World After RomeWorld After Rome

Roman Empire does not vanish leaves three heirsRoman Empire does not vanish leaves three heirsMuch of political, social, economic and intellectual structures Much of political, social, economic and intellectual structures

borrowed by:borrowed by:Islamic EmpireIslamic Empire

Byzantine EmpireByzantine EmpireGermanic WestGermanic West

Islamic HeirsIslamic Heirs

Least predictable of heirs Least predictable of heirs Arabian Peninsula: Large, turbulent, and Arabian Peninsula: Large, turbulent, and

contested area…no single control/never fully contested area…no single control/never fully conquered by Persian empire or Roman conquered by Persian empire or Roman empires empires

MohammadMohammad Born about 570 and dies in 632 A.D.-Late antiquityBorn about 570 and dies in 632 A.D.-Late antiquity Comes from old wealthy and well connected Meccan family-Comes from old wealthy and well connected Meccan family-

enters caravan tradeenters caravan trade Retires to hills and caves outside of Mecca receives visits from Retires to hills and caves outside of Mecca receives visits from

angel Gabriel who teaches him about Allahangel Gabriel who teaches him about Allah Preaches monotheistic, ethical and exclusive faithPreaches monotheistic, ethical and exclusive faith Teachings contrary to traditional Arab religionTeachings contrary to traditional Arab religion Mecca center of traditional religious world and Ka’abaMecca center of traditional religious world and Ka’aba Hijra- 622 A.D. time dated from this moment the flight to Hijra- 622 A.D. time dated from this moment the flight to

Medina by MohammadMedina by Mohammad lunar calendar not solar calendarlunar calendar not solar calendar

Muhammad’s SuccessorMuhammad’s Successor Abraham, Jesus is a prophet and Muhammad is last prophetAbraham, Jesus is a prophet and Muhammad is last prophet After M’s death in 632 Sunnis and Shiites diverge in who After M’s death in 632 Sunnis and Shiites diverge in who

should follow break ever sinceshould follow break ever since Shiites want Ali….M’s cousin Shiites want Ali….M’s cousin CaliphCaliph-Sunni choice for successor to the prophet is Abu Bakr-Sunni choice for successor to the prophet is Abu Bakr Abu Bakr fights campaigns against those on Arabian peninsula Abu Bakr fights campaigns against those on Arabian peninsula

who fall away after M’s death and expands to frontiers of who fall away after M’s death and expands to frontiers of India and China and across N.Africa and into SpainIndia and China and across N.Africa and into Spain

Constantinople and Persia worn selves out, did not attack Constantinople and Persia worn selves out, did not attack unified world against it, raiding warfare, need to expand the unified world against it, raiding warfare, need to expand the faithfaith

Traditional teachings divide the world in two: For awhile Traditional teachings divide the world in two: For awhile Christians and Jews considered to be of the book and given Christians and Jews considered to be of the book and given privileged status…..do not need to convertprivileged status…..do not need to convert

Basic TeachingsBasic Teachings

Know about teachings from Qu’ran, Know about teachings from Qu’ran, (People have to make al-Islam or surrender to Allah(People have to make al-Islam or surrender to Allah Mohammad does not write the Qu’ran words of AllahMohammad does not write the Qu’ran words of Allah 5 Pillars- Fasting (Ramadan), prayer (five), generous 5 Pillars- Fasting (Ramadan), prayer (five), generous

almsgiving, pilgrammage to Mecca, One god-Allah almsgiving, pilgrammage to Mecca, One god-Allah Muhammad is his prophetMuhammad is his prophet

No church or popes or Church FathersNo church or popes or Church Fathers Community transcends national cultural borders etc.Community transcends national cultural borders etc.

Umayyads and AbbasidsUmayyads and Abbasids

661 a new family of caliphs (soldiers from Syria) 661 a new family of caliphs (soldiers from Syria) emerge and moved capital to Damascasemerge and moved capital to Damascas

Abbasids in 750 move the capital again to BaghdadAbbasids in 750 move the capital again to Baghdad Brilliant cultural achievements as Muslim scholars Brilliant cultural achievements as Muslim scholars

begin to tackle the Greek learning especially the begin to tackle the Greek learning especially the philosophical and scientific works create something philosophical and scientific works create something along lines of Alexandria as learning centersalong lines of Alexandria as learning centers

Newly united people, universal faith, new holy book, Newly united people, universal faith, new holy book, and a culture deeply rooted in antiquityand a culture deeply rooted in antiquity

Golden Age of MuslimsGolden Age of Muslims Achievements by Muslim scholars 750-1050 A.D.Achievements by Muslim scholars 750-1050 A.D. Science glorified and developed under Muslim empiresScience glorified and developed under Muslim empires Hadith-sayings of Prophet MuhammadHadith-sayings of Prophet Muhammad Establishment of paper first introduced in China and then Establishment of paper first introduced in China and then

