and Extension

Universilies | ICRE mj uu.uueee Fores ae StateSAU & UGC Forestry

Orgpnzations

Lli I PrizeCommittee

mieroupsF~~~1I Grants I-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~raIc

. 1< 1 1 '1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Slvcl- 1xt

. iais1itites DFtl | GNFA SRCs SPRIs [rlists

r _ _____ ____ EDUCATION AND TRAINING __ ]r RESEARCH PROGRAMS ]

EXTENSION

Direct Responsibility Function

e U U " " ' Advisoy/Coordition

Organization CarCt - Conservadon of Biodiversity

h=:oing

mo Bbdi sufD RieI~1 rn~ CousryuuonOf

f ~~d I r L- [J

IR S [PA lmn m Fco-doMmpl

S ~~~ rbnpleio I I lm ion

Annex 1Page 1 of 6

IlNDIA

FORESTRY RESEARCH EDUCATION AND EXTENSION PROJECT

ICFRE

Mandate, Structure and Staff Funcions

Mandate

1. The Indian Council of Forestry Researh and Educadon was established as an autonomousinstdttion in May, 1991, with the following objectives:

- To underwte, aid, promote and cocidinate foetry reseh and its applicationand foresty education;

- To develop and maintain a National Information Center (Libray) for forestry andallied sciences;

- To act as a clearing house for research and information relating to forests andwildlife;

- To develop various extension programs and propagate the same dtrough masmedia and audio-visual extension machinery,

To provide consultancy services in the field of foresty rsearch, education andtraining, and in allied sciences.

Annex IPage 2 of 6

ICFRE Society

2. The membership of the Society which governs the activities of ICFRE is as follows:

Chairman Secretary, Environment and ForestsVice Chairman Inspector General of ForestsMember Secretary Director General, ICFREMembers Secretary, Science and Technology

Director General, ICARDirector General, CSIRChairman, UGCTwo Vice Chancellors of universities impardngforestry educationOne representative of forest based industriesTwo Principal Chief Conservators of ForestsJoint Secretary and Financial Adviser, MOEFTwo Directors of ICFRE Research InstitutesDirector, IIFMDirector, Forest Survey of IndiaDirector, Wildlife Institute of IndiaDirector, IGNFATwo scientist foresters from ICFRE

Board of Governors

3. Management of ICFRE is the responsibility of the Board of Governors. The membershipof the Board is drawn from members of the Society, with additional members coopted asnecessary. The Board provides the framework for working links and coordination with otherresearch organizations, such as ICAR.

Structure

4. The approved structure of ICFRE is illustrated in Figure 1, that shows the functionalarrangements of the staffing of the headquarters unit of the Council. The Directors of the ICFREresearch institutes report directly to the Director General, so linkages with the headquartersstructure are primarily scientific and technical.

Annex IPage 3 of 6

Staff Functions

5. Detor General (DG). As overall head of ICFRE the Director General hasresponsibility for re-ganizing, re-vitalizing and directng national forestry research, educationand extension, requiring a high level of management skill and the ability to deal with the highestlevels of Government and the private sector. The DG ensues that:

Technical leadership for policy formulation and a diverse research program is ofhigh quality, ensuring that individual progmms ame related to national prioritiesand the needs of users of research results, and are based on up-to-date awarenessof progress in related sciences within India and intermationally;

- A competent body of rest-rchers are recruited, trained in the necessary skills andprovided with the necessary incentives and recognition to generate high qualityresearch;

- Physical and financial resources for sustained research programs are madeavailable;

- Porestry education is related to the present needs of the forestry sector,

- ICFRE provides leadership in the development of appropriate extension methods.

6. Professional Staff. There will be four Deputy Dirs General (DDG), assisted byAssistant Directors General (ADO), and Joint Directors (JD), as follows:

Post Responsibilities

DDG Administration Manage the adminiation andfinances of ICFRE.

ADG Administration Assist DDG Administration.JD Finance Manage Council finances, budgeting and

control: distribute and audit accounts.JD Disbursements Compile financial returns: process

disbursement applications to the WorldBank, and the project Special Account

ID Prourement Prepare procurement schedule anddocuments in formats acceptable to theBank coordinate bid evaluation andprocurement of goods and services.

JD Personnel Maintain service records of ICPREheadquarters staff, transfe, posting orders:assist wnth preparation of Human ResourceDevelopment Plan.

Annex IPage 4 of 6

DDG Research Coordinate planning, programming,execudon and monitoring and evaluation ofresearch programs.

ADG Planning Coordinate the development of priridtysetting methodology: apply agreedmethodology to preparation of a NationalForestry Research Plan and annual researchplans of Institutes.

JD Priority Setting Develop priority settng methodology andapply to planned research programs.

JD Economics and Policy Assist with policy analysis and ensureeconomic returns to research areinvestigated.

ADO Progams Coordinate research programs in socialforestry, tree improvement, forest products,and non-wood products, ensuring liaisonwith private sector researchers. Establishand manage the Research Grant Fund.

JD Social Forestry Coordinate research in the fields of social,community, farm and agro-forestry, and theafforestation of wastelands.

JD Tree Improvement Coordinate research on seed production,storage, testing and cerdfication and researchon vegetative propagation, tissue culture,provenance trials and assessment of exotics.

J3D Forest Products Coordinate research on resourcesurveys,forest operations, biomassproduction, utilization, wood seasoning andpreservation, and saw milling: liaise withwood based industries.

JD Non-Wood Products Coordinate research on bamboos, canes,fibers, flosses, gums, resins, tans, dyes,drugs and spices, animal products, food, andforest grasses: develop technologies forcollection, processing and storage of theseproducts.

3D Research Grants Develop criteria for award of grants, arrangeevaluation of proposals by Research GrantBoard, facilitate the transfer of funds andmonitor and evaluate their use.

Annex 1Page S of 6

ADO Monitoring and Evaluation Develop procedures for monitoting andevaluation of research undertaken by ICFREand other agencies.

JD Management Infonation Develop apprpiate MIS for forestryresearch.

JD Program Budgeting Develop a program budgeting system andassist with its introduction to ICFREinstitutes.

JD Evaluadon Develop criteria for evaluation of researchprograms and apply these to on-goingprograms

DDG Education Coordinate forestry education and humanresource development in the forestry sector,through curriculum development, thevalidation of degrees and the development ofthe FRI-DU: manage the award offellowships and post-graduate scholarships.

ADO Education Assist DDO Educadon

JD Human Resources Development Coordinate award of fellowships andscholarships and develop HRD Plan.

JD Cursicula Development Evaluate fortry cunicula at graduate andpost graduate level: coordinate the selectionof appropriate course books and mateials.

DDG F Support Coordinate the development of extensionmethods and materials to ensure thatresearch findings are made known to SFDsand private sectr agencies: manage thedevelopment of the National Forest Libraryand Infommation Center (N-FC).

ADO Libray and Infrmation Develop NFLIC and network ofcolaborating libaries.

JD Libry As Chief Librarian within NFLIC developlibray management, catalogue, currentawareness and inter-library loan proedurfor the forestry library network.

3D Publication Coordinate the production of ICFRE reseachand extension publications.

3D Docuntation Coordinate the production of scientificdocuments presenting ICFRE researchfindings

Annex 1Page 6sf 6

JD Media Coordinate pioduction of extension mateialsby media profesdonals.

JD Liaison and relations with the public and othrpublic and private scto agence.

Chairman Recuidtment Bo" Recruitment of crah scientsts byadverdsement, scuay of applicadons,srening and evaluadon, and selecion bythe Recruitment Board.

Secrey Recruitment Board As Member Secary to the Board assist theChairman with administradon of the Board.

Secretary ICFRIE Assist DO with the admiistre affais ofthe Council, including prsonnd matters,

nsitute plans, ad the mainace ofconfidential records. Act as viglance oficerto the CounciL

Regirar, Dep. Regiss Assist DO and Secry with admistionOf Council affair

Annex 2

Par I 0 11

FORESTRY RESEARCH EDUCATION AND EXTENSION PROJECT

ICFRE Resarch Institutes. Project Financed Research Progms

A. Mandates and Prgrams

1. The locion, divisional structre, regional responsibilities and reseah mandates of theICFRE Institutes are set out in the attached matrix. The matrix also shows the research programsto be financed through this project and the way in which these programs fit into the reserhmandat of each instute. Thus, project supported reseh programs form only a paut of thetotal resch undetaken by the ICFRE institutes, though much of the project financed equipmentand facilites would be of use to the institute as a whole. More details of the program arecontained in the project documents prepared by ICFRE, and the World Bank Working Paper onResarch Progams (See Annex 17).

B. Objectives of Project Flnanced Research Programs

2 The objectives of the research programs that would be financed under the project aresummarized below, for each of the institutes. Project numbers cross refer to the matrix.

FRI Debr Dul

Project 1. Stage of Forest Tree Seeds

(i) Research and devise an appropiate and cost-effectve technology for short tomedium-term storage of seed to maintain quality, viability and vigor,

(ii) Develop standard techniques for indigenous species to rapidly assess seedviability and seedling vigor in order to detrmine field planting value;

(i;i) Develop facilities for stonng seeds of rare, endangered, or otherwise valuablegermplasnL

Project 2. Maret Monitoring of Tree Products

(i) Collect market intelligence for me products;

Annex 2Page 2 of 11

(ii) Publish monthly price bulletins and publicize market information through themass media;

(iii) Analyze price tends and suggest policy measures to give impetus to plandngof trees.

Project 3. Cellulose and Paper

(i) Research methods of reducing environmental pollution resulting fromprocessing;

(ii) Demonstrate and transfer environmentally sound technology to the industy.

Project 4. Forest Pathology

{i) Examine diseases of economically important tree species and develop suitableprotective measures;

(i) Examine bio-feralizers beneficial to economically important tree species anddevelop practical methods for field application.

Project 5. Tree Improvement

(i) Study floral biology and breeding systems and develop hybrids specific to sitein order to maximiz productivity;

0ii) Develop techniques for rejuvenation of mature plant tissue to maximizemultiplication rates;

(iii) Develop in vivo and in vitro propagation techniques for mass multiplicationof selected genotypes.

Project 6. Forest Entomology

(i) Survey and screen indigenous parasitoid fauna of forest pests and developtechniques for their mass culture under laboratory conditions;

(ii) Develop field practices for biological control of insect pests;

(Oi) Screen forest seeds for insect infestations.

Annex 2Page 3 of 11

1MG& , Coilbatore

Project 1. Genetic Improvement

(i) Develop genotypes tolert to biotic and abiotic stresses in order to maxmeproductivity.

Project 2. Reproductive Biology

(i) Study pollen biology and pollen-pistil interacdon;

(ii) Study breeding systems and hybridization tochniques;

(iii) Study phenology and floral biology.

Project 3. Tree Breeding

(i) Develop suitable genotypes for agro-forstry systems;

iii) Develop improved planting material of higher productity.

Project 4. Biotechnology of Trees

fi) Establish a nucleus of sciendsts and appropriate laboray facilities forgenetic engineering of forest plants.

Project 5. Nuttient Cyclng

(i) Estimate nutrient cycling in different plantation ecosystem and the impact onthe ecology of the sites.

(ii) Esdmate the productivity of plantation ecosystems and rnom nd suitablespecies;

IWST, Bangalore

Project 1. Research on Sandal

(i) Identify provenance aweas, and collect and test seeds from these to develop agene base for genetic m t;

Annex 2Page 4 of 11

(ii) Develop nursery pcices, including in vivo and in vitro propagationtechniques for mass production of high quality planting stock;

(iO) Develop suitable silvicultural and management practies for raising highquality plantations on a range of sites, paying special attention to the potentialof sandal in farm forestry;

(iv) Study the various pathogens and develop suitable protective measures;

(v) Study the variation in wood and oil productivity and quality between differentprovenances and progeny, with a view to developing productive clonalplanting stock.

Project 2. Tree vement

(i) Establish and evaluate provenance and progeny trials, including assessmentof tials already laid out by SFSs;

(ii) Study variability of growth rates, yield, quality of timber, resistance to diseaseand pathogens, identification of provenances and superior phenotypes;

Oiii) Studies of vegetative propagaton of these species and mass productiontechniques;

(iv) Develop tissue culture protocols for the selected genotypes.

Project 3. Udlization of Alternaive Timbers for Catamarans

(i) Reduce investment in and increase the service life of catamarans throughimprovements in protection of altemative imbers for catamaran constuction;

(-d) Inoduce 200 cataans made of processed tmber as trials of laboratory-tested timbers.

(iOi) Generate awareness of and popularize techniques for increasing the servicelife of catamarns by involving he dmber teatment industry, fisheriesdepartments, local authorities, universities and NGOs;

Annex 2Page 5 of 11

TFRi, Jabalpur

Project 1. Non-Wood Forest Products

(i) 3Gennplasm collection of different species of Diasporas, bamboos and grassesfor introduction to central India, selection of high yielding species andvarieties, and their distribution for fiuther multiplication.

(ii) Selection of fruit-yielding trees of forest origin and edible bamboos, developmultiplicatdon techniques, establish demonstration plots, seed orchards andimprove fruit quality through hybridization.

Project 2. Muld-Pupose Trees for Agro-Forestry.

(i) Trials of multi-purpose tree species in agro-forestry systems in Chhattisgarhaea of MP,

(ii) Study any allelopathic effects of tree growth on agricultual crops, rootgrowth pattem under different plantation geometry, and develop suitable agro-forestry models.

Project 3. Bio-Fertilizers

(i) Identify species of VAM fungi, rhizobium and Frankda occurring in differenttree species and select effective strains of symbiotic organisms;

iii) Develop techniques for production of inoculum in bulk;

(iii) Develop techniques for the field application of bio-fertlizers.

