Works Cited National History Day

8/13/2019 Works Cited National History Day

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Works CitedPrimary SourcesAdler, Allan Robert. Using the Information Act a Step-by-Step Guide. N.p.: American Civil

Liberties Union, 1997.Resources for the Future and New York University Law School.

Web. 26 July 2013.

.This pamphlet is an article that detail the provisions of the Freedom of Information Act which mandates the

government release all information to the public with nine exemptions. This pamphlet is written from an

objective perspective and is meant for mainly law, journalist, or investigative students who may want to use

this act to get information from the government. This pamphlet, since it details federal government's rules

on transparency, can be used for my research topic to show the amount of transparency federal agencies

have or don't have.Aylward, Andrew. "Manning Acquitted of Aiding the Enemy." The Wall Street Journal. Dow

Jones & Company, n.d. Web. 30 July 2013.

.This article is written from a journalistic, objective perspective and reports that Bradley Manning was

acquitted of the accusation of aiding the enemy. The article is written for the average American populace.

Although having no direct relation to the topic, the article indirectly relates to topic as it provides current

primary source information on how a whistle-blower (one that increases transparency and accountability


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through illegal discretion of classified government information) was convicted of espionage but not truly

harming national security.Baker, Peter, and Susan Schmidt. "President Is Denied Executive Privilege." Washington Post6

May 1998: n. pag. The Washington Post. Web. 26 July 2013.

.This article contains information about President Bill Clinton request of using executive privilege to reject

subpoenas about the Lewinsky scandal being denied. This article is intended for the average American

populace and is from an unbiased journalistic perspective. This can be used to show the limits on federal

agency impunity.Erlich, Judith, and Rick Goldsmith, dirs. The Courage We Need from the Most Dangerous Man

in America. Youtube. Google, n.d. Web. 26 Feb. 2014.

.This video clip shows Elsberg's purpose for releasing the Pentagon Papers. It has an actor playing Elsberg

say the worlds Elsberg did say in the past in a similar speech. The clip allows the viewer to better

understand Elsberg and the personal nature of his decision. An understanding of Elsberg is essential for an

understanding of the Pentagon Papers which has been established as essential to a study of government

accountability.Exec. Order No. 13526. Fed. Reg. 29 Dec. 2009Federation of American Scientists. Web. 28 July

2013. .This executive order is from the perspective of President Obama in that he wants to improve national

security and is willing to compromise some transparency to do so. It is written for lawyers and

Congressmen interested in this order; however, any educated American can read this order. This order can

be used to answer the question as it details reasons onto why the federal government withholds some

information from the public and continues oversight with impunity.


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50 USC 401a. C.F.R. 2012.Legal Information Institute. Web. 28 July 2013.

.These are legal definitions included in an act in 2002 to amend the Freedom of Information Act to exempt

requests from foreign governments from being fulfilled. This amendment is written from the Congress'

perspective in 2002 and is written for lawyers and legal scholars. This amendment of the act and its

definitions is related to the topic as the motivation behind this amendment was to limit transparency and

increase chances of oversight and impunity in the name of national security. Gerstein, Josh. "Judge Skeptical of Obama Executive Privilege Fight."Politico. Politico, n.d.

Web. 26 July 2013. .This article describes president Obama's assertion of executive privilege to prevent Attorney General Eric

Holder from releasing documents containing information about Operation Fast and Furious. It also

discusses the possible use of contempt of Congress to get Eric Holder to release the documents. This article

is written for the American populace in an unbiased journalistic perspective. This source can be used as an

example that relates executive privilege to federal impunity. Operation Fast and Furious can also be used as

an example of controversial government oversight.Guardian. N.p., 31 July 2013. Web. 31 July 2013.

.This web page contains a thirty two slide presentation detailing one of the NSA's oversight programs, X-

Keyscore. The presentation is written from the perspective of the Federal government who protects this

program in the name of national security. This presentation is made to convince the different government

agencies on the validity of X-Keyscore and inform these agencies on why X-Keyscore exists. This

presentation relates to the topic as it details a feature of government oversight within the National Security

Agency. Therefore, it can either be used to prove that the federal government requires more transparency

and accountability or needs to maintain surveillance programs in order to safeguard national security.


