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———. The Texture of Memory: Holocaust Memorials and Meaning. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993.

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Žižek, Slavoj. The Puppet and the Dwarf: The Perverse Core of Christianity. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003.

———. “Shoplifters of the World Unite.” London Review of Books, August 19, 2011.

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———. “History and the National Sensorium: Making Sense of Polish Mythology.” Qualitative Sociology 34 (2011): 21–57.

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9/11 Memorial, New York City, 157, 219

Abuladze, TengizPokajanie (Repentance), 38

Adorno, Theodor W., 181, 192, 193, 213, 218

African National Congress (ANC), 137Algerian Liberation Movement (Front de

Libération Nationale, FLN), 203Anderson, Benedict, 137–8Anwja, Nadja, 151Apartheid Museum, Johannesburg,

158, 161Arad, Michael, 219“archival revolution” in former Soviet

Union, 35–6, 38–9Arendt, Hannah, 35Armenian genocide, French

recognition of, 206Assmann, Aleida, 53–4, 74Assmann, Jan, 220Association for the Recovery of Historical

Memory (ARMH), 132Auschwitz

forensic claims, 165medial representations of, 72mediated interaction and embodied

identification, 75narrative revision of, 7, 98–9objects as metonyms, 165socialist appropriation of, 97–8as symbol of the Holocaust, 4, 72Trial, Poland (1947), 72

Auschwitz State Museum, 72, 75, 95–8

antifascist appropriation of Holocaust, 97

“autogenocide,” 32, 33Azoulay, Ariella, 8, 122

See also civil contract of photography

Badiou, Alain, 189, 191–2Baillie, Britt, 85Baines, Gary, 141, 144Balkan War, 72, 87

See also Yugoslav WarBarbie, Klaus, 204Barthes, Roland, 121, 125, 134

Camera Lucida, 119–20Bauer, Yehuda, 202Belgrade Genocide Museum, 81Beneš decrees, 216Benjamin, Walter, 10, 187, 218Bergen-Belsen education center, 223Betlejewski, Rafał

“Burning Barn” performance, 7, 107–9

“I Miss You, Jew,” 7, 103–6Binet, Laurent

HHhH, 9, 210Bisesero Memorial Site, Rwanda, 169Bleiburg, Austria

Croatian Ustaša commemoration site, 81, 85–6

“Europeanized” museum, 82Blokhin, Vasili, 34

Index

246 / index

Bloxham, DonaldOxford Handbook of Genocide

Studies, 65See also Moses, A. Dirk

Bogdanović, Bogdan, Stone Flower monument (1966), 80, 82, 83, 84

See also Jasenovic MemorialBörne, Ludwig, 185Bourdieu, Pierre, 7, 52Bousquet, René, 197–9, 204Boym, Svetlana, 159Brandt, Willy, 60–1, 215Brecht, Bertolt, 191Breuer, Lars, 78Brezhnev, Leonid

“re-Stalinization” in mid-1960s, 37Bronze Solder of Tallinn, Estonia, 78Bruckner, Pascal

Le Tyrannie de la pénitence, 207Brumlik, Micha, 54Buchenwald

concentration camp, 77–8, 83, 84, 86, 170, 223

education center, 223Bukharin, Nikolai, 17Butler, Judith, 121–2

Cambodia Landmine Museum, 157, 162

Cayrol, Jean, 217Central Museum for the Great

Patriotic War, Moscow, 215Certeau, Michel de

The Practice of Everyday Life, 161Cheung Ek Memorial, Cambodia

(Killing Fields), 168Chödron, Pema, 187Christo, Jeanne-Claude

Wrapped Reichstag, 214Churchill, Winston

“Iron Curtain” speech, 24civil contract of photography, 8,

121–4, 127, 128, 131–2, 134

commemorationaesthetics and ethics of, 4, 127, 171in forming identity, 33Germany as model for, 223initiatives in former Soviet

Union, 33modes of, 4“rhetoric” of, 2sites in the GDR and FRG, 56

Commission for Directing the Work of the Soviet Representatives in the International Tribunal (USSR Nuremberg Commission), 17–18, 23, 24, 28n. 9