Project 4. Forest Entomology

(i) Identify pathogens on forest tree seeds, in nurseries and plantation and assesslevels of damage;

(ii) Develop prctical techniques for control of pathogens through culturalpractices or bio-control techniques.

Annex 2Page 6 of 11

LAFR, Jodhpur

Project 1. Woody Plant Water Relations

(i) Investigate soil-water-plant relationships in respect of different tree and shrubspecies, on varying site conditions;

(ii) Screen indigenous and exotic species for their tolerance of moisture stress,and adverse site conditions.

(iii) Develop soil moisture and nutrient management practices for speedy andbetter plantation establishment in various sites;

Project 2. Irrigation Water Management for Tree Species

(i) Develop methods, and quantity and time schedules for irrigation of differentforest species and agro-forestry systems, to maximize production on asustainable basis;

(ii) Develop nutrient management practices for irrigated plantatons and agro-forestry systems, in order to maintain long-term soil productivity,

(iii) Identify suitable tree species for high yielding commercial forestry and agro-forestry in IGNP command area.

Project 3. Provenance and Propagadon of Fodder Trees

(i) Provenance trials of fodder species for tolerance to moisture stress, salinity,etc;

(ii) Develop vegetative propogation techniques for these fodder species;

(iii) Develop tissue culture techniques for propagation of fodder species.

(iv) Evaluate lopping regimes in relation to growth and production.

IRMDFR, Jorhat

Project 1. Ecology of Evergreen Tropical Forests

(i) Examine the cunment conservation status of forest resources to determine theeffectiveness of the protected area network;

Annex 2Pagp 7 of 11

(ii) evaluate changes in forest structure and composition over time, documt theeffects of logging on forest structure and composition and dtermine opdmalharvest schedules for sustainable production of timber,

(iii) Develop methods of restoring vegetation on degraded lands by testing nativespecies and comparing the productivity of mixed and single speciesplantations with natural mxed forest

Project 2. Seed Production and Germination

(i) Examine annual and seasonal varadon in seed formion viability,germination and dormancy;

(ii) Develop reliable seed germination procedures;

Project 3. Shifting Cultivation

(i) Monitor physical and chemical changes in soil properties before and durngshifting cultivation cycles;

(ii) Examine changes in micro-flora, including mycontizm due to shifdngcultivation.

fiii) Develop ecologically compatible altenatives to shifting cultivation.

Project 4. Mycorrhyzae Screening

(i) Screen tropical evergreen forest species for VAM association;

(ii) Develop techniques for VAM culture and utilizion in nurseries andplantations as bio-ferdlizers.

CRC, Shimla

Project 1. Cold Desert Afforestation and Pasture Establishment

(i) Select suitable species for planting, including trees, shrubs and grasses, anddevelop effective establishment techniques;

(ii) Improve establishment of clonal wood species.

Annex 2Pager8 of

Project 2. Regeneration of Coniferous and Broad Leaved Forest

(i) Examine the effect of the introduction of poplars into degraded coniferousforests;

(ii) Develop improved ppogation, nurseay and planting techniques.

Project 3. Agro-Forestry/Silvipasture in the Lower HiLs

(i) Select species most suited for agr-forestry/silvipasturein the hills and developappropriate models with people's participation.

CSF&ER, Af_ahabad

Project 1. Wasteland and Agroforestry Development

(i) Identify vaious types of stress sites and examine speces and species mixesfor their restoradon leading to arons ad demonstatons offecidve crop establishment tecbniques;

() Examine the legal, ad ve, social and policy aspects of cropestablishment through people's participation on severely stressed sites.

Project 2. Environmental Rehabilitation - Vindhyans Hills and Gangetic Plains

(i) Examine the ecology and scua interactions in the Vindhyans hills andadjacent Gangetic plains;

(ii) Develop models for sustnable cropping,

(iii) Establish demonstaon plots to encourage people's participation in improvingsite productivity.

Project 3. Productivity of Ecosystems

(i) Develop reliable methods to assess plant growth and productivity in forestsand plantaions and use these to evaluate productivity in representative sites;

(A) Detene effec of bo-feriies, pariculaly mycorrhizae, on plant gowthin the various sites.

Anne 2lage 9 of 11

14B- 114) 10 4

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F*Oarest Research Mdwadmaru taMdyaPkudh. Minor Forms Ftodmctr Eicoiestoration of Viodhya 1. Nolcod jinlIbaiua Ja%p Odm G3oa Projet I SatpaualAmakaaakHM 2. Muipmpose

Rage 3. BiofetfizS _kok^&mmwmmt 4. Entomol

Aw _ e I Foxrest contoldForat

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- Eobgy A Sail Dise and asect Ps ofCmwndo Dcidoom For;

.- edais&Plns ProJect 4

a amisa of Pow Pmduo Silviue of Decio ForestSpemies;Project 3

Socioeconomic Research onTribals

Institute of Arid Forsy Rajasthma Gujarat, Arid tracs of Restoration of Arid and seni and Ecoresraion of Amrvalis; 1. Woody pit water elationsResearc Jodhu Hayan and Punjab Areas of die CDmuty Agri-Silvi-Pasta Pakages for 2. Irrigation systems- cology & Convaom Project 1 Arid Regions 3. Provenance & popagaio of- Sivcuture & Manageret ProJects 2, 3 fodcteruu- Gaietes &Tree Breeding- Forest Potection Naual Regeneration in Foess- Conimnity Foresay of the Region their Silvicuture

and Mangai

WastelandDevelolnb_;

Institute of Rain and Moist North Enten Stat, West Forest Hydroloy and ShiRing Eicology; 1. Evergeen ecologDeciduous Fet Reser BengaL Sikdm Andsum and Cultivation; Project 1 2. SeodpiuhicdJoa Nwcobarlslt Project 3 3. Shft cultivation

WaterhdMagemet; 4. Mycouhye

Silvicuare and Mangemen ofRain and Moist DeciduForstsand MangoveForsts;PoJects 2, 4

Wood Sciu3einldgChemisny;

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ C om vation ofBi d v r i y_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _C_it. o "~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-

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AM

ND1IA

FORESTRY RESEARCH EDUCATION AND EXTENSION PROJECT

Membership of Project Management Committees

Project Steering Committee - Forestry Research Education and Extension

Charman Secreray, Environment and FomesSecretary Secretary, ICFREMembers Inspector Geneal of Fo¢e

Director General, ICFRERepresentative, ICARRepresentative, DEAFour Principal Chief Co2sevators of ForestsTwo MDs, SFD Coxpons

Project Steering Committee - Conservation of IBiodiversity

Chairman Secretary, Environment and FoestMember Secretay Director, Project TigerMembers Inpector General Forests

Director General, ICFREAdditional IGF, WildlifePCCF/Chief Wildlife Warden, TNPCCF/Chief Widfe Warden, HPDihctu, WIIRepesentaive DEARepresentatives colabortting NGOs, TN and HPRepresentative IIPARepresentative SACON

Annex 3Page 2 of 3

State Project Implementation Committees

Chairman State Secretary, ForestsMember Secretazy Chief Wildlife WardenMembers Principal Chief Conservator of Forests

PA DirectorConservator of Forests - PA areaDistrict Forest Officer - PA areaRepresentative, collaborating NGOCoopted Specialists as needed.

Institute Research Advisory Group

There is a Research Advisory Group for each ICFRE Institute to review staffing andresearch plans and advise the Director. The membership of the Research Advisory Groups variesbetween Institutes, but includes PCCFs of states served by the institutes, state forestry reseachstaff, university staff, and other distinguished sciendsts. The membership of the TFRI, Jabalpur,Research Advisory Group is given below as an example.

Chaimnm Director, TFRI, JabalpurMembers PCCF, Madhya Pradesh

PCCF, MahamshtmPCCF, OrissaCF, GoaManaging Director, FDC, OrissaDean, Forestry Dept. Jawahar Lal Nehnr KrishiVishwa Vidyalaya, JabalpurDrector, State Forest Research Institute, JabalpurDirector, Maharashtra Van Sanshodhan Sanstha,ChandapurState Silvicutalist, OrissaHead, Forestry Dept., Punjab Rao Deshmukh KrishiVishwa Vidyalaya, AkolaCF, Research, PuneGroup Coordinator, Research, TFR, Jabalpur

Annex 3Page 3 o3

ICFRE Traing Committee

Chairman DD, AdministraionConvenor JD, Human Resource DevelopmentMembers DDW, Education

DDG, ResearchDDW, ExtensionThree Directots of ICFRE Institutes

Annex 4Page 1 of 7

ENDIA

FORESTRY RESEARCH EDUCATION AND EXTENSION PROJECT

Ecodevelopment

Definitions

1. The term ecodevelopment has been used in India since the 1980s and a number ofdefinitions have been proposed. Panwar I defined ecodevelopment as a site-specific package ofmeasures derived dtrough people's participation, which addresses all aspects of land use and otherresources in order to promote sustainable land use practices as well as off-fam incoregeneraing activities, which are not deleterious to PA values. The MOEF Guidelines 2 describesecodevelopment as a package of programs that will demonstrate the concern of the PA managerfor the socio-economic development of the fringe or buffer zone villages and will result in greatercooperation of the residents of the villages in the conservation and management of wildlife. Theproject preparation document 3 defines ecodevelopment as a strategy for protecting ecologicallyvaluable areas from unsustainable or otherwise unacceptable pressures resulting from the needsand activities of people living in and around such areas.

2. Ecodevelopment is not a panacea for all conservation problems. As a strategy it isappropriate only for those areas where the dtreats to PAs are due to pressures from local ruralcommunities. Ecodevelopment does not seek to protect areas primaily through the enforcementOf laWS, but is not a substitute for a clear legislative framework. A detailed discussion of manyof the issues related to ecodevelopment is contained in a Working Paper, " Ecodevelopment.Principles and Strategies" (See Annex 11).

Panwar IL S. 1992. Guidelies for Plamning and Implemendng Ecodevelopment Prognmus as aMeans of Intating Man ment of Proected Areas with the Concens of Peopl for Susene anCultur UnpubL WMI

2 Detailed Guidelines of the Centmlay Sponsored Scheme "Ecodevelopment in and around Naopas and Wild Life Satuaries'. MOEF, 1991.

3 Biodveaft Conservaon through Ecodevelopment A Peiminary Indicative Plan for GreatHimaayan Naional pa*r, Himachal Pradesh, and KAlakad Mdandri Tiger Resenre, Tamil Nadu.Indi stitute of Publc Admi , New Delhi Apri 1993

Annex 4Page 2 of 7

Strateg

3. The strategy for ecodevelopment supported through the project would be based onthe involvement of people living in and around PAs in the planning and implementation ofconservation measures. This would require pardcipative, site-specific, micro level planning toidentify altenative ways to produce the biomass or generate income presently derived fromwitiin the PAs. Planning would make provision for a tansitional phase, as manyecodevelopment activities would take time to produce altemative incomes or resources.Ecodevelopment planning would be backed by an appropriate management plan for the PA. Thisplan would: define the requirements of conservation. hereby defining the limits to humanutilization; identify ways in which the local popul&don can be involved in planning andmanagement of the PA; be linked to proposed ecodevelopment activities and; make provision forthe institutional strucures and processes for management of the PA and associatedecodevelopment The suategy would be to identify ways in which some of the benefits aisingfrom conservation would be channeled to local communities and linked to progams that raisecommunity awareness of the value and conservation needs of PAs.

Eeodeveopment Planing

4. The essential charteristic of ecodevelopment planning, somedmes referred to asmicr-planning, is its participative nature. Project supported planning would be based on

participative rural appraisal techniques undertaken at the level of the community or interest groupand woud, therefore, be site-secific. It would aim to determine the negative impacts of thecommunity on the PA and conversely the negative impact of the PA on the community, forexample crop depredation by wild animals. The plan would be based on an assessment of theresources or income presently derived from a PA, the location and distribution of the resourcesexploited, the seasonality of supply and demand, and the main beneficiaries. Building on anycommunity awareness of the need for conservation of PA resources, planning would identifycommunity suggestions for alternative ways of providing resources or income and any associatedtrining needs. The plan would present costed proposals for the implementation of agreedalternatives, together with an implementation schedule. Institutional arrangements would beagreed (See below) and the plan would clearly identfy community resonsibilities and those ofthe PA management. A strategy for the transiton between a community stopping use of PAresources and ecodevelopment initiatives providing reurns would form an important aspect ofecodevelopment planning.

Ecodevelopment Actes

5. On the basis of PRA surveys in seven sample villages around GHNP and twelvesample villages around KMTR, a range of possible ecodevelopment activities was identified bythe project prepaton team. This provides an indicative list of activities, though not all wouldnecessaily be adopted and others may be identified during more detailed planning. The activitiescan be grouped as follows:

Annex 4Page 3 of 7

Biomass geneation Fuel and fodder plantationsJoint Forest ManagementNurseries

Income genadon

Artisanal WeavingTailoringCarpenty

Agricultural PoultyBeekepingHorticultureSheepHerb cultivationCrop protection

Labor Park m anagement activities

Irftastructure PA bridle pathsPA inspection pathsSmall irrigation worksAgricultual land development

Transpor Mules

Tourism Visitor services

Tnining Stipends and course costs

6. Governmet. PA management would be the responsibility of the PA Director, amember of the Wildlife Wing of the State Forest Department (SFD). As it is important thatcommunities perceive a clear liage between the benefits of ecodevelopment and theircollaboraion in reducing pressures on PA resources, the planning and implemention ofecodevelopment activities woud also be managed by the PA Director. To ensure that there wouldbe no overlap between staff responsible for ecodevelopment and the activities normallyundertaken by the Territrial Wimg of the SF), the PA Director would be responsible for all staffwithin the PA and the peripheral area in which ecodevelopment is promoted.