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Edmund Joseph Ochola was Vietnam War Vetran that provided first hand information about life in the

Vietnam war. This information was necessary to the project and related to the history day topic as the life

of a soldier in the Vietnam War could show the extent of the people's right of an accountable government. "The Pentagon Papers." Memo. N.d.ABC-CLIO American History. Web. 29 July 2013.

.This article from the ABC-CLIO database contains excerpts from the Pentagon Papers. It is written from

the Joint Chief of Staff's view point that the government increase involvement in Vietnam despite the

effects it will have on deceiving the American public indirectly decreasing transparency and increasing

impunity. It's intended audience is the president of the United States and intelligence officials in the

government. The Pentagon Papers is related to the topic at hand as it was a leak of private government

information that destroyed the American people's trust in the government bringing up the question of

national security vs. transparency and impunity.The Privacy Act of 1974. C.F.R. 1974.Department of Justice. Web. 1 Feb. 2014.

.The privacy act of 1974 strengthened the people's rights to know. This relates to the research topic as the

people's rights to know relates to the people's rights to an accountable government."The Quotable Quotes of Dwight D. Eisenhower."National Park Service. ParkNet, n.d. Web. 1

Feb. 2014. .This source was used to show the president and United States national security apparatus' view point about

Vietnam. This is important for the topic of research as it shows the United States' president's view point on

what is needed to carry out the government responsibility of national security. United States. The Pentagon Papers.National Archives. Web. 30 July 2013.

.This U.S. document is the original Pentagon Papers with some parts removed. It is written in the

perspective of the United States government that wants to improve its national security and success in

Vietnam at the time. It's intended audience was other United States government officials. This document is


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the original version of the documents that first sparked debate around transparency and accountability vs.

national security.US Const. art. IV, sec. 4. Print.

The Constitution was added to provide a source that shows the legal responsibility the United States

government has to provide national security. This relates to the topic because it can justify some of the

measures taken in the past to keep the Vietnam War secret and limit other rights deemed lesser(although

they are not).US Const. pmbl. Print.

The Constitution was added to provide a source that shows the legal responsibility the United States

government has to provide national security. This relates to the topic because it can justify some of the

measures taken in the past to keep the Vietnam War secret and limit other rights deemed lesser(although

they are not).United State v. Nixon. Supreme Court of the US. 1974.Find Law. Thomson Reuters, n.d. Web.

26 July 2013.

.United States vs. Nixon was a United States Supreme Court case opinion and ruling regarding Nixon's

watergate scandal. This source is in the opinion of eight United States Supreme Court justices and has

jargon meant for a lawyer or legal scholar but has been intended for the American populace to read. The

opinion and ruling cites details about executive privilege and judicial review which can be used to show

that federal agencies may not have so much impunity over what they do."Vietnam Democide: Estimates, Sources, Calculations." University of Hawaii System. Hawai'i,

n.d. Web. 2 Feb. 2014. .This source was used to cite the number of troop and dead because of Vietnam. This number was important

to the topic as it unveiled the extent the United States government can abuse its given responsibility(and

ironically right) to provide for national security.


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Secondary Sources"Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties in Wartime."Heritage Foundation. Ed. Frank J. Williams.

N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Feb. 2014. .This article provides an historical example of a president limiting the rights of the people for national

security purposes. It has to do with the research, as the article shows an instance in which the government

had to tip the balance of rights and responsibilities. Alagood, Kyle. "Manning and Snowden: Wakeup Call on Overclassification."National Law

Journal(2013): n. pag.Brennan Center for Justice. Web. 30 July 2013.

.This journal article provides an well supported argument that too much government information is

classified. The article is written from the perspective that there needs to be more accountability and

transparency. The article is written for the average American populace. The article relates to the question as

it proves that the lack of accountability and transparency of the government is excessive. Baldacchino, Joseph. "Drone Controversy Reveals Crumbling of Constitutionalism."National

Humanities Institute17 (2013): n. pag.National Humanities Institute. Web. 30 July

2013. .This article talks about the constitutionality of the claims about using drones on American citizens made by

Eric Holder. The article is written for the educated American populace and civics or humanities experts.

The article is written in the perspective that these claims are unconstitutional expansion of federal

government power. This article relates to the question as it implies that transparency and accountability are

extremely important when coming to a federal government and large amounts of oversight and impunity

held by the federal government are unconstitutional.Correl, John T. "The Pentagon Papers."Air Force Magazine Online Journal of the Air Force

Association(2007): n. pag. The Air Force Magazine Online Journal of the Air Force


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Association. Web. 30 July 2013.

