Workshop on the Mechanistic Design & Evaluation of Unsealed & …€¦ · & Evaluation of Unsealed...
Transcript of Workshop on the Mechanistic Design & Evaluation of Unsealed & …€¦ · & Evaluation of Unsealed...
US Army Corpsof Engineers ERDC-Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
Workshop on the Mechanistic Design & Evaluation of Unsealed & Chip-
Sealed Pavements
University of Canterbury WorkshopNovember 2002
US Army Corpsof Engineers ERDC-Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
Base Course Deformation & Subgrade Failure Criterion
Dr. Vincent JanooUS Army COEERDC/CRREL
Hanover, NH, USA 03755
US Army Corpsof Engineers ERDC-Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
Mechanistic Design/Process Process
Stress, StrainDisplacement
Failure Criteria
PerformanceCriteria
MET ?
Pavement Structure
ClimaticEffects
Material Properties
(Elastic,Plastic, Viscous)
Load History
Analytical ToolsMulti-layered,
FEM
EndYesNo
US Army Corpsof Engineers ERDC-Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
FACTORS AFFECTING FAILURE OF SUB-SURFACE LAYER
• EXCESSIVE LOADING
• SEASONAL FACTORS– Change in material
properties (f (ω))– Drainage
US Army Corpsof Engineers ERDC-Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
Failure Criteria• Failure Criteria
– Subgrade rutting –limiting the strain on top of the subgrade.
– Asphalt fatigue cracking – limiting the tensile strain (εh) at bottom of AC layer.
AC
Base
Subgrade
US Army Corpsof Engineers ERDC-Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
Failure Criteria
• Not aware of base course failure criterion
US Army Corpsof Engineers ERDC-Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
Subgrade Failure Criteria
• Ottawa, Illinois, USA• 1956 to 1960• A – 6 (ML) subgrade• Test speed – 56
km/hr• Channelized traffic• 1,114,000 axle loads
applied over ~ 2 year period.
US Army Corpsof Engineers ERDC-Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
Subgrade Failure Criteria• PRIMARY
– Provided data for current AASHTO thickness design.
– Basis of design – limit loss of serviceability over design life
• SECONDARY– Failure criteria for
mechanistic pavement design(Shell, Asphalt Institute)
US Army Corpsof Engineers ERDC-Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
Subgrade Failure Criteria• Subgrade failure
criterion– Based on one soil,
one location– Most failure occurred
in subbase– Most failure occurred
during the spring thaw
– Subbase material properties estimated from CBR
US Army Corpsof Engineers ERDC-Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
Current Research
Improved Subgrade Failure Criteria for Mechanistic Design
Funded by – Federal Highway Administration – State Department of Transportation
• Pooled Fund Study (17 States)
US Army Corpsof Engineers ERDC-Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
US Army Corpsof Engineers ERDC-Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
Frost Effects Research Facility
• 2,700 m2 environmentally controlled building. • Facility is 56 m long by 31 m wide.• 12 test cells, 6.4 m wide.
– 8 cells are 7.6 m long and 2.4 m deep.– 4 cells are 11.3 m long and 3.7 m deep.
• Cells can be made impermeable to simulate the raising and lowering of the water table.
• Ambient air temperature within the facility can be controlled from -4 °C to 24 °C with a ± 2 °C tolerance.
• The temperature can be further reduced or increased using surface panels (- 32 °C to 49 °C).