Annex 4Page 4 of 7

7. An Ecodevelopment Planning Team would be established in each PA, headed by anEcodevelopment Planning Officer, of at least Assistant Conservator of Forests (ACF) grde. Hewould be assisted by an Assistant Planning Officer of Forest Ranger grade, one Deputy Rangerand two Forest Guards, one of whom would be a woman. The planning team would becompleted by two NGO staff, and again one of these would be a woman. The planning teamwould give piority to those communities which have most impact on the PA. Forest Guards andrangers responsible for beats in areas peripheral to the PA would form part of the planning team,whilst it is worling in that particular beat area. Ecodevelopment plans would be approved bythe PA Director and submitted to the State Project Implementation Committee for peniodicreview. Consistency of approach would be ensured by a six-monthly review of approved plansby the Project Steering Committee for Conservation of Biodiversity.

8. Once the plan is agreed with the community and approved by the PA Director,funding would be released and the local Forest Guard, Ranger and NGO staff would assist withthe implemenion of the ecodevelopment activities. The planning team would move on to thenext priority area

9. NGOs. Local NGOs that have the trust of rural communities would have animportant role to play in the planning and implementation of ecodevelopment. NGO staff wouldparticipate in the planning team and work closely with SFD staff and communites in theimplementation. NGOs would be of particular assistance in setting up community institutionsfor the management of ecodevelopment funds and programs, and could provide at least some ofthe necessary training for artisanal or other income generating activities.

10. Commuity. Successful ecodevelopment would be dependent on the formation ofviable community organiations. These may be existing community organizations or may bespecial Ecodevelopment Committees. The institutions would be representative of the participatinggroups, mcluding women, and have clear rules for the management of funds, stdard proceduresfor allocation of funds to group or individual activities, and regular audits. Defining the natureand composition of the community organization would be an essential part of the micro-planning.

The Role of Wonen

11. Maintaining special efforts to ensure ta women are decisively involved in theplanning and implementation of ecodevelopment has been recognized as critical to projectsuccess. As the p inant aors in fuelwood and fodder collection, significant players in theagricultural workforce, and an important contributors to household income, women's directcooperation and goodwill will frequendy be the key to changing resource use behavior, as wellas to meeting equity goals. The actve participation of women in the two project areas wouldbe particularly important, given the relatively high level of their participation in the rualeconomy. In Himachal Pradesh, 44 percent of all women are actively woing in agriculture,whilst in Tamil Nadu the figure is 32 percent, both significantly higher than the national average

Annex 4Page 5 of 7

of 24 percent 4. The strategies employed would, however, be site-specific to respond to thedifferent roles of women in the two environments. Around GHNP, women are almost exclusivelyactive as collectors of forest resources and cultivators on their own farms, where tiey are oftenprimary decision-makers in the absence of household males. Around KMTR, women from thelarge number of landless and marginal farm households are principa1ly involved as agriculturallaborers and in off-farm employment, for example, bidi making for local contctors.

12. Because previous natural resource and social forestry projects have had only limitedsuccess in involving women in decision making 5, the project strategy would be to keepwomen's active participadon in the forefront by including women in each of the key institutions:the govemment ecodevelopment planning and implementadon teams, the NGOs, and localecodevelopment committees. For both goverment and local committees this would be a changefrom existing practices. Wider women's participation is commonly correlated with active NGOinvolvement, so careful monitoring and NGO facilitation would be important to ensuring thesuccess of this strategy.

Ecodevelopment Support Fund (EDSF)

13. Objectives. To provide a means of financing approved ecodevelopment plans theproject would provide for an Ecodevelopment Support Fund. The Fund would have two mainobjectives. The first would be to enable the Ecodevelopment Planning Team in each state toprovide finance for any small improvements to commnunity infrastructure that are urgentlyrequired. The works could include items such as the repair of a water point or the improvementof an access path. Provision of such finance would aim to generate goodwill and show thatecodevelopment would be more than just a promise. The expenditure on such works to providethe Ecodevelopment Planning Team with credibility would amount to no more than Rs.50,000per community. The second objective of the Ecodevelopment Support Fund would be to enableimplementaion to take place almost immediately a plan is approved. This would be essentialif commuites are to actively participate in planned activities.

4 Genr and Poverty m India World Bank Counmry Study. 1991, p.295.

5 Evaln studs im Hinacl Pradesh and Tami Nadu have documented low levels of p £cipttin loca committees and even lower lvels of awareness of project objectives, activities and benefits.(See Venkateswman Sandhya. Living on the Edge. Women, Environment and DevlopmeaLFPiedrich Ebert Stfiung. New Delhi 1992.)

Benefits accuing to women have been primarily in the form of employmenu, where ty havebenefted to the same extent as they have in oher projects. (See Olson G. Employment and IncomeGeneato in Social Forestry. A Case Study from Onssa ILO. Geneva 1988.

Annex 4Page 6 of 7

14. Criteria for Use of the Ecodevelopment Support Fund. Agreement on the criteiafor use of the ESF would be a condition of disbursement from the Fund. Preliminary criteria areset out below, which will need to be modified or expanded as necessary by the state ProjectImplementation Committees.

- Completion of site-specific microplanning for ecodevelopment;

- Review of plans by the PA Director, including an assessment of their environmentaland social impact 6;

- Endorsement of plans by the concerned community;

- Identification of community organizations rsponsible for implementation;

- Identification of individuals within the organization with responsibility formanagement of funds;

- Adherence to the agreed administrative procedures (See below) for disbursement andmonitoring.

15. Admiative Procedures. An outline of the procedures for utiLization of theEDSF is presented here. More detailed procedures would be evolved on the basis of experience,particularly at the community level, but systematic control of funds would be provided as the PADirector would be responsible for approving individual ecodevelopment plans, which the Stateproject Implementation Committee reviews on a regular basis.

Expenditure from EDSF would be on the basis of ecodevelopment plansapproved by the PA Director,

Payments would be in accordance with the schedule of expendituresprovided in the plan;

To reduce administrative delays, the State Project ImplementionCommittee would delegate authority to the PA Director to make paymentsfor certain ty of ecodevelopment activities.

Payments would be charged to a specially created accounting sub-head;

Mm envionenta and social impact of ecodeeopient plans wolld be reviewed in the h of theprinciples of dte 001 Enviromental Protection Act, he 001 Wdife Prcion ct and the WoddBak Gddees for environment, involvuntary rettemen and indigenous peoples h have beensot out in World Bank Optondal Directives 4.00,420 and 430.

Annex 4Page 7 of 7

IDirect payments to community members employed within the PA on adaily wage basis for PA management related activities, such as bridle pathconstruction would be authorized by the PA Director. Such paymentswould be separated from the regular PA management budget and would beof particular importance during the tansidonal phase;

CoLiaborative or cooperative ecodevelopment activities would be managedby community Ecodevelopment Comnittees, or any other communityorganization that the has been agreed as responsible;

The community organization would establish a bank account, dedicaed toagreed ecodevelopment activities, with signatories as decided during theecodevelopment planning;

An advance payment would be made to the account for authorizedexpenditures. Subsequent payments would be on the basis ofreimbursement against actual expenditures;

All commiunity accounts would be subject to regular inspection by PAadministration, with the assistance of the collaborating NGO. Annualaudits of all EDSF accounts would be mandatory.

Annex SPage 1 of 4

IN4DIA

FORESTRY RESEARCH EDUCATION AND EXTENSION PROJECT

Extension Support Fund

1. The project would provide support for the improvement of research/extendon linkages.This would be achieved, inter alia, by supporting demonstrations of research resuts zi the fielfor which the project would provide finance to establish an Extension Support Fund (ESF).Grants from this fund would support demonstrations planned by the State Forestry Deparments(SFDs), in collaboration with the Extension Support units in ICFRE insdtutes, and implementedby the SFDs and other competent extension agencies.

2. An Extension Grant Committee (EGC) would be established at ICFRE to develop anddesign proposals for funding through ESF. This Annex sets out initial guidelines for criteria forthe identification of technology to be demonstrted, the evaluation of proposals and the awardof grants. Following detailed review by EGC, a final set of critena would be prepaed, agreedwith IDA and published. This Annex also sets out the proposed membership of the EOC andthe arrangements for the adinistration of ESF. The administradve procedures would befollowed for all grants, regardless of the source of funds.

3. Criteria for the Type of Demonstration. Grants would normally be for three years inthe first instance, with a possibility of extensions for successful programs. Proposals would bemade in the form prescribed by EGC and would be assessed against the following criter.ia:

Availability of new technology that has been pre-tested under reserch conditions;

Relevance of the technology to the pracical constraints faced by foestry staff, theusers of forest resources, farmers and commercial producers

Complementarity with, or contribution to, past or on-going extension efforts;

Degree of involvement of the community in the design and implementaton of thedemonstration, and the area and number of villages likely to benefit;

Appropriateness of technology to be demonstedo the production system

Ability to complete the proposed demonstration using existing facidities andequipment;

Availability of competent extension staff;

Annex SPage 2 of 4

Degree of cooperation with other extension agencies (MOA, NGOs, private sector,universities);

Cost.

4. Criteria for Type of Expenditure. The expenditure eligible for support under the ESF

would include:

Equipment;

Operational expenses, including those for equipment, costs of casual labor, andtravel and subsistence expenses for staff;

-Costs of field days and meetings.

Expenditures that would not be eligible for support under the ESF would include:

- On-going extension and demonstration programs;

- Staff salaries and allowances;

- Staff training and consultancies;

- International travel;

- Civil works of any kind.

5. Membership of the Extension Grant Board. The membership of the Extension Grant

Board responsible for allocating the Extension Support Fund would be as follows:

Chaiman DDG ExtensionConvener Diretor Extension, FRIMembers From relevant Stwe:

Director, ICFRE instituteCCF, Social ForestryManaging Director, FDCExtension Representative, ICARExtension Representative, State Dept.AgricultureRepresentative, NGORepresentative, Forest Based lIdustryRepresentative, SAU.

Annex 5Page 3 of 4

6. Admiinistrative Procedures

The EGC would publicize the availability of the grants, the broad objectives, andthe procedures to be followed to SFDs, universities and other competent publicand private sector agencies;

Extension demonstation programs would be submitted to the DDG Extension ina standard format, complete with detailed costings;

Following review, the EGO would approve selected proposals that meet thecriteria. On approval, a legal agreement or memorandum of understanding wouldbe drawn up between ICFRE and the agency undertakang the progm, specifyingthe obligations and commitments of both parties;

Gmrants would be made semi-annually and closing dates for applications would beFebnrary 1 and August 1 in each year, to permit the grants to be announced onMay 1 and November 1;

Fomal acceptance of the grant and its conditions would be required before thefirst payment, and the program would become effective on the date of the firstpayment;

The grantee would not sub-contract any part of the extension program to besupported under the grant to any other agency or individual;

The first three proposals would be reviewed in collaboration with IDA before anyfunds are allocated;

Procurement of specified items would be arranged by the Procurement Officer, inconsultation with the agency undertaking the research;

The grantee would maintain an inventory of all assets procured under the grantand would provide EGC with an updated copy of this, annually. AR equipmentwould be marked to show ownership by ICFRE;

All assets purchased under the grant would remain the property of ICFRE. At theend of the grant period, ICFRE would determine the disposition of the assets;

EGC would be authofized to make changes in the technical program, or terminatethe grant after reasonable notice, in the event that the program has been deemedto be making unsatisfactory progress, or to be in non-compliance with grantconditions;

Annex SPage 4 ot 4

Grantees would agree to accept supervision by EGC and would cooperate fullywith supervision and review teams appointed by EGC;

Funds for agreed expenses would be transferred at six-monthly intervals and inadvance, to a dedicated account set up by the research agency. Each paymentwould be adjusted for unspent funds from the previous disbursement period;

Separate accounts would be maintained for all expenditures. ITese accountswould be transmitted to ICFRE, together with full documentation, and would besubject to audit every six months;

Receipts resulting from the research supported under the grant would be creditedto ICFRE;

Savings on any approved provision under the gant would not be used for anyother purpose, without the approval of the EGC;

-The financial support received by the grantee would be acknowledged in anypublications;

Six-monthly progress reports would be submitted to EGC. A termination reportwould be provided three months after the completion of the grant period;

Progress with research financed through the ESF would be reviewed annually bythe EGC and IDA, prior to release of finance for the next yea's work.

Annex 6

Page 1 of 3

INDIA

FORESTRY RESEARCH EDUCATION AND EXTENSION PROJECT

Planting Stock Improvement Progm

Introduction

1. About one and a half billion tes are planted annually In India but records Indicate thatsurvival is sporadic and often poor by inteaional standards. Tere are many reasons for lowswvival rates, but the poor quality of planting stock is a major contributory factor. lTis startswith poor quality of seed, due to the lack of properly identified seed sources, and inadequate seedharvestng and cleamng procedures. Vegetative propagation is increasingly important in foresttree establishment, but is constrained by the lack of properly selected parent trees. The qualityof seedlings produced from forest nurseries is a further limitation. Procedus tend to bestanddized for aUl species in all ecological conditions and nmsery managers have little accessto modern nursery technologics. One of the primary objectives of ICFRE is to increaseproductivity and an improvement in plantng stock can make a dramatic impact on theproductivity of the forest sector. The project would, therefore, finance a program to improve theproduction of planting stock, with ICFRE institutes taling a lead in the introduction and, ifnecessary, adaptation of proven technologies, providing demonstations and adiece to StatForest Service staff.

Project Propos

2. The project would include support for the following:

- Seed Stands- Clonal Seed Orchards- Seedling Seed Production Areas\- Seed Harvest, Handling, Tesdng and Storage- Vegetative Propagation

- Nursery Buildings and Equipment- Muldplicadon Gardens

3. Seed Stands Seed stands would be developed for 10 priaity species, by each of 8ICFRE instutes. This would involve:

- Seed stand selection survey, to be undtaken by two team from each institute.Each team would consist of a forest technologist, 2 skiled laborrs, and 2climbes Lump sum provision would be made for travel and allowances for these

Annex 6Page 2 f 3

teams and each institute would be provided with a jeep.