Muslims learned how it was made and developed paper mill in Muslims learned how it was made and developed paper mill in Baghdad…book developmentBaghdad…book development

Arabic language of international scholarshipArabic language of international scholarship House of Wisdom saving of Greek and Egyptian texts scholar House of Wisdom saving of Greek and Egyptian texts scholar

translators translate great think tank of medieval worldtranslators translate great think tank of medieval world Al-jbra and 0 developed and quadratic equationAl-jbra and 0 developed and quadratic equation

Barbarian Kingdoms in Barbarian Kingdoms in West West Invasions of Germanic peoples into Western Invasions of Germanic peoples into Western

Roman Empire transform Roman empire Roman Empire transform Roman empire Earliest Kingdoms Vandals in N. Africa-Earliest Kingdoms Vandals in N. Africa-

militant Arians who are defeated by Justinianmilitant Arians who are defeated by Justinian Ostrogoths- kingdom in Italy and C. Europe Ostrogoths- kingdom in Italy and C. Europe

falls to Justinian tops on E. Roman agenda falls to Justinian tops on E. Roman agenda Visigoths- kingdom in Spain driven back Visigoths- kingdom in Spain driven back

across Pyrenees by Franks, overrun by across Pyrenees by Franks, overrun by Muslim Caliphate in 711Muslim Caliphate in 711

Future left to Franks and Anglo-SaxonsFuture left to Franks and Anglo-Saxons

Anglo SaxonsAnglo Saxons

Peoples people entering British Isles 400’s-Peoples people entering British Isles 400’s-600’s in the wake of Roman withdrawal600’s in the wake of Roman withdrawal

Build small political entities Build small political entities History writes of seven kingdomsHistory writes of seven kingdoms Kings rule from impressive wooden halls, Kings rule from impressive wooden halls,

use scepters and issue coins, issue laws use scepters and issue coins, issue laws and documentsand documents

Awareness of political unity as first King of Awareness of political unity as first King of English in 8English in 8thth century century

FranksFranks

Confederation of people first encountered Confederation of people first encountered by Romans in 250’s A.D. by Romans in 250’s A.D.

Movement into and influence Roman Gaul Movement into and influence Roman Gaul Franks defeat Visigoths, Burgundians, and Franks defeat Visigoths, Burgundians, and

move back into modern Germanymove back into modern Germany Converted directly from Paganism to Converted directly from Paganism to

Christianity and Frankish leaders ally with Christianity and Frankish leaders ally with leading churchmen of Catholic Faithleading churchmen of Catholic Faith

Maintain Roman traditions of rule Maintain Roman traditions of rule language is Latinlanguage is Latin

Development of Development of Catholic ChurchCatholic Church Christianization of Europe in 500-750 A.D.Christianization of Europe in 500-750 A.D. Popes turn away from Med. World and turn Popes turn away from Med. World and turn

toward political leaders of W. Europetoward political leaders of W. Europe Emergence of Papal State as Popes become Emergence of Papal State as Popes become

great patrons of art and learninggreat patrons of art and learning Church leaders can legislate for realms Church leaders can legislate for realms

before Kings can do sobefore Kings can do so Bishops become key advisors to KingsBishops become key advisors to Kings Monasteries spread all across EuropeMonasteries spread all across Europe M’s important centers of learning and Monks M’s important centers of learning and Monks

play key role in converting the people of play key role in converting the people of countrycountry

Cultural LifeCultural Life

Learning in hands of ChurchLearning in hands of Church Purpose of education to foster salvation, not Purpose of education to foster salvation, not

bring pleasure or liberal arts person or get bring pleasure or liberal arts person or get jobsjobs

Great centers of education in north of Great centers of education in north of EnglandEngland

A people professing a universal faith, one A people professing a universal faith, one holy book, thinking of self as chosen people, holy book, thinking of self as chosen people, relationship with classical traditionrelationship with classical tradition

Subtle shift of power from South to North Subtle shift of power from South to North EuropeEurope

Carolingian EmpireCarolingian Empire

Charles Martel confronts Muslim army at Charles Martel confronts Muslim army at Poitiers/Tours in 732 and defeats MuslimsPoitiers/Tours in 732 and defeats Muslims

751 Carolingians take over Frankish 751 Carolingians take over Frankish thronethrone

Pippen III writes to Pope to ask if person Pippen III writes to Pope to ask if person who leads Franks should not be who leads Franks should not be King….needs legitimacyKing….needs legitimacy

Charles the Great(Charlemagne) marks Charles the Great(Charlemagne) marks turning point in European history turning point in European history

Creates the Carolingian empire Creates the Carolingian empire throughout modern France and Central throughout modern France and Central Europe and rules for 46 yrs.Europe and rules for 46 yrs.