US Army Corpsof Engineers ERDC-Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
FERFFERF• Accelerated testing
– Load (HVS)– Climate
• Controlled environments– Temperatures: -37 to 49 °C– Water table– Freeze/thaw (6 cycles/year)
• Full-scale pavement sections– Surface course – Base and subgrade
• Test basins– Flexible, to 30 x 15 x 4 m
• Instrumentation– Temperature– Moisture– Stress– Strain– Profilometer
US Army Corpsof Engineers ERDC-Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
Construction
US Army Corpsof Engineers ERDC-Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
75 mm AC75 mm AC
229 mm Base
3 m Subgrade3 m Subgrade
US Army Corpsof Engineers ERDC-Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
0
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0.00010.0010.010.1110100
Grain Size (mm)Grain Size (mm)
Perc
ent F
iner
Perc
ent F
iner
A-2-4A-4A-6A-7-6
US Army Corpsof Engineers ERDC-Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
Heavy Vehicle Simulator
Wheel Load …………………20 – 100 kN roadwayUp to 200 kN airfield
Test Wheel ………………….Single, Dual or AircraftTire Pressure ……………….550 – 757 kPa on roads;
up to 1450 kPa on airfieldsRepetitions,Per Hour …….600 (uni-directional)Trafficked Length ………….Approximately 7 mTrafficked Width ……………Variable up to 1.5 mTrafficked Pattern ………….VariablePower ………………………..Electric
US Army Corpsof Engineers ERDC-Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
LASER PROFILOMETER FOR SURFACE RUT MEASUREMENTS
US Army Corpsof Engineers ERDC-Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
InstrumentationInstrumentationInstrumentationStress CellsStress Cells
Coil Gages Coil Gages (Strain)(Strain)
9” (229 mm) diameter,200 psi (1379 kPa)
4” (102 mm) diameter
US Army Corpsof Engineers ERDC-Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
US Army Corpsof Engineers ERDC-Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000
Load Repetition
Failu
re S
trai
n (m
m/m
m)
Asphalt InstituteShell (50% Reliability)A-4 (optimum)A-4 (wet)A-2-4 (optimum)A-2-4 (wet)A-6 (wet)
US Army Corpsof Engineers ERDC-Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
Base Course Failure
US Army Corpsof Engineers ERDC-Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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0.010.1110100Diameter (mm)
Perc
ent f
iner
by
wei
ght
GP-GM
Fines were Non-PlasticModified Proctor
γd = 2162 kg/m3
ω = 6 %
US Army Corpsof Engineers ERDC-Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
AC
BASE
SUBGRADE
76 mm
229 mm
152 mm
LOCATION OF εMU (STRAIN) GAGES
114 mm115 mm
US Army Corpsof Engineers ERDC-Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
TYPICAL STRESS MEASUREMENTS IN BASE COURSE
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0 1 2 3 4Time (seconds)
Load = 63 kN
Tire Pressure = 746 kPa
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0 1 2 3 4
Time (seconds)
-4000-3500-3000-2500-2000-1500-1000-500
0500
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0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Time (sec)
ACBASE
SUBGRADE
TYPICAL STRAIN MEASUREMENT IN BASE COURSE
Load = 63 kNTire Pressure = 746 kPa
TEST DATA
3.0189521.0164216A-6 (CL)706
198823.016658A-4 (CL)705
3.0216919.917008A-4 (CL)704
3.7213715.418532A-2-4 (SM)703
2.4207115.520718A-4 (CL)702
3.020689.019002A-2-4 (SM)701
ω (%)γ(kg/m3)
ω (%)γ(kg/m3)
BaseSubgradePISubgradeTest
Section
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Load Repetition
Stre
ss (k
Pa)
Transverse
Vertical
Load = 79 kNTire Pressure = 688 kPa
0500
100015002000250030003500400045005000
0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 300000
Load Repetitions
103 kN, 758 kPa
89 kN, 748 kPa
80 kN, 690 kPa
SM subgrade
P k t i i b
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0 200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000 1200000Load Repetitions
Peak
Ver
tical
Str
ain
(mst
rain
) 81 kN, 707 kPa
CL subgrade
71 kN, 705 kPa63 kN, 746 kPa
61 kN, 787 kPa 54 kN, 737 kPa
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Load Repetitions
Vert
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str
ain
( µst
rain
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Load = 62 kNTire Pressure = 721 kPa
Top
Bottom
Bottom strains ~ 30-50% of Top
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Load Repetitions
Per
man
ent D
efor
mat
ion
(mm
)
80 kN, 690 kPa89 kN, 748 kPa
SM subgrade
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
0 50000 100000 150000 200000Load Repetitions
Per
man
ent D
efor
mat
ion
(mm
)
67 kN, 716 kPa81 kN, 707 kPa63 kN, 746 kPa61 kN, 787 kPa71 kN, 705 kPa
CL subgrade
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Subg
rade
Pre
ssur
e (k
Pa)
FER
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xper
imen
t
AA
SH
TO R
oad
Test
Typi
cal S
tate
Hig
hway
Spe
ed
Case Ratio Stress Reduction Factor
FERF to AASHTO Road (26/41) 0.63 FERF to State Highway (19.5/41) 0.48
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100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000ESAL
Vert
ical
Str
ain
( µst
rain
) CL subgrade
SM subgrade
Rut Depth = 25 mmSpeed = 100 km/hour
y = 256583 x –0.363
y = 8148 x –0.236
– We have developed a new subgrade failure criterion as a function of subgrade type.
– Deformation of the base course is a function of the subgrade type.
– Higher percentage of rutting is in the base course
– Preliminary failure criterion for base course as a function of subgrade type is presented.
Conclusions
ANY QUESTIONS????