Identified sites would be designated as seed stands. It is assumed that two siteswould be designated for each of 10 species and that each site would be 100 ha.

Designated sites would be culled at a cost of Rs.15,O0O per ha.

Management and maintenance of each site would amount to Rs.15,O0O/lO0ha/year

4. Clond Seed Orchards. Clonal seed orchards would be developed at all institutes overthe period of the project. It would involve:

Identification and lisung of all Candidate Plus Trees that have already beenselected

Collecting CPT material and transporting to the institutes. It is assumed that twoteams of 5, as in A, would undertake this work Each team would be providedwith a truck.

- Muliplication of the base population using a staff of one permannt superisorand four contract grafters for four months per year. Miscellaneous supplies andfertiL would amount to Rs. 100,000/institute/year

- Planting of clonal orchards. It is assumed ftat a lOOha orchard woud beestablished for each of ten species at a cost of Rs. 30,000 per ha.

- l'iManagement and maintenance of the orchards would amount to Rs30,OO0/lOOha/yr

5. Seedling Seed Production Area. Development of SSPAs would be dependent on thecondition of any existng areas. It would involve:

- A review of existing inforation on seed source quality, ic. best provenances

- Identification of any established pure stands of best provenances

- If these exist, procedures for development of seed stands oudined at A would befollowed.

- If there are no exising SSPAs, seed would be imported. A lump sum provisionof Rs.300,000 would be made

Annex 6Page 3 of 3

It is assumed that 1,000 ha of new plantings would be established with theimported seed at a cost of Rs.9,000 per ha

Management and maintenance of the SSPAs would cost Rs.30,000/lO1ha/yr

6. Seed tarvesting, Handling, Testing and Storage. Equipment would be provided toeach institute for these activities. Lump sum provision per institute would be made. follows:

- Harvesting Rs. 15,000- Handling,cleaning Rs. 300,000- Testing Rs. 600,000- Storage Rs. 150,000

7. Vegetative Propagation. Facilities for vegetative propagation would be improved at allinstitutes. These would form centers of excellence in nursery practice, for both demonstrationpurposes and training of ICFRE and SFS staff. The project would finance the construction ofa 300m2 greenhouse, a 300m2 shade house, and a 100m2 mist chamber at each institute, togetherwith the necessary equipment and water supplies, and nursery design and developmentconsultancies.

8. The project would also finance development of multiplication gardens associated with thenursery facilites above. Each institute would develop a total of 30 ha of multiplicaton gaden,that is, 10 ha for each of three species at a cost of Rs, 30,000/ha. Development would be at arate of 5 ha per species, per institute, per year.

9. Development would be phased as follows:

Project Year Institutes

I IAFR, Jodhpur. TFRI, Jabalpur2 IFG&TB,Coimbatore; FRI, Dehra

Dun; IWST, Bangalore3 CRC, Shimla; CSF&ER, Allahabad.

4 IRMDFR, Jorhat

Annex 7

JPar 1 of 4

INDIA

FORESTRY RESEARCH EDUCATION AND EXTENSION PROJECT

Research Grant Fund

1. The project would provide finance to establish a Research Grant Fund (ROF) to enableorgniaiSons within or outside the forestry seO to undake research that would contrbute tonaonal foestry research priories. These rgant include Recognized Universit, StaeAgriutural Universities, State Fotrey ReSearCh nsttutes and Siviculturalists. NCOs andprivate indstty Research proposals would either be developed from the intnal intereStS oftheses organizatons, or in ronse to specific problems ideandfied by ICFRE.

2. A Reserch Grants Board (RGB) woud be established to revew search proposs andthis Board would be empowered to act on behalf of ICPRE This Annex sets out initaluideines for criteria for the evuadon of proposals and the awad of grats. Folowing deiedreview by the Bouz a final set of citeria would be prepared and folowing review by IDA woudbe subsequendy publshed. This Annex also sets out the proposed membeship of the RGB andarransements for the an of the Fund. The miisve procedure would befollowed for all research grants, regardless of the source of funds.

3. Criteria for Type of Research. Grants would normally be for tr years in the fiminstance, with the possibility of extensions for successful programs. Proposals woud be madein the form prescribed by RGB and would be assessed against the following critera

- Relevance to the priorities established by ICFRE;

- Likelihood of success and the probability of producing usable results within areasonable time-frame;

- Complementarity with, or contribution to, past or on-going wreh in India orelsewhere, justified by a litature review;

- Mulld-disciplinary approach and de integation of sils available in the agencyapplying for th Gant;

- Relationship to the long-tem research program of the insdutio concerned;

- Appropiness of experimental approach and methodologr,

Ability to complete the proposed researh using existing facilities and equipment;

Cost, based on detailed lists of equipment, scholabips and other costs.

Annex 7Page 2 of 4

4. Critria for Type of Expenditure. The expenditure eligible for support under the RGFwould depend on the type of research, but would include:

Equipment;

Operational expenses, including the running costs of vehicles and equipment, thecost of casual labor for field experiments and travel and subsistence expenses forresearch staff; and

Scholarships or fellowships for post-gaduate students participating in the proposedresearch program;

Publication of research results.

Expenditure not eligible for support under the ROF would include:

Core programs within ICFRE Institutes;

- Staff salaries and allowances;

- Staff training and consultancies;

- Iternational travel;

- Civil works of any kind.

S. Membership of the Rssearch Grants Board. The Board would have a mmbership of13 made up as follows:

Chairnan Director General, ICFRESecretary Joint Director, Research GrantsMembers DDG, Research

DDG, ExtensionDDG, AdministrationADO, ProgramsAdditional IGF, MOEFUniversity RepresentativeSAU Representative2 SFD RepresentativesP)C RepresentativeForest Federation RepresntativeWood Based Industry RepresentativeNGO Representative

Anna 7Page 3 of 4

6. Adm aive Procedures.

The ROB would publicize the availability of grants to universties, Stat FoestDepartments, and other competent public and piivate sector agencies, the broadobjecdves and the procedures to be followed;

Research proposals would be submitted to the ADO Programs in a standardfomat, complete with detailed costings;

Following review, the Board would approve selected poposals that meet thecnteria and are judged to make a significant contribution to agreed priontyresearch topics. Following approval, a legal agreement or rndum ofunderstanding would be drawn up between ICFRE and the agency undertakng theresearch, specifying the obligations and commniitments on both sides;

CGrants would be made semi-annually and closing dates for applications would beFebruary 1 and August 1 in each year, to permit thf grants to be announced onMay 1 and November 1;

Formal acceptance of the grant and its conditions would be required befoe thefrst payment, and the research program would become effecdve on the date of thefrst payment;

The gmntee would not sub-contract any part of the research program to besupported under the gmant to any other agency or individual;

iThe fist three proposals would be reviewed in collaboration with IDA before anyfunds are allocated;

Proement of specfied items would be ranged by the Procurement Officer, inconsultation with the agency undertaking the research;

The grantee would maintain an inventory of all assets procured under the grantand would provide RGB with an updated copy of this, annually. All equipmentwould be marked to show ownership by ICFRE;

All assets purchased under the grant would remain the property of ICFRE. At theend of the grant period, ICFRE would detemine the dsposition of the assets

ROB woud be consulted prior to any changes in the value of fellowships awardedunder the grant;

7

ROB would be authorized to make changes In the tecbnical program at the grt aft reasonable notice, in the event that the prgram has bo deeedto be making unsatisfactoy progress, or non-compliance with gant conditons

Grantees would agree to accept supervision by RGB and would coopa fullywith supervision and review teams appointed by RGB;

Funds for agreed expenses would be transfened at six-monthly Inhtrvals and in

advance, to a dedicated account set up by the research agency. Each paymnwould be adjusted for unspent funds from the pevious disbu pai;

Separate accounts would be maintained for all expenditures. These accoutwould be tansmitted to ICFRE, together with full dcunentlon, and would besubject to audit every six months,

Receipu resulting from the research supported under the ga woud be creditedto ICFRE;

savings on any approved provison under the grant would not be used for anyother purpose, without the approval of the ROB;

ROB would be informed of any patentable or ommae y exploiable discovey.and no action would be taken by the grntee to patent the disovery witout RGB

approval;

The financial support received by fte grantee would be acknowledged in anypublications;

Six-monthly progress reports would be submitted to ROB. A t_minato rppot

would be provided throe montius after the compledon of the gnt peiod;

Progress with research financed through the RoF would be mviwd andually by

the ROB and IDA, prior to release of finance for the next yeaes wo&

Anne, S

Page I o 3

INDIA

FO RE Y RESEARCH EDUCATION AND E SION PROJ

ICFRE Statstical Unit

1. Reliable forestry saisdcs are required at a national level by the Minisay of Environmentand Forests (MOEF) for plnning, policy analysis and making decisions on forestay invesmetand development programs. Statistcs are also required to monitr and evaluate the impact ofpolicies and programs. At present, the information available to MOEF is lmited as the are nocompehensive sttcs on forest rescuaces, supply and demand for fst products, mrking,mangent and productivity of natual forests and waselands on private and public lands, norinstituional stengths and weaknesses. Many of the data are colected by states and public andrivate sector agencies, but are not collated, analyzed, or readily available. This is a significantc-onstaint to the development of the foestry sector, so the project would provide finance for thedevelopment of a Statistical Unit to ensme the collection of nadonal fresty sudtsts.2. The Stistcal Unit would foam part of ICFRE. Its primary function would be to act asa service, rather than a research unit, providing forestry statstcs to MOEF and oe agencisas required. The Unit would, therefore:

identify, and agree with MOEF, the pmay and secondary foresay daft to becollected;

hliaise with agencies concemed with the collection of primary or secoday data;collect, collate and process the agree data;

- check on data reliability,

- provide required data to MOEF, or other authorized users, in a dmely fashion.Ihe types of informaton and data, likely sources and the peiodicity of data collecdon am1ummarized in Table 1. A clear distinction should be drawn between these data and bionicstatitic which are used to validate research programs. The Unit would also establish closelinkages with other information networks, such as that established by the Naional InformaicsCentr (NICNE7).

Annex SPbge 2 of 3

3. The Stattical Unit would be under the management of the ICFRE ADG Planning. TheUnit would be headed by a Staisdcian of the rank of Joint Director. Stg would be asfollows:

Head of Unit2 Senior Stastdcal Officers2 Statistical Officers2 Field Offiicers1 Pogrammer3 Staiscal Assistants4 Investigators2 Data Entry aors

4. The project would provide funds for special studies, necesary equipment, taining, and

staff travel for data collecdon.

Table 1 Dab to be Collected by the OCIER b Unit

TDISof Data So ,dd

Fmtco, qpS, down.s MI, soB-se

owneshp lealstau

Commisen

Receipts and pedite MOEF. SDF Annual

Fre Industries: tpe. number. Min Comme rmelocadton capacit, ouut, employmeat. SD Sman and Cotrage Idtes

SD Comm_rce and I_duuisFoest Indusies, FDC

Mar_atng sas, Impors e" s 6 m

Instirus MOEF, SW, FDC Anal

rest maaem t ystms and MOEF, SDF, FDC Rinul

Naua forests and pl_ntain tgp SDF, FDC Ahuaara distribution. gowing sockworkng pans

Watlnds, sca and fm fobeswy NAIB. SDF Socia Fmoy AnnPdarea, distrbtuln, rehbiliatin Wag

Joint for _ : S Analoamnm plans

Non-wood forest poict: tpes, SD. STC, Annualproduction maketing

Protected areas: area, wif, SDP WiD Wing Di-mndlenroachmnt, eco-deelopment Willfe Institu

IMwAiond Co Laom do , MOPk, NANB, SDF Annuaprs DEA

DEA Depa of Economic AffahFSI Forest Survey of IndiaFDC Foret Developmnt CorporationMOEF Ministry of Environment and ForestNAEB NatimAfuoonS and EoDc_mVif DoardSDF Stat Deparme of FosSO Sate GovanmtSTC Stare Tf ba p

Annex 9Page 1 of S

ND[IA

FORESTRY RESEARCH EDUCATION AND EXTENSION PROJECT

Conservation of Biodiversity. Project Areas

A. Great Hmalayan National Park

1. Locafion and Area. The Great Himalayan National Park consists of the uppercatchment areas of the Tirthan, Sainj and Jiwa rivers in Himachal Pradesh. (Map IBRD24927) The present park aea of 620sq.ans. includes a part of the Ttan Sancay(84sq.kms.), the rest of which adjourns the southern boundary. The park is contiguous withthe Rupi Bhaba Sanctuary (269sqkms.) in the south-east and the Pin Valley National Park(675sq.kms.) in the eas the latter is connected to the park through the proposed extension inthe Parvati river catchment. Together, these areas constitute one of the largest areas ofreatively undisturbed Himalayan ecosystems in Norther India The intention to declare the

reat Himalayan National Park as a national park was issued in 1984.

2. Biologlcal/Conservation Value. Located in the north-westen Himalayanregion, the vegetation of the paik shows distinct altitudinal zonation. Gaston et al. (1981)recognized five broad forest types within the park, with sub-tropical pine forest between 600-1700m, Himalayan moist temperate forest chaacteized by conifers and broad-leaved speciesbetwveen 1500-3600m, sub-alpine forests between 3000-3400m, moist sub-alpine scrubbetween 3000-3500m, and dry alpine scrub between 3400-3800m Particularly noteworthy isthe presence of undisturbed oak forest at low and middle altius, which is now rare outsidethe park. Alpine meadows occur above 3800m, the upper limit of sub-alpine and alpine scrubcommunities. These meadows have a high diversity of herbaceous species, many of whichhave medicinal or aromatic properties.