Constitution Hill, Johannesburg, 163Coombes, Annie

History after Apartheid, 147Council for the Development of Civil

Society and Human Rights (in Russia), 31

counter memorials, 3Freedom Park, 8in Germany, 58–9, 62Jedwabne, Poland, 7, 101–2

Courtois, StéphaneThe Black Book of Communism,

205–6“crimes against peace,” 16, 26

See also Trainin, Aron“Crimes of the Wehrmacht” exhibition

(1995), 215Cusin, Gaston, 203Cyahinda, Rwanda (memorial at), 169

Dachau, 76–9, 83, 87, 75Dahn, Daniela, 182, 183–4, 185De Wild, Ruud, 71, 74Defonseca, Misha

Misha: A Mémoire of the Holocaust Years, 217

Demnig, GunterStolpersteine, 219

Derrida, Jacques, 131–2

index / 247

Dickenson, Emily, 193Didi-Huberman, Georges, 1, 5, 10“disappeared,” 10, 128, 132–4, 160, 172

forced disappearance as legal category, 132–4

UN Work Group on Forced Disappearances, 132

District Six Museum, Cape Town, 8, 137, 145–52, 159

as community based memory project, 145, 152

Djacenko, BorisHerz und Asche (Heart and Ash), 59

Documentation Center of Cambodia (DC-CAM), 168

Donskoe Cemetery, Moscow, 34Dorfman, Ariel, 128, 133Dudik Memorial, Vukovar

(Croatia), 85

Eckermann, MartinWege übers Land (Paths across the

Land), 55Edensor, Tim, 96Eisler, Hanns, 217Etkind, Alexander, 87“exemplary” memory, 208–10

See also Todorov, TzvetanEzhov, Nikolai, 42

Fårhus (Faarhus), 76–9, 83, 87Farmer, Sarah, 77, 84Farmington Hills Holocaust Memorial

Center, 157Faulkner, William, 214Fechner, Eberhard

Der Prozess, 217Ferrándiz, Francisco, 133Festenberg, Niklaus von

Die Flucht (Flight), 55Flucht aus dem Osten (Flight from the

East), 55Flucht und Vertreibung (Flight and

Expulsion), 54–5, 62

Frauenkirche, Dresden, 222Freedom Front Plus, 144Freedom Park (Tshwane), Pretoria, 8,

137–8, 140–5Gallery of Leaders, 141–3“Isivivane,” 141, 143reworking of South African

identity, 141Wall of Names, 141, 143–4

Frei, Norbert, 53Freud, Sigmund, 187Friesen, Astrid von, 54Furtwängler, Wilhelm, 214

Gabčík, Josef, 210Garzón, Baltazar, 3, 132–3Gauck, Joachim, 177Gauss, Friedrich, 24–5German League of Expellees, 53,

57–8, 65Gerz, Jochen, 219Ghandi, Mahatma, 191Ginzburg, Evgenia, 37Giscard-d’Estaing, Valéry, 199Glaeser, Andreas, 183, 190Goering, Hermann, 24Goldoskaya, Marina

Vlast Soloveckaja (Solovky Power), 38Gourevitch, Philip, 169, 170–1Grass, Günter, 54, 214Great Terror (1930s Soviet Union), 6,

17, 33, 39–43, 205Gross, Jan Tomasz

Neighbors, 99Grossman, Vasily, 35, 37

Life and Fate, 38Guevara, Ernesto ‘Che’, 141Guyer, Sara, 169–72Guzmán, Patricio

Nostalgia for the Light, 172

Hahn, Eva and Hans Henning, 65Hamburg Institute of Social

Research, 215

248 / index

Hands Off District Six (HOD) campaign, 145–8

as community narrative, 148as “vernacular” memory, 146

Havel, Václav, 191Heidegger, Martin, 214, 218Hermand, Jost, 217Heydrich, Reinhard, 10, 201Hirsch, Marianne, 7, 74, 84Hòa Lò Prison Historic Vestige, 162–3Holocaust (1979 West German

television miniseries), 61–2Holocaust

appropriation and commodification of, 76, 87

Europeanization of, 73, 76, 84, 86internationalization of, 4, 7, 73limitations of representation, 213media representations of (films,

books), 72as paradigm, 4, 7, 65, 74, 77, 87

Holocaust Centre, Cape Town, 159–60

Holocaust Memorial, Berlin, 52, 65, 84

Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington DC, 215

Holocaust Remembrance Day, 72–4“Holocaustization,” See Hahn, Eva

and Hans HenningHomeland Societies, 56hooks, bell, 182, 185Hosking, Geoffrey, 40Huyssen, Andreas, 4