Charlemagne- 768-814 Charlemagne- 768-814 A.D.A.D. Military campaigns restores large empire of most Military campaigns restores large empire of most

of central Europe fights fifty three campaigns and of central Europe fights fifty three campaigns and successful organizer- Kingdom of Europesuccessful organizer- Kingdom of Europe

Institutional Reform and innovation- Royal court Institutional Reform and innovation- Royal court and couriers key players in govt./ building and couriers key players in govt./ building consensusconsensus

Annual Assembly of FranksAnnual Assembly of Franks Close connections with Papacy Close connections with Papacy Attempts to attain uniformity in canon law, liturgy Attempts to attain uniformity in canon law, liturgy

and worship and achieves a common culture in W. and worship and achieves a common culture in W. EuropeEurope

Most famous moment 800 A.D. imperial coronation Most famous moment 800 A.D. imperial coronation of Charlemagneof Charlemagne

800 A.D.800 A.D.

Charlemagne coronated as emperor in Rome by Charlemagne coronated as emperor in Rome by Pope Leo III in St. Peter’s BasilicaPope Leo III in St. Peter’s Basilica

Idea of single ruler universal imperial tradition in Idea of single ruler universal imperial tradition in Western EuropeWestern Europe

Idea of Christendom born uniform and Idea of Christendom born uniform and universalizing Western civilizationuniversalizing Western civilization

As emperor doesn’t do more than as KingAs emperor doesn’t do more than as King Ideological pt. of view big deal idea of ChristendomIdeological pt. of view big deal idea of Christendom Common historical and cultural imprint on a Common historical and cultural imprint on a

Western Europe mindset Western Europe mindset Fusion of Roman, Germanic, and Christian Fusion of Roman, Germanic, and Christian

elementselements

External Factors lead External Factors lead to Downfallto Downfall Muslims attack South through ItalyMuslims attack South through Italy Magyars move into Europe from AsiaMagyars move into Europe from Asia Vikings from Northern Europe have Vikings from Northern Europe have

best ships of era and attack Britain best ships of era and attack Britain and N. France able to go up rivers to and N. France able to go up rivers to spread fear and disorderspread fear and disorder

Some Vikings settled in Normandy Some Vikings settled in Normandy region and other areas of Europe region and other areas of Europe and become Christianizedand become Christianized

FeudalismFeudalism Feudalism dominant organizing principle for most Feudalism dominant organizing principle for most

Euros in Early Middle AgesEuros in Early Middle Ages Lords or Nobles own large areas of land called Lords or Nobles own large areas of land called

manors and need people to work and fight sign manors and need people to work and fight sign contractscontracts

Vassals military people (Knight) who fight for Lord Vassals military people (Knight) who fight for Lord and in return are given land….agricultural societyand in return are given land….agricultural society

Little trade in W. Europe as land determines wealthLittle trade in W. Europe as land determines wealth Lords own land hire vassals to fight to protect manor Lords own land hire vassals to fight to protect manor

have serfs who work the land….60% of population of have serfs who work the land….60% of population of W. EuropeW. Europe

Serfs legally bound to Land and can not leaveSerfs legally bound to Land and can not leave Lifestyle of peasant families in one room houseLifestyle of peasant families in one room house

High Middle AgesHigh Middle Ages

Population doublesPopulation doubles High amount of arable landHigh amount of arable land Farm rotationFarm rotation Technological advances including use Technological advances including use

of iron and improved plowsof iron and improved plows Revival of trade, growth of towns, Revival of trade, growth of towns,

increased specialization come to increased specialization come to characterize late middle agescharacterize late middle ages

Trade ImprovementsTrade Improvements

Church and secular leaders protect Church and secular leaders protect and encourage trade amongst peoplesand encourage trade amongst peoples

Expansion of European trade outside Expansion of European trade outside of Europeof Europe

Revival of cities as merchants settle in Revival of cities as merchants settle in urban areasurban areas

Castles created and around them new Castles created and around them new cities createdcities created

CrusadesCrusades

1095 Byzantine emperor asks for help 1095 Byzantine emperor asks for help against advancing Muslimsagainst advancing Muslims

Challenge to Christians to recover the Challenge to Christians to recover the Holy LandHoly Land

Noble warriors from across Noble warriors from across Christendom unite across Europe to go Christendom unite across Europe to go and win back Holy Land from Muslimsand win back Holy Land from Muslims

Christian success initiallyChristian success initially

Successive CrusadesSuccessive Crusades

New call for new Crusade to win back New call for new Crusade to win back lost territorieslost territories

Saladin leader of Muslims successfully Saladin leader of Muslims successfully takes back Jerusalem in 1187takes back Jerusalem in 1187

Further efforts to regain Holy Land end Further efforts to regain Holy Land end in failurein failure

Affects for our world today…Muslims Affects for our world today…Muslims ready to see new Christian, Western ready to see new Christian, Western crusadescrusades