3. The park suppots an extremely diverse wildlife population. This includes thelargest remaning population of Himalayan tahr (endemic to India) in India. The park is alsoone of the only two places in India where there is still a viable populadon of the Westerntragopan (pheasant). The highly endangered Snow leopard is repord to occur in areaswidtin and adjacent to the national park. The park also supports over 300 species of birds.Rodgers and Panwar I have identified the park and its surrounds as an area of foremostpriodr for biodiversity conservation in India. The World Conservation Monitoring Center in

ZPlanning a Wildfle Prosctd Area Netwoti in India. Rodgers. W. A., and Panwar. HK S.Wfldlife Instute of India. 1988.

Annex 9Page 2 of 5

the United Kingdom has identified the Western Himalayas as one of the five Centers of PlantDiversity and Endernism in India 2 and in need of urgent protection.

4. Issues. The park has relatively few management issues, which makes it an idealsite for testing pilot approaches to participatory management. The nothem and easternboundaries of the park are under permanent snow, while the southern boundary is along ahigh ridge and almost impassable. The remaining surrounds are relatively sparsely populatedwith harsh terrain and poor conmmunications. There are only four hamlets with around 24houset.olds living within the park with small areas of cultivated teraces (70 ha.) surroundingthe settlements. The impact on the park from these hamlets is comparatively low. However,the 3,000 households in over 200 hamlets and villages, within a l0kas. radlus to the west ofthe park, have traditional rights in the park area for grazing, collection of forest products andherbs.

5. The most destructive of the various pressures on the park comes from the ancienttradition of collection of medicinal and aromatic herbs and molrel mushrooms from a varietyof locations in the high altitudes of the park, largely for commercial purposes. Most of theherbs are extracted for the properdes contained in their roots and are usually uprooted.Current estimates suggest that more than 2,500 people living in the periphery of the parkenter the area for herb and mushroom collection. It is understood that most of these henshave been exploited and some of the species may be even locally extinct. One reason for thisis the early extracdon of the herbs before fruiting and seeding have taken place, which hasled to the progressive decline of herb availability over the years. The potential exists foraddressing this issue, through provision of alternative income generation activities and researchand development for possible propogation of herbs and mushrooms, outside the park.

6. Another pressure on the park is the use of the alpine pasture within the highelevations of the park for summer grzing. Most of the villagers living around the park havetraditional rights to grazing within the park. It is estimated that around 25,000 to 30,000sheep and goats graze in the park every year. Although grzing has been going on in thepark since at least 1886, it is arguable that the park ecosystem has adapted to it. However,the number of animals entering the park in recent years is said to have progressivelyincreased and efforts are now needed to restnct the number of animals that enter the parkthrough the voluntary revocation of rights in retun for ecodevelopment inputs. In additionresarch could support rotational grazing and improved artificial feeds.

7. The park has also substantial potential for approprate recreational and tourismdevelopment dtough the development of trails, local accomodation and other service-relatedactivities.

2 WCMC. 1988. lndia. Conservonof Biologicl Dvesit.

Annex 9Page 3 of 5

B. Kalakad Mundanthural Tiger Reserve

8. Location and Area. The Kalakad-Mundanthurai T1ger Reserve includes the twoadjacent wildlife sanctuaries of Kalakad and Mundanthurai in the district of Tirunelveli in thesoutheem Indian state of Tamnil Nadu (Map IBRD 24928). The reserve is situated in the southWestern Ghats region and covers 841sq.kmns in extent. Possibilities further exists forextension of the park to the south to include the reserved and protection forests that lieadjacent to the Tiger Reserve. There is also a proposal to upgrade the higher altitude forestswithin the Reserve to national park status (400sq.kns), leaving the lower forests as asanctuary buffer.

9. The Tiger Reserve is bounded to the west, north-west and south by reserved andprotection forests and to the east by villages. There is a proposal to demarcate the reserveinto four zones, namely: a core undisturbed zone of around 459sq. kms, a buffer zone of162sq. kms that is to be managed as a supplementary area to the core zone for supportingwildlife populations, a tourism zone of 35sq. kms. and a multiple use zone that extendsbetween 5-10 km radius outside the reserve boundary. A new management plan has beencompleted for the reserve.

10. Biological/Conservation Value. The reserve is located in the Western Ghats,one of the most important biogeographic zones in India, due to its tropical forestconglomerations and richness of species and endemism. The reserve itself is located in theAgastyamalai hills at the southern extremity of the Ghats. This area has less ecologially drymonths than any other area in the Ghats and hence experience a more typical tropicalevergreen forest regime. These hills are separated from the more northern hfll forests of theWestern Ghats by the Shencottah Gap and the flora and lesser fauna here have many endemictaxa. lTe forests in this region has a strong biological link to the Sri Lankan rainforests.The Agastyamalai hills are considered as one of the five Centers of Plant Diversity andEndemism in India (IUCN op cit) and therefore is a priority area for conservation. At least150 localised endemic species of plants occur in the Agastyamalai hills.

11. The Kalakad-Mundanthurai sanctuary complex is the largest and most intactforest extent in the Agastyamaai hills, consisting of a variety of altitudinal climax forestcommunities. These range from evergreen, semi-evergreen, moist deciduous and hill foreststo small extents of dry deciduous forest Because of its tropical location and high vegetationdiversity, the Tiger Reserve harbors a rich variety of wildlife. The reserve is home to five ofthe eigtheen primates found in the country, the endemic Nilgiri Langur, Lion-tailed Macaque,Nilgiri Tahr, and Slender Loris of which are considered to be endangered. The reserve is alsohome to the rare Great Indian Hornbill. Other significant animal species include the elephant,tiger, gaur, Bonnet Macaque and a variety of birds.

Annex 9Page 4 of 5

12. Issues. The extension of agriculture, primarily cash food production, damconstruction, and the encroachment of subsistence farmers over extensive areas of theWestern Ghats have eliminated the natwal bic;ogical diversity in most of the settled parsWithin the remaining forests in the region there are only isolated remnants of the ariginalextensive natural ecosystems such as Kalakad-Mudanthurai that are sdll largely intact andneed to be managed with minimum disturbance.

13. Fortunately, most of the forests, particularly within the proposed core nationalpark area in the Kalakad-Mudanthurai area are under very litde or no human pressure atpresent. However, some areas in the periphery experience pressures from grazing, removal ofsmall timber and firewood and non-timber forest products, and also the illegal feling ofdmber trees. The peripheral areas are also prone to forest fires. The main pressure on there comes from around 66 villages comprising 46,000 households situated within 5 kmsof the eastern boundary of the reserve and the three colonies of State Electricity Boardpersonnel and laborers, a lare private tea holding consisting of 4,000 persons and severalsmaler estates, and four small tribal (Kani) enclaves all of which lie within the reserve. Theperipheral villages practice rainfed agriculture, which is usually their single-most importantsource of livelihood and have constant problems with elephants, which is a majorconservation issues that needs to be addressed in the future.

14. All use of the Kalalcad and Mundanthurai Sanctuaries (except grzing inMundanthurai) was legally stopped ten years ago. Prior to this, the area was wored asReserved Forests for fuelwood using coppice with standard coupes and selection felling ofimber stnds. In addition, contracts for extracton of minor forest products were given withinthe area until they were declared as sanctuaries. While the level of curnent ilegal resourceuse is reportedly relatively low following the estabLishment of the Protected Area (PA) somehouseholds are evidently still dependent on forest resources to see them through half of theyear when agricultural labor enployment is unavailable. Although the declaration of the PAhas reduced the level of forest resource use, it is evident that the cunrent resentment to theloss of previously available resources and employment needs to be addressed if the potentialfor incrased future threats is to be avoided.

15. There seem to be some potential for implementng ecodevelopment programs inthe multiple use areas surrounding the reserve. A large band of relatively fallow land isintrspsd between many of the villages and the PA boundary. These lands appear to beowned by absentee landowners and a large Temple Trust that could possibly be used forsubstitute forest resources creation, provided creative negotiations can be worked out withthese private landowners and Temple authorties. Further Government and NGO programshave shown some potential for incraesing substitute incomes through crafts nuanufactur andmarketing and the provision of credit for improved catde for milk production. Both of these

Pge 5 Of 5

kinds of proram have potential for fute expanon. The eistnce of arge aeas ofwaored foests and pltaions withn the boundaze of the rseve could be managed toprovide mspoved habita for wildlf and employment and resources for the loca people.There is so condeble scope for fuue recaonal and toudism development if sensitivelyhandled and developed to povide employment to zocal people.

16. The ad-Mnda Reserve is foun in having some local NGOs thatappear to have the necessaxy erse and expenence to prde the local villages and FoestDepartment with rong supp They curently work in many of he proposed projectvillages, have establshed credibility, and exhibit a professionl approach which would beinvaluable to sucoeful Implementation of any ecodevelopment progmra.

Annex 10Page 1 of 6

INDIA

FORETY RESEARCH EDUCATION AND EXTENSION PROJECT

Cons tion of Blodiversity. Researchoms

A. lnbrodudion

1. The Consetion of Biodiversity Component of the Project would support reseachand pilot developmnt of methods of ecodevelopnent and resource managemei in around TheGea Himalayan National Park and the Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve. Ihere is cumenyvey little infomation available on the blodiversity of dtese poected areas, particularly in theGreat Himalayan Nationra Park, the impact of current resource uses such as grazing and hebolwection on the wildlfe populadions in the reserves and its impact on the ecology of rsveecosyms There Is knowledge among the villages regarding the use and value of medicinalplants and other park resources that needs to be researched and docun Monitoring andvluation woud requre the collecton of baseline iformation on the socio-economic andeoogical conditions in the rserves.

2. The project would support research of an applied nature that wold provideinformation for improved protected areas management and ecodevelopment activities. A numberof research toics have so far been identified. In addition the project would support expansionof the previous work done by the Wildlife Institute of India and the Indian Institute of PublicAdministraon toward development of stegies for prorion of protected areas forconservation and ecodevelopment. The main objectives of the reserch programs are ummaizdbelow, but detailed terms of reference for each would have to be drawn up before they areimplemented.

B. Strategic Reearch

3. A naional study would be undtaken to describe and classify PAs in India andto pioidze them in tensm of their management and ecodevelopment neods.Rcmendaions would be made for biodiversity consrvon straegies at nadonal, stateand local levels. The study would build on the baseline study undaken by IIPA 1. Thestudy would be completed in dtee yeas with interim reports released annually. Specifically

1 Managmaet of Nationalas and Sanctuwies in hndi A Sus ReporL IPA.

Annex 10Page 2 of 6

the study would survey and analyze:

- The staus of PAs in India, including their legal status, biogeoaphicclassificadon, pressures on the PAs, management planning asPcs,existing PA facilides and staffing. research and monitoring progrWms,touri, etc;

Ecodevelopment needs for each PA, curent population pressures andresource dependencies, social and historical justificadon for PA resourceuse by local communides, restrictions on resource use, and approachesfor replacing PA-based needs and diverdng pressures from the PAs;

National, stae and local policies, legislation, schemes and programs thatinfluence PA management and ecodevelopment, and rm donsto make them moe supportive of biodiversity conservation efforts.

C. Great Himalayan National Park

Literature Review

Review exsting research reports, documents, publications, maps, land-use and legal documents, programs, prqects, plans, etc. pertaining to theGrat Himalayan National Park and surroundings;

-Prepare a report su g the current status of knowledge of thereserve and its resources, dependencies and pmessure currnt andproposed plans and programs, etc.

G Ing I Alpine iastures.

- Assess the extent of grazing and the carying capacity of alpine pasteswithin the park;

- Evaluate the impact of grazing on widlife and wildlife habitats and onthe behaviour of wild ungulates and other species;

- Ilnvestigate possible management strategies for reducing impact on thepastures through e.g. rotational grazing, use of control plots, etc;

- Analyze the nutritional value of the grasses and other plants avlable inthese pasures to livestock and investigate tecbniques for providing suchnutrition artificial feeds.

AM n1¢3 e(?

Herbs ad Mudhooms

- Assess the extent of herb and m uhm coUecdon in the p (illegaland legal) and the dynamics of the acdvity (collection, distributdon,markQeting, etc);

Assessing the impact of herb and mushroom collecdon on the partecosystems and the cunrent ecological status of the herb and mushromspecies;

Examne the possibilities for ex-situ cultivation of these species,naturally or in tissue cultures.

crop

Evaluate cm-ent levels and causes of crop depredation by wild animalsaround the park;

Attempt to develop new and innovative medtods of crop protconbased on actual field situations, e.g. artficial barriers, green fencing,cultural practices, compensation, etc. or combinaions of these method

Soda Anthropology

Assess the demographic char stics of populatons living wihin andadjacent to those dependent on the National Park;

Determine existing traditional nights to resource use witdin the park,crrent local dependencies on the park resources, and the atttudes andperceptions of local people to the paik;

- Define the legal saus and land tenure issues related to the park and its

Discuss possible approaches to reducing pressures on pak resources andapproaches to deal with existing habitations within the park.

Indigenous Knowledge

Assess current knowledge about the park and its resources among thelocal people;

Define existing knowledge of local species and its use for localmedicine, rituals, ceremonies, food, fibre, etc,

Describe current religious and cultual beliefs related to the forests

Experimental Slope Stabilization

Assess the extent of landslide problems in the park and imwediatesunundings;

Plan and implement experimntal cost-effective approaches (physical,biological, cultural and traditional) to stabilize lndslid slopes andlandslide prone slopes;

Evaluate the merits of such measues.