Institute of National Remembrance (IPN), 99

International Military Tribunal (IMT), 15–27

Irwin-Zarecka, Iwona, 97–8

Jáchym, TopolThe Devil’s Workshop

(Chladnou zemi), 88

Jackson, Robert, 15, 23–4Janssen, Karl-Heinz, 54–5Jasenovac Memorial Museum

(“Croatian Auschwitz”), 79–84, 87

as contested trauma site, 80–1Jovičić, Nataša, museum

director, 80, 82Mataušić, Nataša, museum

spokesperson, 84role in Balkan War, 81

Jedwabne pogrom, Poland, 98–103counter memorial, 101–3memorial, 100See also Betlejewski, Rafał

Jenninger, Philipp, 215Jewish Museum, Berlin, 158, 215, 219Joseph, Helen, 142Josipović, Ivo, 85Julliard, Jacques, 201Jünger, Ernst, 214

Kaplan, Brett Ashley, 127Karadzic, Radovan, 201Karaganov, Sergei, 31–3Karajan, Herbert, 214Katyn Affair, 15–16, 20–1, 23–5, 61

Russian-Polish joint commemoration, 33

Khrushchev, Nikita1956 “secret speech,” 36–7

Kibeho, Rwanda (memorial at), 169, 170

Kiesinger, Kurt Georg, 61Kigali Memorial Center, Rwanda, 169Kirschenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara,

158–9Kittel, Manfred, 54, 60–2Klimov, Elem

Idi i smotri (Come and See), 38See also Rasputin, Valentin

Knabe, Hubertus, 184Kohl, Helmut, 215Koš, Julija, 82, 84

index / 249

Kosor, Jadranka, 85Kosovo, NATO bombing of, 201Kossert, Andreas, 54, 60Krakow Jewish Festival, 102–4Krauss, Angela, 180Kreil, Kallie, 143Kristensen, Henric Skov, 79Kubiš, Jan, 210Kwaśniewski, Aleksander, 100

Landsmannschaften, 52Lanzmann, Claude

Shoah, 112n. 20, 219Law of Historical Memory

(2007), 133Lenin Mausoleum, See Red Cube on

Red SquareLevy, Daniel, 55, 65–6, 75Lewis, Alison, 182Libeskind, Daniel, 219

MacMillan, MargaretDangerous Games: The Uses and

Abuses of History, 201Maillard, Jean de, 206Majdanek, Poland, 72, 162

concentration camp, 165, 166Mandelstam, Nadezhda, 37, 39Marcuse, Harold, 75Matauschek, Isabella, 78Mbeki, Thabo, 140–1, 144Medvedev, Dmitri, 31, 33–4Medvedev, Roy

Let History Judge, 37Memorial to the Murdered Jews of

Europe, Berlin, 214See also Holocaust Memorial, Berlin

“memorial mania,” 213memorial sites, See under

individual namesmemory culture

artifacts of, 155–72challenges of teaching, 10, 215–20changing nature of, 218

as “contest” in Germany, 214in Europe today, 222–3in former Soviet Union, 34–9German dichotomy of, 53–4“grassroots,” 8, 137, 189, 213

See also District Six Museumworking definition of, 214

memory narrativesauthenticity of, 79, 158, 217–8construction of, 157–8, 215contested nature of, 2, 79–81, 216corruption of, 202democratization of, 2, 137, 152dissident, 8, 137–8, 152Europeanization of, 81, 221–2fictional representation of, 218medial transfer of, 75“multidirectional,” 2, 8, 57, 66, 79

