Carlos Alberto Martinez

Workshop on Impacts of Global Climate

Change on Agriculture and Livestock

Source: ClimateDialogue on Climate Sensitivity

May 15, 2014 by Bart Verheggen

Source: IPCC, Fifth Assessment Report, 2014

Crops and climate change

THEMATIC PROJECT IN CLIMATE CHANGE: SIMULATION OF SCENARIO B1 Impact of elevated CO2 (600 ppm) and temperature (+2°C) in tropical forages

Gene Expression Profiling

Biochemical

Physiological

Whole Plant growth and productivity

Panicum Maximum (C4 – PCK TYPE)

Stylosanthes capitata (C3 - N2 fixing LEGUME)

Biological N fixation proposed for Brazilian Low Carbon Agriculture Program:

Agricultural systems and practices promoting low GHG emissions and increased C fixation in soils.

~ 50% of the Brazilian agricultural area occupied by pastures.

In Brazil, 160 million hectares devoted to pasture for cattle meat and milk.

90% of the nutrients are provided by grazing.

Brazil's largest producer and exporter of beef produced extensively.

So, the impact of GCC on pastures and the impact of pastures on GCC

need to be elucidated.

Effects of Agriculture on GCC

• Agriculture : contributes to greenhouse gas emissions both through consumption of fossil fuels and through its own biological process of production, including the processes of anaerobic decomposition in wetland farming systems and animal residues.

• In recent years the Brazilian agricultural sector has shown systematic increases in the net emissions of GHG.

• Mozzer, GB. 2011. Climate change in Brazil: economic, social and regulatory aspects]. Rio de Janeiro: IPEA. p.111-125.

TROP-T/FACE AT USP/RP

2

5

1 4

10

12

15

3

9 11

14 16

Elevated CO2 + Elevated T° (eC+eT)

CO2 tank

Master Electrical Box

2 m

TROP-T/FACE BRAZIL 75 KVA triphasic Transformer

Electric current meter T-FACE

control

computers

Plot Electric Control panel

2

5

1 4

10 12

13

7

3

6 8

9 11

8 wires

4 wires

4 wires

Elevated CO2 (eC)

Elevated T° (eT)

Control (C)

IR Apogge

Thermometer

IR Heater

Container for control and monitoring

FACE

control

Datalogger CR1000 + AM 16/32+ NL200

0.0000

0.0002

0.0004

0.0006

0.0008

0.0010

0.0012

0.0014

-2.0

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.00.5

1.01.5

2.0

-2.0-1.5

-1.0-0.5

0.00.5

1.01.5

2.0

Z D

ata

X D

ata

Y Data

2m hexagon

0.0000

0.0002

0.0004

0.0006

0.0008

0.0010

0.0012

X Data

-2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Y D

ata

-2.0

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.0e-4

4.0e-4

6.0e-4

8.0e-4

1.0e-3

1.2e-3

3D Image model of heat irradiation

(Kimball et al, 2012)

FACE (Free-air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment)

Experiment - 2013

Δ 16%

Δ 32%

Experiment – 2013

Photosynthesis

Leaf transpiration

Stomatal conductance

Leaf temperature

268 386 408 472

2240 2680

3440 3998

2840 2360

3800

4002

Control eC eT eC+eT

Biomass in Panicum maximum roots stems leaves

Dry

mas

s (k

g h

a-1)

+44%

-16%

+33%

+40%

+20%

+53% +78%

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

1,4

1,6

Controle eC eT eC+eT

(32% reduction in elevated CO2)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

23

3

23

3

23

4

23

4

23

4

23

5

23

5

23

5

23

6

23

6

23

7

23

7

23

7

23

8

23

8

23

8

23

9

23

9

23

9

24

0

24

0

24

1

24

1

24

1

24

2

24

2

24

2

24

3

24

3

24

3

24

4

25

4

25

5

25

5

25

5

25

6

25

6

25

6

25

7

25

7

25

8

25

8

25

8

25

9

25

9

25

9

26

0

TEMP MÉDIA CONTROLE

TEMP MÉDIA eT

TEMP MÉDIA eC

TEMP MÉDIA eC+eT

CANOPY TEMPERATURE

Experiment – 2014

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

11/4/14 12:00 AM 16/4/14 12:00 AM 21/4/14 12:00 AM 26/4/14 12:00 AM 1/5/14 12:00 AM 6/5/14 12:00 AM 11/5/14 12:00 AM 16/5/14 12:00 AM 21/5/14 12:00 AM

DIFFERENCE IN CANOPY TEMPERATURE: ELEVATED TEMPERATURE - CONTROL

-1

0

1

2

3

11/4/14 12:00 AM 16/4/14 12:00 AM 21/4/14 12:00 AM 26/4/14 12:00 AM 1/5/14 12:00 AM 6/5/14 12:00 AM 11/5/14 12:00 AM 16/5/14 12:00 AM 21/5/14 12:00 AM

DIFFERENCE IN CANOPY TEMPERATURE: ELEVATED CO2 - CONTROL

START TREATMENTS

Time (h)