D. Kalakad-Mundanthural Tiger Reserve

Lierature Review

Review existing research reports, documents, publications, maps, land-use and legal documents, programs, projects, plans, etc. peaning to theKalakd-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve;

Prepare a report suming the current status of Inowledge of thereserve and its resources, dependencies and pressures, current andproposed plans and programs, etc.

Medicnal Plants

Identify, catalogue, map the distribution, and make laboatorycollections of plants of known medicnal properties found within thereserve;

Determine the status of these medicinal plants and makereco m mendations for their conservation and sustainable use.

Anes D10Page 5 of 6

Commercial Plants

Identify, caalogue, map die distribudon, and make laboatorycollections of plants of known or potential commercial value in thereserve;

Determine the status of tdese species and make recomendatons fortheir conservation and sustable use.

Crop Protection

Evaluate current levels and causes of crop depredation by wild animalaround the reserve;

Assess the extent of damage caused by elephants in relaton to the totalwildlife-related damage;

Assess tfhe effectveness of any current crop protcton measures,copensation measures being employed and their effectiveness inreducing damage to crops and reducing antagomsm to the reserve;

Develop new and innovative cost-effective aproaches to reducewildlife-related crop and other damages.

Indigenous Knovledge

Assess current knowledge and perceptions about the reseve and itsresources among the local people, including specifically the Kani tribesthat live within the reserve;

Define existing knowledge of local species and its use by the localpeople for medicine, rituals, ceremonies, food, fibre, etc.;

Describe cunent religious and cultural beliefs related to the forest.

Socal Antopology

Assess the demographic chrcteristics of the populaton living withinand adjacent to, the reserve, including the enclaves of the ElectricityBoard, Tea and Cardamom Estates, etc;

Annex 10Page 6 of 6

D Define existing traditional rights to resource use. if any, within the

reserve;

Assess current local dependencies on the resources of the reserve;

Assess the extent of impact of the closure of the reserve on lHvelihood

of people that are dependent on the reserve and the attitudes and

perceptions of local people on the closure of the resve;

Investigate the attitudes and peceptions of the Kani households to be

relocated from the core to buffer zone and the sensitivity of the Forest

Department to it;

Discuss approaches to reducing pressure on the reserve from peopleliving within and adjacent to the reserve.

Resource Mapping

Produce resource maps on the physical (topography, climate, water

resources, etc) and biological features of the reserve (vegetation), using

existing information (maps, aerial photographs, etc) and ground truthing.

E. Monitoring and Evaluation

This world involve collection of baseline information on ecological and socio-economic

features related to the two protected areas and the establishment of specf parmets to be

monitored as the project progresses. This baseline condition would be esablished for

determined parameters in the initial year of the project and monitored subsequently in years 3

and 5.

IndiaForestry Research, Education & Extension Project

Project Cost Summary

Rs. M US$ M % Total---------_-__----------------- -----------------I---------- % Foreign Base

Local Foreign Total Local Foreign Total Exchange Costs

A . Research Management1. Development of ICFRE 102.47 27.34 129.81 3.42 0.91 4.33 21.06 8.182. Extension Support 37.82 7.63 45.44 1.26 0.25 1.51 16.78 2.86

Sub-Total 140.28 34.96 175.25 4.68 1.17 5.84 19.95 11.04B . Research Program Support

1. Research Programs 260.49 192.77 453.26 8.68 6.43 15.11 42.53 28.562. Planting Seed Improvement 105.17 34.53 139.70 3.51 1.15 4.66 24.72 8.803. Library & Info. Systems 76.98 81.87 158.85 2.57 2.73 5.29 51.54 10.014. Research System Support 171.94 199.06 371.00 5.73 6.64 12.37 53.65 23.37S. Forestry Statistics 7.86 2.49 10.35 0.26 0.08 0.35 24.10 0.65

Sub-Total 622.44 510.72 1133.16 20.75 17.02 37.77 45.07 71.39C . Education & Training

1. FRI Deemed University 47.33 7.01 54.34 1.58 0.23 1.81 12.90 3.42D . Forestry Policy & Prep. 55.22 10.50 65.72 1.84 0.35 2.19 15.98 4.14E . Biodiversity Conservation

1. Bcodevelopment 89.21 9.59 98.80 2.97 0.32 3.29 9.71 6.222. PA Management 23.09 9.87 32.96 0.77 0.33 1.10 29.94 2.083. Research M & B 22.75 4.20 26.95 0.76 0.14 0.90 15.58 1.70

Sub-Total 135.05 23.66 158.72 4.50 0.79 5.29 14.91 10.00

Total BASELINE COSTS 1000.33 586.85 1587.19 33.34 19.56 52.91 36.97 100.00Physical Contingencies 77.41 48.06 125.47 2.58 1.60 4.18 38.31 7.91Price Contingencies 209.76 229.32 439.08 -2.24 1.63 -0.61 0.00 0.00

Total PROJECTS COSTS 1287.50 864.24 2151.74 33.69 22.79 56.48 40.35 106.76

Values Scaled by 1000000.0 - 6/29/1993 11:35

j

India

Forestry Research. education & ixtenioa ProjectProjects Components by Y't

Totals Including Contingencies Totals Including Contingencies

Re. n US$ N

.... .. .... ............ ...... _._. ._. .................................... ....... -.--.---------..-..-..-.. ..-.------------------.-..- _-.--.------------.........._

93/94 94/9S 95/96 96/97 97/90 Total 93/94 94/9S 9S/96 96/97 97/98 Total.- s...............................................................................................-

A. Research bnMeemant1. Dneelopment of ICPRS 40.20 72.69 31.21 11.91 12.53 160.53 1.16 1.97 0.S0 0.30 0.30 4.S2

2. Bxtension Support 13.53 12.30 10.83 9.80 11.0S S7.60 0.39 0.33 0.26 0.25 0.27 1.S5

Sub-total 53.73 84.99 42.04 21.79 23.58 226.13 1.54 2.30 2.08 0.54 O.S7 6.03

3. Rebearch Program support1. Research PrograDm 15.76 232.37 140.46 4S.18 36.73 606.S2 4.36 6.30 3.60 1.12 0.80 16.26

2. PlantIng Seed tprovement 29.43 42.10 48.17 38.65 40.37 198.71 0.OS 1.14 1.24 0.96 0.97 S.1S

3. Library & info. System 56.28 64.86 41.18 33.92 2S.21 221A.4S 1.62 1.76 1.06 0.04 0.61 S.86

4. Research System Support S1.85 73.48 94.70 127.60 177.00 524.83 1.49 1.99 2.43 3.17 4.25 13.34

S. Forestry Statistics 3.S4 3.3S 2.19 2.31 2.43 S3.53 0.10 0.09 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.36

.. . . . . . ...._ __. . . .. _. .. .. ... ....... ............. _ .. _...... .. ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------

Sub-Total 292.87 416.17 326.70 247.65 281.74 1S65.33 S.42 11.26 0.36 6.15 6.77 40.99

C. Saducation a TrainIng1. FRI Deesmed University 9.05 29.69 18.86 6.43 6.76 70.82 0.26 0.80 0.48 0.16 0.16 1.87

D. Forestry Policy & Prep. 16.96 16.44 17.48 16.4S 19.43 68.76 0.49 0.45 0.45 0.46 0.47 2.31

B. Biodivwdsity conservation1. Ucodavelopgmnt 19.69 29.68 36.13 22.97 12.80 121.47 O.S 0.60 0.93 O.S7 0.31 3.16

2. PA _ mgemet 11.15 11.69 9.2S 6.67 4.68 43.63 0.32 0.32 0.24 0.17 0.11 1.16

3. Research 3 & B 6.47 8.17 9.83 4.S2 4.60 3S.60 0.24 0.22 0.25 0.11 0.11 0.94

Sub-Total 39.S2 49.SS 55.21 34.36 22.08 200.70 1.14 1.34 1.42 0.65 O.S3 S.28

.. -. ............. ....................... ... .... --......... --------....----------.-.---.-..---------...----....--------

Total PR58I cmS 412.12 596.04 460.31 328.86 353.59 21S1.74 11.84 16.17 11.80 6.16 6.sO S6.46

............. .. . -. -. - . . ....................................................

.al.es Scaled . 10000...........0 11:52-----------------------_-------------------._------...------------...-------_-

Vbaloa 8ea1 d bY 1000000.0 6/29/1"3 llsS2

IndiaForestry Research, Education & Extension Project

Summary Accounts Cost Sumary

Rs. M US$ M % Total________ _________-_-_----- --------------------------- 0 Foreign Base

Local Foreign Total Local Foreign Total Exchange Costs

I. iNV3SMB1Tm COSTS

A. Civil Works 288.23 32.03 320.26 9.61 1.07 10.68 10.00 20.18B. Equipment 56.01 191.46 247.47 1.87 6.38 8.25 77.37 15.59C. Vehicles 22.51 S.63 28.13 0.75 0.9 0.94 20.00 1.77D. Training 65.18 150.63 224.01 2.17 5.29 7.47 70.90 14.11B. Technical Assistance 0.00 77.76 77.76 0.00 2.S9 2.59 100.00 4.90F. Plant Establishment 69.60 0.00 69.60 2.32 0.00 2.32 0.00 4.390. Studies & Consultancies 107.62 0.00 107.62 3.59 0.00 3.59 0.00 6.78B. Fund 180.60 82.90 263.50 6.02 2.76 8.78 31.46 16.60I. Services 21.90 0.00 21.90 0.73 0.00 0.73 0.00 1.38

Total WN4ISTMETW COSTS 811.65 548.60 1360.25 27.06 18.29 45.34 40.33 85.70

II. RECORRBNT COSTS

A. Salaries & Allowances 44.96 0.00 44.96 1.50 0.00 1.50 0.00 2.83B. Operations & Maintenance 115.86 28.97 144.83 3.86 0.97 4.83 20.00 9.12C. Research Operations 27.86 9.29 37.1S 0.93 0.31 1.24 25.00 2.34

Total RECURRENT COSTS 188.68 38.25 226.93 6.29 1.28 7.56 16.86 14.30

Total SMELINE COSTS 1000.33 586.85 1587.19 33.34 19.56 52.91 36.97 100.00Physical Contingencies 77.41 48.06 125.47 2.58 1.60 4.18 38.31 7.91Price Contingencies 209.76 229.32 439.08 -2.24 1.63 -0.61 0.00 0.00

Total PROJECTS COSTS 1287.50 864.24 21S1.74 33.69 22.79 56.48 40.35 106.76

Values Scaled by 1000000.0 - 6/29/1993 lls52

IndiaForestry Research, Education & Extension Project

Summary Accounts by Year

Totals Including Contingencies Totals Including ContingenciesRs. M US$ M

93/94 94/95 95/96 96/97 97/98 Total 93/94 94/95 9S/96 96/97 97/98 Total....... ............---.. --....- ..-.----................ --.... .... ......--..-......... --....-- _.-.--........................

2. INVESTMENT COSS

A. Civil Works 72.96 222.22 100.51 13.03 0.15 408.87 2.10 6.02 2.58 0.32 0.00 11.02S. Equipment 131.16 110.00 69.52 25.82 16.52 353.02 3.77 2.98 1.78 0.64 0.40 9.57C. Vehicles 16.59 13.66 5.27 1.91 2.01 :9.42 0.48 0.37 0.14 0.05 0.0S 1.08D. Training 58.96 66.58 71.76 58.31 72.96 328.57 1.69 1.80 1.84 1.45 1.75 8.54S. Technical Assistance 27.28 32.74 21.85 18.35 15.79 116.00 0.78 0.89 0.56 0.46 0.38 3.07P. Plant Establishment 15.58 19.21 20.96 21.83 22.92 100.51 0.45 0.52 0.54 0.54 0.55 2.600. Studies & Consultancies 29.54 29.50 30.70 24.54 26.21 140.50 0.85 0.80 0.79 0.61 0.63 3.67H. Fund 22.90 47.49 71.45 89.11 113.14 344.09 0.66 1.29 1.83 2.21 2.72 8.71I. Services 4.25 4.52 5.38 5.66 6.61 26.42 0.12 0.12 0.14 0.14 0.16 0.68

Total INVESTKENT COSrS 379.22 545.92 397.39 258.56 276.31 1857.40 10.90 14.79 10.19 6.42 6.64 48.94

II. RECURRENT COSTS

A. Salaries & Allowances 10.12 11.35 12.00 12.63 13.26 59.36 0.29 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.32 1.54D. Operations & Maintenance 13.79 29.95 40.67 46.88 52.63 183.92 0.40 0.81 1.04 1.16 1.27 4.68C. Research Operations 8.99 9.62 10.25 10.82 11.39 51.07 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.27 1.32

-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --------- -------- _ _

Total RECURRENT COSTS 32.90 50.92 62.92 70.33 77.28 294.35 0.95 1.38 1.61 1.75 1.86 7.54….. :;;a;; ... ;;;. =; ... = ... . .. ;m .... ....................................... ======= .........

Total PROJECT COSTS 412.12 596.84 460.31 326.88 353.59 2151.74 11.84 16.17 11.80 8.16 8.50 56.48

Values Scaled by 1000000.0 6/29/1993 11:46

m W74O :Fo

Anna 12Par I of 1

IDWIA

1FOR)Y DRESEARCH EDUCATION AND FMTENSION PROJECr

Schedule of Estdmated Disburst

IDA Disbursement Cumuative Disbursement PercentFY Semester ............. (US$ millon).