.This article provides substantial information on background and impact of the Pentagon Papers. This article

is written in an objective unbiased perspective. The article is an meant for researchers who are looking for

background information on the Pentagon Papers. The article relates to the topic as it discusses national

security vs. government accountability and transparency in relation to the Pentagon Papers. A Culture of Secrecy: The Government versus the People's Right to Know. N.p.: U of Kansas,

1998. Print.This book is written from the perspective of an activist scholar who believes that the government's national

security agencies should be much more transparent. The book is intended for the educated American

populace. The book relates to the question as it reveals messy practices the FBI and national security

agencies use to circumvent the FOIA and advocates for more government transparency and accountability. "Disclosure's Effects: WikiLeaks and Transparency." Review, by Mark Fenster.Iowa Law

Review: 753-801.MAS Ultra - School Edition. Web. 29 July 2013.This law review is from the perspective of a legal scholar addressing the power of Wikileaks in disrupting

the balance of transparency that exists within transparency rules within the United States. This law review

is intended for the legal scholars and lawyers alike. This source relates to the topic as it addresses the issue

of transparency when it comes to leaks that undermine the United States' national security. Evans, McCarth Stanton.Blacklisted by History: The Untold Story of Senator Joe McCarthy and

His Fight against America's Enemies. N.p.: Crown, 2007. Print.This book proposes that the theory about the growing communist penetration into the United States

Government put forth by Senator McCarthy was in fact real. It cites incidents where the federal

government was able to avoid the judicial system and the lack of transparency in federal agencies such as

the Department of Defense. The book is in a perspective of revisionist theorist and its intended audience is


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the educated American populace who already have an understanding of the Cold War Communist hearings.

The evidence of lack of transparency in federal agencies could be used for this project. "Fisa Court Oversight: A Look inside a Secret and Empty Process." Guardian18 June 2013: n.

pag. The Guardian. Web. 31 July 2013.

.This article discusses the Federal Intelligence Surveillance Court's oversight over the NSA and other

spying agencies. The article is written in the perspective of the a journalist who believes that federal

intelligence agencies have too much oversight over the people and the Federal Intelligence Surveillance

Court is not doing enough to limit the federal government. The article is written for the average American

public. The article relates to the topic as it shows that federal agencies need more accountability because

the current checks on government accountability are not functioning fairly. "Freedom of Information Act Guide, May 2004, Exemption 1."Department of Justice. N.p., n.d.

Web. 28 July 2013. .This publication by the US Department of Justice is a detailed report on all the acts and provisions of

Exemption 1 of the Freedom of Information Act. This publication is written from the Department of

Justice's perspective but, however, is backed with substantial sources. This publication is intended as a

guide for federal agencies and those seeking to benefit from the Freedom of Information Act. As it details

the necessity of Exemption 1, the protection of government information for national security purposes, it

relates to a question on federal agency oversight and impunity. Greenberg, Andy. This Machine Kills Secrets: How WikiLeakers, Cypherpunks, and Hacktivists

Aim to Free the World's Information. N.p.: Dutton Adult, 2012. Print.This book is analysis onto how whistle-blowers operate. The book is written in an objective perspective

when related to the topic present both sides of question. The book is written for the general American

populace. The book relates to the topic as it presents both sides' opinions on accountability and

transparency vs. national security and government oversight.


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Hirsh, Michael, and Sara Sorcher. "Edward Snowden Is Completely Wrong."National Journal:

n. pag.Points of View Reference Center. Web. 29 July 2013.

.This journal is written in the perspective that Edward Snowden's leaks on the NSA jeopardize national

security and therefore was a bad thing despite it revealing growing government oversight and impunity.

This article was written for the educated American populace and those studying in fields of government

transparency and intelligence. This journal article relates to the topic of this research project as this article

discusses the necessity to limit government transparency and increase government oversight in the name of

national security.Holding, Reynolds. "The Executive Privilege Showdown." Time21 Mar. 2007: n. pag. Time.

