Works of Santiago Calatrava

Presented by:

Sonal Darake

Contents About the Architect… His achievements… His Signature… His Sketches… His Sculptures… His Projects… Movement…Kinetic Architecture Movement… Conclusion

About the Architect… Santiago Calatrava Valls Born on July 28,1951 in

Benimamet, near Valencia, Spain Studied at the Institute of

Architecture, Valencia (grad.1974) Studied Engineering at the Swiss

Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich (Ph.D. 1981)

In 1981, he earned his Doctorate there with a thesis concerning the “Foldability of Space-frames”

He opened his own architectural and engineering practice in Zurich, Switzerland, in 1981.

Later on his practice expanded to Paris, Valencia and New York

His Achievements…

London Institution of Structural Engineers Gold Medal,1992

Toronto Municipality Urban Design Award,1993

Gold Medal for Excellence in the Fine Arts from the Granada Ministry of Culture,1996

Prince of Asturias Award in Arts,1999 Algur H. Meadows Award for Excellence in

Arts from the Meadows School of Arts, Southern Methodist University,2000

Eugene McDermott Award in the Arts from the Council for the Arts at MIT,2006

AIA Gold Medal,2005 Designation as a Global Leader for Tomorrow

by the World Economic Forum in Davos

His Signature… He is known for the sculptural form of

his large number of public buildings His career is largely dedicated to

railway stations, bridges, airports and museums

These structures are built of concrete, metal and glass, and are rarely completely closed

Many of his structures appear to move and many do move

His structures feature organic forms and structural innovations

His drawings, sketches and sculptures have been exhibited in numerous galleries, since 1985

His Sketches…

His Sculptures… Calatrava used his own

sculptures as a starting point for the design which represent aesthetic choice and conscious anthropomorphic concepts.

His Sculptures… The Running Torso:

This sculpture is made of marble cubes held in equilibrium by a wire under tension

The design of the Alamillo Bridge is related to this sculpture

His Sculptures… The Twisting Torso:

This sculpture is a white marble piece based on the form of a twisting human being

The design of the Turning Torso Skyscraper in Malmo is based on this sculpture

His Projects…

Alamillo Bridge,Seville Lyon-Satolas Railway Station,France Milwaukee Art Museum’s Quadracci Pavilion,USA Montjuic Tower,Barcelona L’Hemisferic (Planetarium),Valencia Turning Torso Tower,Sweden

Chicago Spire, Chicago World Trade Centre Transportation Hub, New York City

His Projects…Bridges

According to Calatrava, building a bridge can be a more potent cultural gesture than creating a museum.

He says, “The bridge is more efficient, because it is available to everyone. Even an illiterate person can enjoy a bridge.”

His Projects…Bridges Alamillo Bridge,1992

It is located on a branch of Guadalquivir river in Seville, Spain

It was built on the occasion of Expo’92 It is a road bridge at the North end of

La Cartuja island It has a single pylon, filled with cement,

which inclines at an angle of 58 degrees This 142m high pylon supports the

200m span with 13 pairs of cables The weight of this massive steel and

concrete pylon provides a counterbalance for the bridge deck

This bridge stands out as a symbol for modern Seville

His Projects…Railway Stations Lyon-Satolas Airport Railway Station(1989-

94) It is an important transport facility for the

entire Rhone-Alpes region This 5600 sq.m. railway facility located

at the Satolas airport is designed to service France’s growing network of high speed trains (TGV)

The juxtaposition of rail, air and local transport facilities at a single location makes for a particularly efficient system

The total cost of this project, built in three phases, exceeded 600 million francs, which was shared by French National Rail Company, the Rhone-Alpes region and Rhone department

The origin of this design seem to lie not in the metaphor of a bird, but in the study of an eye and an eyelid

His Projects… Railway Stations Lyon-Satolas Airport Railway Station(1989-

94) The essential feature is the main

passenger terminal hall, with its 1300 ton steel roof, measuring 120m by 100m, with a maximum height of 40m.

A 180m long connecting bridge link the rail facility to the airport terminal

A total of 6 railway lines run below the main building, stop at a 500m long covered platform

The middle 2 tracks are intended for through trains moving at over 300km/hr

These tracks are enclosed n a concrete shell , a system that required careful calculations of the ‘Shock waves’ surrounding the TGV

His Projects…Pavilions Milwaukee Art Museum’s Quadracci

Pavilion, 2001 It was Calatrava’s first major

project, the Quadracci pavilion, in Wisconsin, USA.

This structure is to serve as a new entrance and temporary exhibition area for Eero Saarinen’s war memorial and art exhibition space.

Calatrava was commissioned to design a space for expansion to accommodate the major visitor amenities such as the south terrace and a parking garage

The expansion provides a 30% increase in overall gallery space

His Projects…Pavilions

Milwaukee Art Museum’s Quadracci Pavilion, 2001

The design includes the Reiman Bridge, a 250 feet long suspended pedestrian bridge that links downtown Milwaukee directly to the lakefront and the museum

The bridge features a distinctive 200 feet angled mast with cables

The museum’s main entrance leads into a parabolic shaped, glass enclosed reception hall with a 90 feet ceiling

His Projects…Pavilions

Milwaukee Art Museum’s Quadracci Pavilion, 2001 The Brise Soleil, the movable, wing

like sun screen, comprised of 72 steel fins, rests on top of the glass enclosed reception hall.