95 I 4.92 4.92 10

95 II 4.92 9.84 21

96 I 6.58 16.42 35

96 II 6.58 23.00 49

97 I 4.91 27.91 59

97 I 4.91 32.82 70

98 I 3.46 36.28 77

98 It 3.46 39.74 84

99 I 3.65 43.39 92

99 II 3.65 47.04 100

Annex 13Page 1 of 4

IWDIA

FORESTRY RESEARCH EDUCATION AND EXTENSION PROJECT

Researh Management

A. Research Planning

Methodologies for Setting Research Priorities

1. An important function of ICFRE will be to make decisions on the allocation of resources

to forestry research programs. This will require the identification of priorities, so that most

effective use can be made of lmited resources. At present, decisions on research priorities that

ae reflected in the Perspective Plan are based on knowledge or experience of national or regional

needs and consraints, and the needs of, or returns to pardcular species or groups of users.

Decisions also take into account regional differences of land availabiity and ecological

conditions. However, these facts are seldom explicitly recognized or systematically evaluated.

Instead, research programs may be dependent on the enthusiam and influence of the researcher,

adaptadons of the previous year's budget, or the availability of funding from other sources. It

is important, thefore, to develop a methodology that provides a systematic and transparent

means of ariving at decisions on research priorities. A number of such methods have been

developed, largely for agricultura research, but the principles are equally applicable to forestry

, and these are oudined below. ICFRE would have the responsibility of making an in-depth study

of these and any other methods that may be suitable for use in Ixdia, and for coordiating the

applicaion of the chosen method for the fomulation of a National Forestry Research Plan.

2. In addition to the use of simple check lists, there are four main approaches to setting

piorities:

- Weighted crteria models;Mathemratical progomming;

- Benefit-Cost analyses, including the expected economic surplus;

- Simuation models.

The bnief desecption given below is drawn mainly from work at ISNAR'.

I ISNAR Working Paper No.7. G. W. Norton and P. G. Pardey.

Annex 13Page 2 of 4

3. Weighted Criteria Models. This method depends on establishing mulitple criteria forranking priorities to explicitly consider a wide variety of factors that influence research selection.These can be grouped into criteria piumarily relatd to the goal of efficiency and those related toprimarily to distributional or equity and security goals. The relative weights attached to each ofthe criteria may be left implicit, but in some studies explicity weights have been attached to eachof the criteria. It is this allocation of weights to individual criteria that is most critical if themethod is to produce meaningful results. For example, if the goal is to improve the well-beingof tribal people, species might be ranked according to the contribution they make to the incomeof these peoples. I, on the other hand, the goal were to increase the well-being of people in aparticular region, then the species would be ranked by the value of production in the region.Agreement on the weights requires an iteration between researchers, producers and policy makers.

4. Benefit-Cost (Expected Economic Surplus Analaysis). Most studies based on thebenefit-cost aproach to selecting priorities have employed consumer-producer swplus analysis,using ex-post research evaluation. Ex-ante analyses ususally incorporate expert opinion todetermine project research impacts, adoption rates, and probabilides of research success. Benefit-cost studies calculate benefit-cost ratios, internal rates of retumn and net present values foraltenative types of research or research on different species. The difficulties with this methodare mainly associated with a lack of data and the problems of making accurate ex-anteprojections. Consequently, the results may be based on a subjective assessment, despite theapparent precision of the calculations.

5. Mathematical Programming. This method relies on the mathematical optimization ofa multiple-goal objective function. The model uses smilar information as the weighted criteriamodel and thus depends on judgements in defining objecdves, is eficiency, distributionaland security objectives, and on assigning values to the coefficients used in the model. However,the model selects an 0optimal" research portfolio, rther than simply rankng research areas.

6. Simuation. Allocating priorities to research can be modelled using a systems simulationapproaxh to capture goals and objectives, uncertainty, research system constraints, fieldconstraints and changes in supply, demand, adoption, time, financial costs and the probability ofresearch success. As with other models, the procedure starts with the definition of the goals andobjecdves. The crucial step is the development of a mahematical model of the system, whichmust then be validated before decisions can be made on research priorities.

7. Comparison of Methods. All the methods descrbed above attempt to provide asystematic means of assessing research priorities: each has advantages and disadvantages. Theweighted criteria model forces decision makers to make concious trade-offs between multiplegoals. It can incorporate both qualitative and quantitatve data, can be easily understood byresearchers and aminista and is not demanding of speciaized analystical skills. However,it does require careful iteration between researchers, professional foresters and strators toallocate weights to selected criteria. The weights are inevitably subjective. An illustration of the

Annex 13Page 3 of 4

application of this method to allocation of research priorities in forestry is presented in theAppendix to this Annex. The economic surplus model incorpoates several efficiency anddistributional criteria into one or two measures and can be used to examine the benefits ofresearch under alternative pricing or trade policies. It is dependent on economic data that maynot be available, it demands analytical skills and may not be widely understood by non-specialists. Mathematical programming allows a rapid quantfication of trade-offs between goals.It suffers from the same disadvantage as weighted criteria models. in that it is dependent onsubjective weighting of criteria. It is also demanding of an analyst's time. Simulation modelsare extremely flexible allowing a great number of hypotheses to be tested before nmaking adecision on priorities. Their main disadvantages are their complexity and the amount ofanalytical time required to construct and operate the model.

8. The National Forestry Research Plan (NFRP). Application of the chosen prioritysetting methodology would lead to the development of an NFRP. Although a Perspective Planfor Forestry Research has been drawn up in the light of the requirements of the National ForestPolicy, the dynamic nature of the sector means that any research plan must be regularly reviewedand updated. The development of a methodology for settng research priorties would providea systematic basis for such review. The reviews of the current status of forestry researchundertaken for the development of IFRIS would be an important step in updating the plan. Thiswould be paralleled by a systematic analysis of the constraints affecting forestry production andconservation, to identify those that can be overcome by research, and those that require actionin areas other than research. This would require a clear undending of the socio-economicsystems in the zones affected by the constraints. The process of developing the research planwould be iterative and dynamic, depending on the results of field-level diagnostic surveysinvolving the users of the forest resource, State Forestry Department staff, natual resourceeconomists and research scientists. It would be a consultative process based on social andpolitical factors as well as scientific considertons, so that the plan would evolve with bothchanging needs and improving research capabilities. As the National Forestry Research Planevolves, the human resources required for its implementation would become clear and a HumanResources Development Plan would be drawn up in parallel.

B. Monitoring and Evaluation

9. Monitoring and Evaluation (M & E) would be the responsibility of the ADG Monitoringand Evaluation. Development of an M & E system would require the identification of agreedmonitoring criteria or indicators, that is, what is going to be monitored and what does it indicateabout the progress of research. Information on selected critera needs to be collected in amanageable form, which requires the development of a management information system.Financial or budgetary criteria form a special sub-set of data and are most useful in relation toresearch programs. The needs of a management information system and of program budgetingare discussed below.

Annex 13Page 4 of 4

10. Indian Forestry Research Information System (IFRIS). The development of aresearch management information system would be an essental tool for effective monitoring andevaluation. IFRIS would be a computerized information system in which research would bedescribed and costed, so that infomation could be retrieved by topic, discipline, agro-ecologicalzone, institute, or researcher. It would make it possible to see the up-to-date cost of research InIndia on one species, in one research area, or in one institute. It would also provide informaonabout the status of research programs and their application. Initially, a series of reviews ofcun-ent forestry research in India would be underauken to provide essential inputs to IFRIS. Insubsequent years, reports from each research program would be submitted in a stndard formatto be added to the IFRIS database. These reports would be additional, though linked to, annualinstitute reports. The service would, thus be an essential tool to monitor research, that is todetennine whether it is proceeding according to plan and in line with agreed objectives andpriorities. Subsequently, IPRIS reports would be used to evaluate research programs.

11. Program Budgeting. Preparation of budgets for forestry research would be an iterative,rather than a top-down process. Thus, on the basis of priorities decided by ICFRE and anindication of the costs and the likely funding for forestry reseah available from bothgovernment and donors, an approximate allocation of resources would be made betweennstitutions and programs. Once tentative allocations have been made by ICFRE, institutes would

formulate costed programs and experiments, which would form the basis of budget proposals.These would be brought together by ICFRE for submission to the Miistry of Finance. Followingbudget approval, actual expenditure on specific programs would be monitored duing the year.This would enable research managers to examine research expenditure in relation to identiedprioities and the allocation of resources to research as a proporion of public expenditure on theforestry sector. The proportion of the recunent budget devoted to personal emoluments wouldalso be discussed in relation to the overall budget.

13piSsAppenixt 1

llustratlon of the Applkation of the Weigtd Critea Metod '

1. To illustrate the application of the weighted criteria model to allocating fresyresch prioities, eleven critria thought to be of importance were selected and appled tonine unamed species as ilusred in Table 1. Quantitative data we applied to only four ofthe criteria and the rest were assessed qualitadvely.

2. Each criteion was then assigned a value between 1 and 9 as shown in Table 2, whichshows a the conved data in an unweighted fonm. Species No. 8 is allocated ighestpriority, followed by Species No. 1, with Species No. 4 given the lowest priority.

3. If monetary returns are of paramount importance, prioity in reseamh should be givento those speies that will provide the best returns. In Table 3, the criterion for MonetayVahle has been given a weighting of x3 and Employment a weighting of x2. Social Valueand Social Benefits have been given a zero weighting. Species No. 8 and Species No. 1remain the two highest priority species, but Species No. 6 is the lowesL

4. When enviomnental and social improvement are considered of greatest imporance,the citerion for Environmental Impact is given a weighting of x3 and both Social Value andSocial Benefits a weighing of x2. Table 4 shows hat Species No.5 should rcieve thehighest reseh prity, Species No 2 dte second piority and Speies No. 4 the lowesL

5. The values and weightings given in the tables are arbiary and their choice clearlyinfluences the results. However, the eamples given serve to Illustathe application of demethod to the choice of species to which resach priority should be given. A similrprocedure can be used to decide on priorities amongst faos or production systems.

The illustradon presented here is derived from: A Possible Approh toAllocadng Reseach Prities. Jones N., Hill, L, u P., andPritchard A. Paper presented to the Semin on Forest Research age ,Debra Dun, 1993.

Annex 13Appendx 1-Page 2 of 5

Table 1. Criteria for Allocadon of Research Priorities

Criteria Species1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Occurrence W L M M W L L W W

ValueMonetary H M H M L L M M HSocial H L H L H H L M M

Probability of Res. SuccessExisting knowledge M H P p P P H H PExistingprograms S M N S N S S H NTime to complete res. 25 6 30 40 15 5 5 5 10Cost of research py. 1000 30 850 275 700 225 200 200 650Available staff A F A A F S A A S

Populadon InvolvementEmployment (mill) 10.00 0.05 5.00 0.20 010 0.10 0.50 2.00 0.05Social benefits (mill) 50.0 0.1 25.0 1.0 40.0 0.5 0.0 0.2 5.0

Environmental Impact - + - - + + + 0 -

Abbreviations

Occurrence: W - Widespread M - Moderately widespread L - lalizedValue H - High M- Medium L-LowProbability of res. success

Existing knowledge H -High M - Moderate P - PoorExisting programs M - Moderate S - Some N - NilTime to complete research Number of calendar yearsCost of research Number of staff yearsAvailable staff A- Adequate S - Some F - Few

Population involvement Numbers of people involvedEnvironmental impact Positive, negative or neutal

Annex 13Appendix 1Pae 3 of 5

Table 2. Unweighted citeria for Allocation of Research Priorides

Critia Species1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Occrence 9 1 5 5 9 1 1 9 9

valueMonety 9 5 9 5 1 1 5 5 9Social 9 1 9 1 9 9 1 5 5

Prbability of Res. SuccessExising knowlcdge 5 9 1 1 1 1 9 9 1Exsng programs 1 5 0 1 0 1 1 9 0Tilme to coplet res. 4 8 3 1 6 8 8 8 7Cost of reseh py. 1 9 2 8 4 9 9 9 4AvaHlable staff 9 5 9 9 5 1 9 9 5

opulaton InvolvementEmployment (mill) 9 0 5 1 1 1 1 2 0Social benefits (mill) 9 0 5 1 8 0 0 0 3

Envlromnent1ali1pac 1 9 1 1 9 9 9 5 1

Total 66 52 49 34 53 41 53 70 44Ranking ii v vi uc iii vi iii i vii

Table 3. Criteria for Allocation of Research Priorides Weighted for Moneay BenefitAX

Criteia Species1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Occunen 9 1 5 5 9 1 1 9 9

ValueMonetay 27 15 27 15 3 3 15 15 27Social 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Pmbability of Res. SwcessEuisftiknowle 5 9 1 1 1 1 9 9 1Existing 1 5 0 1 0 1 1 9 0

me to completere 4 8 3 1 6 8 8 8 7Cost of tesach py. 1 9 2 8 4 9 9 9 4Avaflablestaff 9 5 9 9 5 1 9 9 5

Populatin involvementEmployment (mll) 18 0 10 2 2 2 2 4 0Social benefits (ril) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

EnvihonmentalImpact 1 9 1 1 9 9 9 5 1

Total 75 61 58 43 39 35 63 77 54Rang ui iv v vii vii Ii i. i vi

Annex 13Appendix 1Page 5 of S

Table 4. Criteria for Allocation of Research Priorities Weighted for Environmental andSocial Benefits

Criteria Species1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Occuirence 9 1 5 5 9 1 1 9 9

ValueMonetary 9 5 9 5 1 1 5 5 9Social 18 2 18 2 18 18 2 10 10

Probability of Res. SuccessExistingknfowledge 5 9 1 1 1 1 9 9 1Existingprograns 1 5 0 1 0 1 1 9 0lTime to complete res. 4 8 3 1 6 8 8 8 7Cost of reseach py. 1 9 2 8 4 9 9 9 4Available staff 9 5 9 9 5 1 9 9 5

Poplation InvolvementEmployment (mill) 9 0 5 1 1 1 1 2 0Social benefits (mill) 18 0 10 2 16 0 0 0 6

EnvironmentalImpct 3 27 3 3 27 27 27 15 3

Total 86 71 65 38 88 68 72 85 54Ranidng ii v vii ix i vi iv iii viii

Annex 14Page 1 of 2

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Annex 14

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Annex 1IPage 1 of 5

INDIA

FORESTRY RESEARCH EDUCATION AND EXTENSION PROJECT

Technical Assistance, Studies and Consultancies

A. Technical Assistance - Forestry Research. Schedule of Activities

Activity No. Months TA by Year1 2 3 4 5 Total

Planning and MonitoringPriority Methodology 4 4 1 9MIS (WM) 4 4 1 9M andE 2 2 1 1 1 7

Libraiy and InformationLibray Science 3 3 1 1 1 9ResearchWriting 1 1 2

InstituteReviews 5 3 3 3 14Visiting Scientis 6 6 6 6 6 30Program Specialisu

Debra Dun 5 3 3 2 13Coimbatore 3 2 1 1 7Bangalore 5 4 1 10Jabalpur 2 1 3Jodhpur 3 1 1 1 1 7lorhat 3 8 3 2 1 17Shimla 4 3 1 8Allahabad 4 3 1 8

Total 44 49 27 19 14 153

Annex 15Page 2 of 5

B. Sumnmry Terms of Reference for Technical Assistance Staff - Forestry Research

1. Intemationally recruited technical assistance staff would only be recruited to providespecialist skills not presendy available in India. They would work closely with local consultantsand an important part of each specialist's work would be to provide on-the-job training to ICFREstaff and local consultants.