Web. 26 July 2013. .This article has a cursory description of what executive privilege is. Then, it goes further into a history and

George Bush's predicted use of executive privilege to refuse to let his advisors show up to court regarding

the firing of eight attorneys from the US Supreme Court. This article is written from an unbiased journalist

perspective and is meant for the average American populace. This source can be used to further relate

executive privilege to federal agency impunity."Look Who's Listening."Economist15 June 2013: 23-26. Print.

This article gives background information on the NSA scandal and analyzes the situation to present

opinions about the ramifications of the leaks. The article discusses how the leaks may affect the

international community and how public scrutiny might actually bring some changes to the covertness of

NSA oversight. The article is written in an analytical, objective perspective, and its intended audience is the

average American populace. The article relates to the question as it details some of the aspects of federal

oversight and the effects new transparency and accountability might have on the federal agencies

conducting the oversight.Margolin, Philip.Executive Privilege. New York: Harper Collins, 2008. Print.


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Executive Privilege is a fictional book created to convey messages about federal oversight and impunity in

the real world. The book is a thriller novel meant for the average adult population. While this book does not

actually have any factual evidence, it contains powerful messages about federal agencies that can be used

to answer the question.The Most Dangerous Man in America. 2009.Democracy Now. Web. 30 July 2013.

.This documentary film reports on the life of Daniel Ellsberg and how his leaks indirectly led to end of the

Vietnam War. The film is from the perspective of mainly Ellsberg as he is interviewed within this film. The

film is for the average American populace. It relates to the topic because it discusses how the Pentagon

Paper leaks affected national security and opened up the public's awareness for more government

accountability and transparency.The National Security Archive. National Security Archive, 23 Nov. 2004. Web. 28 July 2013.

.This summary of the debate between Gerald Ford's government and the United States Congress over

passing the Freedom of Information Act is written from an objective perspective meant for the educated

American populace. This source relates to the thesis as it discusses the controversy during 1974 over

making the government more transparent or allowing it to have less impunity and oversight. Nicks, Denver.Private: Bradley Manning, WikiLeaks, and the Biggest Exposure of Official

Secrets in American History. Chicago: Chicago Review, 2012. Print.This book is an bibliography of Bradley Manning that is written in an objective perspective for the average

American populace. It relates to the topic as it details the different opinions revolving government

transparency and national security in the Wikileaks scandal."The Right Response to Wikileaks." Washington Post30 Nov. 2010: n. pag. The Washington

Post. Web. 29 July 2013. .


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This is an opinion article from the Washington Post detailing how the United States government should

respond to the information released by Wikileaks. It is written in the opinion that the Wikileaks' articles

released by Bradley Manning are relatively harmless to the government but toughen up diplomatic relations

and ties the government may want to make in the future. This article is meant for the average American

populace. It is related to the topic as it provides an opinion on how government information leaks affect the

United States' national security interests.Savage, Charlie. "U.S. Outlines N.S.A.s Culling of Data for All Domestic Calls." The New York

Times31 July 2013: n. pag. The New York Times. Web. 31 July 2013.

.

This article reports on new information discovered about the NSA spying program. It discusses how

Congress has started standing up to the program. The article is written in the perspective that the new

transparency and higher accountability due to public scrutiny are overall beneficial to the United States.

The article is written for the average American populace. The article relates to the topic because it

discusses how the United States of America how new public scrutiny has led to more accountability of the

United States government."Secrets, Lies, and America's Spies."Economist15 June 2013: n. pag. Print.

This article presents an opinion on the NSA spying leak in that it is legal as long as there exists more

transparency (public scrutiny). However, the current spying system, according to this article, is not justified

or trustworthy. The article is written in the perspective one who believes the government has overreached

its mandate on oversight without accountability and for the average American populace. It relates to the

topic as it discusses the balancing act between oversight (for national security) and transparency or

accountability.

Sempa, Francis P. "U.S. National Security Doctrines Historically Reviewed."American

Diplomacy. American Diplomacy, Apr. 2004. Web. 2 Feb. 2014.


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.This source was used as background for an understanding of the international politics that guided the

United States national security policy during the Vietnam and Cold War. This background is necessary to

understand the reasons the United States had to carry out its responsibility of national security. Talent, Jim. "A Constitutional Basis for Defense."Heritage Foundation. The Heritage

Foundation, n.d. Web. 1 Feb. 2014. .This source was used to study an opinion on the traditional importance of national security to the United

States. This opinion is necessary to understand the reasons the United States has to carry out its

responsibility of national security.

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