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

11/4/14 12:00 AM 16/4/14 12:00 AM 21/4/14 12:00 AM 26/4/14 12:00 AM 1/5/14 12:00 AM 6/5/14 12:00 AM 11/5/14 12:00 AM 16/5/14 12:00 AM 21/5/14 12:00 AM

DIFFERENCE IN CANOPY TEMPERATURE: (ELEVATED CO2 + ELEVATED TEMPERATURE) - CONTROL

-1,5

-1

-0,5

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

11/4/14 12:00 AM 16/4/14 12:00 AM 21/4/14 12:00 AM 26/4/14 12:00 AM 1/5/14 12:00 AM 6/5/14 12:00 AM 11/5/14 12:00 AM 16/5/14 12:00 AM 21/5/14 12:00 AM

DIFFERENCE IN CANOPY TEMPERATURE: (ELEVATED CO2 + ELEVATED TEMPERATURE) - ELEVATED TEMPERATURE

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

11/4/14 12:00 AM 16/4/14 12:00 AM 21/4/14 12:00 AM 26/4/14 12:00 AM 1/5/14 12:00 AM 6/5/14 12:00 AM 11/5/14 12:00 AM 16/5/14 12:00 AM 21/5/14 12:00 AM

DIFFERENCE IN CANOPY TEMPERATURE: (ELEVATED CO2 + ELEVATED TEMPERATURE) - ELEVATED CO2

Soil temperature (°C )

15

17

19

21

23

25

27

21/4 26/4 1/5 6/5 11/5 16/5 21/5

media control

media eC

media eT

media eT+eC

FERTILIZATION

WITH UREA

Gene Expression Profiling and metabolomic studies

Biochemical studies

Physiological studies

Whole Plant growth and productivity

Quality of forages

GHG emissions CO2 uptake

Biotic stress and other insect interactions

N2O NO3-

NH4+

N2O emission

Denitrification

CO2 emission

CO2 uptake

SOM

Gas exchange measurements

Plant Biomass

Heterotrophic respiration

Autotrophic Respiration

Isotopic discrimination

Fertilization

CH4 emission

Enteric

fermentation

Digestibility (in vitro)

Soil emission

Net ecosystem gas exchange measurement

Sample Chambers

CO2 in

CO2 out

Nitrification

UREA

Prof. Carlos Alberto Martinez

USP-RP-Brazil (Coordination)

(Physiology and biochemistry)

Prof. Milton Groppo Jr.

USP-RP-Brazil

Co-PI (Morphology and anatomy)

Profª Elizabeth Ainsworth

University of Illinois Urbana-USA

Co-PI (Molecular studies)

Prof. Sui Mui Tsai (CENA).

GHG and soil microbiota

Prof. Marcia Braga (IBt)

Carbohydrates

Prof. Miquel Gonzáles-Meler

University of Illinois Chicago-USA

Co-PI (Carbon and nitrogen - isotopes )

Prof. Carlos Prado

Univ. Federal de São Carlos

AR (Morphology and growth)

Prof. Franco Miglietta

CNR-IBIMET Firenze- Itália

Collab. (FACE system)

Prof. Bruce Kimball

Agricultural Research Service,

USDA, USA (Collab. T-FACE)

Prof. Kevin Griffin Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory

University of Columbia, USA

Collab. Photosynthesis & Respiration

Drs. Alessandro Zaldei e Damiano Gianelle

CNR-IBIMET Firenze- Itália

Collab. FACE system

TEAM

Physiology and biochemistry: Andressa Approbato (D.Sc.); Maria Teresa Lemos (D.Sc), Matheus Bianconi (M.Sc.), Lucas Curtarelli (M.Sc.), Vitor (IC), Eduardo Dias de Oliveira (PD)

Morphology and anatomy

Anelize Barbosa (M.Sc)

Profª Simone de Pádua (Collab.)

Molecular studies: Craig Vendrek (PD - UIUC); Leticia Gobett dos Santos (M.Sc); Tathyana Mello (PD - CNPq).

*GHG and soil microbiology: Profª Siu Mui Tsai (CENA/USP), Clovis, Denis, etc.

* Xantophyll Cycle: Prof. Sergi Munne-Bosch (Univ. Barcelona).

Carbon and nitrogen - isotopes

Laís Silva (M. Sc), Fernanda Manchon (IC); Prof. Tomas Ferreira (USP/RP).

Morphological studies

Lívia Bortolin (D.Sc.) and other students from UFSCar.

Diseases and Biotic interactions

Dr. Raquel Ghini (Embrapa) and students; Prof. Carlos Garófalo and students (USP/RP)

Collaboration with equipments

Prof. Newton La Scala (UNESP/Jab), Dr. Jean Ometo (INPE), Prof. Emerson Alves da Silva (IBt).

Students, PosDocs and other Collaborators

National and International Interactions

Financial support

FAPESP

http://espaber.uspnet.usp.br/jorusp/?p=17373

http://www.fapesp.br/pfpmcg/pfpmcg_huaman.pdf