2. Priority Methodology. The appointment would be for four months in each of the fursttwo years of the project, with a short follow-up visit in the third year. The objective would be toassist with developing a methodology for setting research priorities at national, institute andprogram levels. Check lists of factors to be considered, indicators and the weighting to beattached to each would be developed and agreed with researchers and the users of research results.In the second year the focus of the work would be on the application of the methodology to thedevelopment of a National Forestry Research Plan.

3. Management and Information System. The appointment of an expert in computer-basedinformation systems with experience in their application to the management of research would befor a total of nine months, spread over the first dtree years of the project. Four months would bein each of the first two years of the project to assist with the development of the Indian ForestryResearch Information System (IFRIS). The work would include system design, the installation ofhardware and software, and the design of data collection procedures. It would also includeprocedures for the introduction of program budgeting Subsequent short visits would be advisoryfor further development of the system in the light of expeiience.

4. Monitoring and Evaluation. Two month visits would be made in each of the first twoyears of the project to assist with the development of monitoring and evaluation procedures. Thiswould involve the choice of specific indicators and methods of assessing infomation to evaluatethe impact of research programs. Special expertise in monitoring and evaluation techniques wouldcomplement the work of the information systems expert

5. Library Science. The appointment would be for a period of nine months over the projectperiod. Two visits of three months each would be made in the first two years of the project by alibrarian with expertise in the installation and operation of modern library technology to beprovided through the project. The specialist would be responsible for trauning librariansparticipating in the Inian Forestry Library and Information Network in the operation of thesystem. The specialist would also assist with the planning and implementation of otherimprovements to the library and information systems. One month advisory visits would be madein the last three years of the project.

6. Research Writing. A short course would be held in the second year of the project to traina slected number of Indian scientists in techniques of writing for specialized resehpubL;cations. These scientists would form a nucleus of trained staff to assist their peers toimprove their writing skills.

Annex 15Page 3 of 5

7. Institute Reviews. Internationally recognized forestry research scientists would participatein regular reviews of each of the ICFRE institutes. Two or three international scientists wouldparticipate with Indian scientists in the reviews to exanine the overall research program of theinstitute. For individual programs, the methods, progress and results, and cost would be reviewedin the light of current research in India and elsewhere. Constraints would be identified, trainingneeds detailed, and recommendadons made for the improvement, or if necessary, the terminationof programs.

8. Visiting Scientists and Program Specialists. Research scientists with specializedknowledge relevant to particular aspects of on-going research programs would make short visits toassist ICFRE researchers with the planning and implementation of programs. The main objectiveof each visit would be to ensure that ICFRE programs are developed in the light of intemationalresearch advances. Specialists have been identified for those programs to be financed through theproject, and are referred to here as program specialists and are listed below in relation to each ofthe projects defined in Annex 2. Visiting scientists would be selected by ICFRE to assist withother programs not supported by this project.

Institute Proiect Specialist

FRI, Dehra Dun 1. Seed storage Forest Tree Seed Specialist3. Cellulose and paper effluent Waste Water Treatment Specialist6. Entomolgy Insect Parasitologist

IFGTB, Coimbatore 1. Genetic improvement Cytological Geneticist5. Nutrient Recycling Nutritional Biologist

ISWST, Bangalore 2. Tree improvement Tree Genetics Planner3. Alternative timbers for Marine Larval Biologist

catamarans Marine Timber CoatingSpecialist

TFRI, Jabalpur 2. Multi-purpose trees Multi-purpose Tree Specialist

IAZFR, Jodhpur 1. Woody plant water relations Arid Zone Plant Physiologist

IRMDFR, Jorhat 1. Evergreen ecology Tropical Ecologist2. Seed production Seed Ontologist3. Shifting cultivation Nutritional Biologist

CRC, Shimla 1. Cold desert afforestation Temperate Propagation Specialist2. Forest regeneration Poplar Specialist

CSFER, Allahabad 2. Environmental rehabilitation Environmental Specialist3. Productivity of ecosystems Forest Biometrician

Annex 1SPage 4 of 5

C Services for Specialist Recruitment

9. The summary of project-financed technical assistance given in Section A above, shows thata variety of specialists, whose skills are not available within the ICFRE system or national andstate forest services, would be recruited for short periods during each year. Ad hoc recruitmentposes severe administrative problems for 1CFRE, makes continuity difficult and may not providethe most appropriate specialists. To overcome these difficulties, ICFRE would enter into anagreement with an internationally recognized organization to provide the specialists according toan agreed schedule. The organization may be international or bilateral, a government institute oragency, or a commercial concem. It is unlikely that any one organization could provide the fullrange of specialists. Consequently, the organization would provide a number of specialists fromcore staff and undertake to identify, recruit and mobilize other specialists in a timely manner.Recruitment of all specialists would be subject to ICFRE approval. The agreement would be inthe form of a formal contract for services, drawn up in accordance with IDA Guidelines for theUse of Consultants.

D. Studies and Consultancies

10. Locally recruited consultants would be provided for the activities presented below. Theserequire expertise that is available in India but not at present within ICFRE. As with theinternationally recruited technical assistance staff an important part of the work of the consultantswould be on-the-job training of ICFRE staff.

tvity No. Months Consultancy by Year1 2 3 4 5 Total

Plaming and MonitoingMISIIS) 4 4 8MandE 4 4 8

Statistics 6 6 6 6 6 30Educadon /

Criculum Review 4 4 4 4 4 20MSc Course Coordinat 48 48 48 48 48 240

Research Topic Reviews 12 12 12 6 6 48Extension

Medi Specialist 3 3 3 3 3 15Legal Advisor 2 2 2 2 2 10

Libray and InfomationLib yManagement 12 12 12 12 12 60Networking 6 1 1 1 1 10Grey Liare Search 18 9 9 9 9 54Research Writing 2 2 2 2 8

Program Reviews 12 12 12 12 12 60ResearchGrantSupervision 6 6 6 6 6 30InstrumentRepair 6 6 6 6 6 30Nursery Development 6 6 6 18

Total 149 137 129 1 117 649

1/ Lump sum provison made for visiing faculty for FRI-DU

Annex 15Page S of S

E. Technical Assistance - Conservation of Biodiversity. Schedule of Activities

Activity No. Months TA by Year1 2 3 4 5 Total

Alpine Pastures I 1 1 3Herbs and Medicinal Plants 1 1 2Biological Crop Protection 1 1 2Unallocated 1 1 1 3

Total 3 3 1 1 1 10

F. Summary Terms of Reference for Technical Asistance StaffConservation of Biodiversity

11. Alpine Pastures The appointment would be for one month in each of the first two yearsof the project with a follow-up visit in the fourth year. The specialist would assist with researchon alpine pastures to develop and apply a methodology for assessing carying capacity of thesepastures and impacts of grazing on wildlife and wildlife habitats and assisting in subsequentanalysis of data Based on experience from elsewhere in the world, techniques to analyze alpinepasture grasses for their nutritive value and their substitution in arificial feed would be developed.

12. Herbs and Medicinal Plants. A specialist would be reuited for one month in each ofthe first two years of the project to assist with research on the ecology of medicinal plants andMorcella mushrooms, with particular emphasis on techniques fortheir propogation and cultivationin a commercially viable enterptise.

13. Crop Protection Spedalist. Two one-month visits would be made by a specalist toadvise the research teams involved in study of crop depredation and protecdon from wildlife.Experimental application for the project areas of crop protection techniques that have beenexperimentally tsted elsewhere in the world, would be and the cost-effectiveness of suchmeasures and possible new approaches that should be expeimented with.

Annex 16Pae 1 of4

INDIA

FORESTRY RESEARCH EDUCATION ANID EXTENSION PROJECT

Projed Supervision

Superviien Plan

1. IDA supervision of the project would be closely linked to the implementation schedulepresented in Annex 14. Supervision would be undertaken joindy with GOI. The schedule ofsupervision missions presented below includes two visits in each year of the project. In the firstyear of the project one supervision mission would coincide with the project launching workshopto provide assistance during the czitical start-up period. In this and subsequent years, asupervision nmssion would coincide with the review of annual programs of project activities, tobe undertaken early in the fourth quarter. One additonal supervision mision would beundertaken in the second quarter of each year. In the third year of the project this wouldcoincide with the project mid-tern review.

CY 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999Quarter 1234 1234 1234 1234 1234 1234Supervision * * * * * * * * i *

Mid-Term Review _

Expected Skill Requirements

2. In addition to the Task Manager responsible for supervising compliance with Bankprocedures, supervision missions would include personnel with skills in:

Research ManagementGeneral Forestiy

- Tree Improvement- Librayr and Information Systems- Extension- PA Management- Participatoy Development

Annex 16Page 2 of 4

Forestry Research Education and Extension - Key Indicators

3. The key indicators to assess the progress of the project can be considered in a numberof groups. ICERE headquarters staff, in particular the units responsible for monitoring andevaluation, would be responsible for collating the data shown below:

Research Management System

Introduction of priority setting methodology;- Compledon of NFRP;- Development of IFRIS;- Completion of annual training plans;- Introduction of program budgeting;

Extension

Development of linkages with SFDs and private sector agencies;Production of extension materials;Operation of Extension Support Fund.

Research Progam Support

- Number of research programs;- Number of laboratory and field experiments;- Number of experiments/researcher/research area;- Timeliness of experiments;- Implementation within budget;- Number of institute and program reviews;- Schedule of visiting scientists;- Adoption of results.

Research Grant Fund

* Establishment and operation of Research Grant Board;- Number of and size of research grants awarded;- Institutions implementing research fmanced thrugh the Fund;- Progress of research programs as above.

Planting Stock Inprovement

- Design and implementation of seed stands, clonal seed orchards, seedlingproduction areas, nurseries and multiplication gardens;

Annex 16Page 3 of 4

Development of seed harvest, handling, testing and storage services.

Library and Information Services

- Development of IFLIN;- Functioning of current awareness and inter-library loan services;- Linkages with other information networks.

Human Resource Development

- Preparation of annual training plans;- Numbers and disciplines of professional staff undergoing training;- Numbers of technical and support staff undergoing training;- Numbers of short-term study visits by professional and technical staff.

Conservation of Biodiversity - Key Indicators

Ecodevelopment

- Number of completed ecodevelopment plans- Number of participating communities- Types of ecodevelopment activities- Benefits to the communities- Reduction in pressure on PA resources

PA Management

- iRevision of PA Management Plans- Implementation of PA Management Plan- Ecological records

Research Monitoring and Evaluation

- Progress with research programs- Completion of baseline studies- Completion of monitoring studies

Other Indicators

Technical Assistance, Studies and Consultancies

Annex 16Page 4 of 4

Preparation of Terms of Reference;Numbers of months/ discipline;Completion of consultant reports.

Physical

Physical achievement of works a nd procurement of project finance itemsas presented in the implementation schedule and detailed cost tables;

Financial

Research budget by agency;- Investment;

Personnel;Operational expenses;

Research budget by research program or area;Expenditure by researcher and researcher year by agency and researchprogram.

Reporting

Timeliness of bi-annual reports;Preparation of Institute reports;Publication of research results in;

- 3Extension bulletins;- Scientific joumals.

Annex 17Page I of I

INDIA

FORESTRY RESEARCH EDUCATION AND EXTENSION PROJECT

Documents in Project File

A. Background and Project Preparation Papers

1. World Bank Project for Forestry Research Education and Extension in India.Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, Dehra Dun.

2. World Bank Projects. Supplement to First Appraisal. Indian Council of ForestryResearch and Education, Dehra Dun.

3. Forestry Research Education and Extension Project. Preparation Report.Euroconsult in Association with Institute for Forestry and Nature Research,Wageningen. May, 1992.

4. Biodiversity Conservation Through Ecodevelopment. A Preliminary, IndicativePlan for Great Himalayan National Park, Himachal Pradesh, and KalakadMundathurai Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu. Prepared on behalf of Department ofForest Farming and Conservation, Government of Himachal pradesh, Departmentof Forests, Govermnent of Tamil Nadu, and the MIinistry of Environment andForests, Government of India, by the Indian Institute of Public Administration.April, 1993.

B. Appraisal and Pre-Appraisal Working Papers

1. Research Programs. December, 1992.

2. Forestry Extension. December, 1992.

3. Education and Training. December, 1992.

4. Library and Information Services. December, 1992

5. Ecodevelopment. Principles and Strategies. February, 1993.

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