See also Rothberg, Michaelas personal healing, 186–8relationship to historiography, 10,

215–17memory tourism, 8, 75, 87, 98,

148–9, 156–8, 168–9Merkel, Angela, 177Mesić, Stjepan, 85Michelangelo

The Creation of Adam, 124Miller, Alice, 187Milosevic, Slobodan, 80, 201, 202Ministry of Expellees, 60Mittelbau-Dora, Nordhausen, forced

labor site, 223Mitterrand, François, 197, 199, 214modes of memory-making,

un-making and remaking, 7, 95

Moerdijk, Gerard, 138Molotov, Vyacheslav, 16, 18Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 20, 21–2,

73Morgenthau, Henry, 15Moscow Trails, 17Moser, Wolfgang, 61

250 / index

Moses, A. DirkOxford Handbook of Genocide

Studies, 65See also Bloxham, Donald

“movement for the recuperation of historical memory,” 117

Murambi, Rwanda (memorial at), 169Museo de la Memoria, Montevideo,

160Museum of Danish Resistance

(Frihedsmuseet), Copenhagen, 160, 163

Museum of Fight for Estonian Freedom, Lagedi, Estonia, 78

Museum of the History of the Polish Jews, Warsaw, 159

Musil, Robert, 4

Nacht fiel über Gotenhafen (Darkness Fell on Gotenhafen), 55

Nagasaki (Museum), 157, 164Naimark, Norman, 67“Nationaal Comité 4–5 Mei,” 78Neue Wache, Berlin, 222New York City International Center of

Photography, 128, 129Ngcelwane, Nomvuyo, See

“Nomvuyo’s Room”Ngoyi, Lillian Masediba, 142Nietzsche, Friedrich, 4Nikitchenko, Iona, 18, 24NKVD (People’s Commissariat of

Internal Affairs), 19, 40, 46“Nomvuyo’s Room,” 146, 150Nove, Alex, 39Nuremberg Trials (1945–1946), 3, 6,

15–27, 72American and German experiences

of, 221shaping historical narrative, 17,

20, 26–7Soviet role in, 15–27

Nyamata Church, Rwanda (memorial at), 165–6, 167, 169

Obama, Michelle, 148Oklahoma City Memorial and

Museum, 157Olick, Jeff, 55Orbán, Viktor, 73–4Ostpolitik, 52, 57–8, 60, 61, 63Oświęcim (Poland), 75, 86–7

See also Auschwitz

Papon, Maurice, 3, 9, 197–200, 202–6Paxton, Robert, 197Peace Museum, Hiroshima, 157,

164, 166Peres, Simon, 84–5Polizei Haftlager FrØslev (Police

Prison Camp FrØslev), See Fårhus (Faarhus)

Pompidou, Georges, 199Pospelov Commission, 37Prague Archive, 35Prague Declaration on European

Conscience and Communismas alternative to the Stockholm

Declaration, 73–4as double genocide doctrine, 73

Pushkin, Aleksandr, 41

Rancière, Jacques, 192Rasputin, Valentin

Farewell to Matyora, 38See also Klimov, Elem, 38

Ravensbruck, education center, 223Reagan, Ronald, 215Red Cube on Red Square, 5, 6, 34, 45

characterization and significance of, 46

history of, 45as paradigmatic place of

commemoration, 44Renshaw, Layla, 124–30Resnais, Alain

Nuit et Brouillard (Night and Fog), 217

Reyes Mate, Manuel, 132, 134

index / 251

Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 19, 23, 25See also Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact

Rioux, Jean-Pierre, 207Ritchin, Fred, 128Rodos, Boris, 34Rothberg, Michael, 57, 66, 110Rousso, Henry, 207Rudenko, Roman, 18–24Ruge, Eugen, 180Rwandan genocide

memorials of, 156, 168–72

Sachsenhausenconcentration camp, 77, 223education center, 223

Saña, Heleno, 191Sansal, Boualem

The German Mujahid, 9, 209–10Sartre, Jean-Paul, 218Schieder, Theodor, 59–60Schmitt, Katrin, 180Schnook, Frieder, 223Schorlemmer, Friedrich, 177secret police, Soviet, See NKVDSedgwick, Eve, 180, 186–7, 188Serote, Wally, 143–4, 152šestidesjatniki

new Soviet intelligentsia in 1960s, 37

Shchusev, Aleksey, 45Shin’s tricycle, 166

See also Peace Museum, HiroshimaSilva, Emilio, 132Šnajder, Slobodan, 84Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr

The Gulag Archipelago, 35, 37The Red Wheel, 38

Sontag, Susan, 120, 121On Photography, 119–20Regarding the Pain of Others, 121

South African Defense Force (SADF), 143–4

South African Defense Force Wall of Remembrance, 144

Spielberg, StevenSchindler’s List, 98, 111n. 17, 219

Stalin, Josephburial at Red Square, 46“destalinization,” 32memorialization of, 33–4, 43–4,

46–9role in Nuremberg Trials, 16–20Stalinist Terror, 17, 19

See also Great TerrorStasi Museum, Berlin-

Hohenschönhausen, 184Stih, Renate, 223Stockholm Declaration of the

International Forum on the Holocaust, 72–3, 77

Sznaider, Natan, 65–6, 75

Task Force for International Cooperation on Holocaust Education, Remembrance, and Research (ITF), 72

Taubira, Christiane, 207Terdiman, Richard, 5Ther, Philipp, 67Todorov, Tzvetan, 9, 209, 210

Memory as a Remedy for Evil, 208

Topography of Terror, Berlin, 223Torres, Francesc, 117–34

Oscura es la habitación donde dormimos (Dark is the Room Where We Sleep), 8, 117–34

Toul Sleng (Museum), Cambodia, 163–4, 168

Touvier, Paul, 197–9, 204Trainin, Aron, 16–17, 26

On the Criminal Responsibility of the Hitlerites, 16

Trotsky, Leon, 17Truth and Reconciliation

Commission (TRC), 137, 139–40, 153n. 6, 208

252 / index

Tuđjman, Franjo, 81, 85, 201Turner, Victor, 96Ullman, Micha, 219United Nations War

Crimes Commission (UNWCC), 17

Varaut, Jean-Marc, 206Vél d’Hiv roundup, France, 198–9Vergangenheitsbewältigung (coming

to terms with the past), 6, 79, 81, 184

Vidal-Naquet, Pierre, 204Vietnam Veterans Memorial,

Washington DC, 143, 157Villamayor de los Montes, 8,

117, 119–20, 122, 125–6, 128, 130

Violi, Patrizia, 77Voortrekker Monument, 8, 138–41,

143–4, 139, 159Vyshinsky, Andrei, 17–18, 20–2

Wajda, AndrzejKatyn, 42

Waldheim, Kurt, 214Walser, Martin, 215War Memorial, Seoul, 162War Remnants Museum, Saigon,

157, 162Warsaw Rising Museum

(Muzeum Powstania Warszawskiego), 160

Wehler, Hans-Ulrich, 53–4Weiss, Peter

Die Ermittlung (The Investigation), 217

Widman, Arno, 178

Wieviorka, OlivierDivided Memory: French

Recollections of World War II from the Liberation to the Present, 207

Wilhelm Gustloff, 55Wilkomirski, Binjamin

Fragments: Memories of a Wartime Childhood, 217

Wisbar, FrankFlucht über die Ostsee (Flight over

the Baltic), 55Nacht fiel über Gotenhafen

(Darkness Fell on Gotenhafen), 55

Wolf, ChristaDer geteilte Himmel (Divided

Heaven), 179See also Wolf, Konrad

Kindheitsmuster (Patterns of Childhood), 59, 179, 179, 181, 188

Stadt der Engel (City of Angels or the Overcoat of Dr. Freud), 177–93

Was bleibt (What Remains), 189Wolf, Konrad

See Wolf, Christa, Der geteilte Himmel (Divided Heaven), 179

Yekaterinburg, Russiasite of 2011 memorialization and

reconciliation conference, 31–3Yugoslav War, 9, 72, 79, 80, 200–2Yushukan Military and War Museum,

Tokyo, 162

Zayas, Alfred de, 61žižek, Slavoj, 189