The louvers can be raised and lowered to control both temperature and light in the structure

With fins ranging in length from 26 feet to 105 feet, the Brise Soleil wingspan spreads 217 feet at its widest point

His Projects…Towers Montjuic Tower, (1989-92)

It was built for Telefonica to transmit television coverage of the 1992 Summer Olympic Games in Barcelona.

Calatrava’sdrawing reflect that the design is inspired by the shape of a kneeling human figure making an offering.

The structure, inspite of its surprisingly dynamic shape, is stable because the centre of gravity at the base coincides with the resulting vertical of its dead load.

His Projects…Towers Montjuic Tower, (1989-92)

The tower is about 136m high with an inclined stem.

The inclination of the stem coincides with the angle of the summer solstice inBarcelona.

Thus, this structure acts as a sun-dial as the sun travels across the circular base platform.

The base is covered with ‘Trencadis’, the Gaudi’s mosaic technique created from broken tile shards.

His Projects…planetariums L’Hemisferic (Planetarium),1998

This distinctive eye-shaped construction was opened to public in the City of Arts and Sciences, in April 1998.

The globe of L’Hemisferic, which also houses the Omnimax theatre, is roofed over by elliptical pod that cradles it like the pupil of an eye.

The structural concrete and steel shell creates a web-like vault above the planetarium.

His Projects…planetariums L’Hemisferic (Planetarium),1998

The elliptical shell incorporates the elongated aluminium awnings that differ in length and fold upwards collectively, to form a Brise-Soleil roof that opens along the curved central axis of the eye shape.

The Brise-Soleil is moved hydraulically up the outside of the structure by telescoping cylinders.

The IMAX theatre’s spherical exterior is clad using fragments of shattered tiles.

His Projects…planetariums

His Projects…Skyscrapers Turning Torso Tower,2005

It is a skyscraper in Malmo, Sweden The tower reaches the height of 190m with

54 stories. It is the tallest building in Scandinavia and Europe’s second highest apartment building

It uses nine five-storey cubes that twist the tower rises

The topmost segment is twisted 90 degree clockwise with respect to the ground floor

His Projects…Skyscrapers

Turning Torso Tower,2005 The cubes three through nine

house 149 luxury apartments The building is partially

supported by an exterior steel scaffold

Chicago Spire /Fordham Spire, Chicago (scheduled to be completed in 2010) Calatrava’s design is a tall, slender form whose glass

facade seems to ripple downward in waves. Condominium residences will feature unparalleled views

through floor-to-ceiling windows; column-free, unobstructed floor plans.

The twisting form of the tower provides a structural advantage by reducing the impact of wind turbulence.

The irregularity of the tower’s surface ensures that wind forces are reflected from the facade in multiple directions.

Chicago Spire,Chicago Each floor unit of the tower is built out from the

central core like a separate box, with gently curving, concave sides

As these boxes are stacked up, each is rotated by a little more than 2 degrees from the one below.

The result is that the floors turn 270 degrees around the core as they rise, giving the facade an impression of movement.

Plans for the 920,000 square foot structure include a five-star hotel and 250 of luxurious condominium residences.

World Trade Centre Transportation Hub, New York

Movement…Kinetic Architecture

Calatrava has made use of Kinetics in architecture which is evident from many of his projects.

Kinetic architecture is defined generally as buildings and/or building components with variable mobility, location and/or geometry.

the motivation lies in creating spaces and objects that can physically re-configure themselves to meet changing needs with emphasis on the dynamics of architectural space.

Such systems arise from the isomorphic convergence of three key elements: structural engineering, embedded computation and adaptable architecture as situated within the contextual framework of architecture.

Movement…Kinetic Architecture

The ways in which a kinetic structural solution performs may include among folding, sliding, expanding, and transforming in both size and shape of the element.

The means by which a kinetic structural solution performs may be, among others,pneumatic, chemical, magnetic, natural or mechanical.

Movement

A frequent feature of the projects of Calatrava is their unexpected ability to move.

Alcoy Fountain

Movement

Ernsting Warehouse

Quadracci Pavilion

Kuwaiti Pavilion

Shadow MachineL’Hemisferic (Planetarium)

Conclusion His designs have crossed the barriers between Art,

Architecture and Engineering He continues a tradition of Spanish Modernist Engineering

that includes the works by Pier Luigi Nervi, Felix Candela as well as Antonio Gaudi

His style is very personal and getting derived from numerous studies he makes of the human body and the natural world

Many of his designs are closely related to his sculptures of geometric forms, inspired by the dynamics of movement and tension

The unusual spaces and the swooping shapes of his works reflect a refined aesthetic sensibility informed by engineering skills

Thank You!