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WORKING:

•  This project can be broadly divided into two parts: generation and

utilization.

•  The energy that is generated can be from the following sources: wind,

solar or a combination of wind and solar. Here in this project we haveimplemented using wing energy.

• The generation part starts with the installation of wind turbines along the sides of the

railway track.

• These wind turbines are to be placed in such a way that maximum output energy can be

obtained.

About wind turbines:

Turbine working:

A turbine is a machine that spins around and catches some of the energy passing by. In

general all sorts of machines use turbines. The huge rotor blades (propellers) on the front of a

wind turbine are the "turbine" part. As wind passes by, the kinetic energy (energy of moement)

it contains makes the blades spin around (usually !uite slowly). The blades hae a special cured

shape so they capture as much energy from the wind as possible.

Although we talk about "wind turbines," the turbine is only one of the three main parts inside

these giant machines they are

• The gearbox# second part whose gears conert the slow speed of the spinning blades

into higher$speed rotary motion%turning the drie shaft !uickly enough to power the

electricity generator.

• The generator is the third main part of a turbine and it&s exactly like an enormous,

scaled$up ersion of the dynamo. In a wind turbine, only the "dynamo" generator is

drien by the turbine&s rotor blades.

http://www.explainthatstuff.com/turbines.htmlhttp://www.explainthatstuff.com/energy.htmlhttp://www.explainthatstuff.com/energy.htmlhttp://www.explainthatstuff.com/gears.htmlhttp://www.explainthatstuff.com/energy.htmlhttp://www.explainthatstuff.com/gears.htmlhttp://www.explainthatstuff.com/turbines.html

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'ind turbines can rotate about either a horiontal or a ertical axis, the former being both

older and more common.

Horizontal axis

*oriontal$axis wind turbines (*A'T) hae the main rotor  shaft and electrical

generator  at the top of a tower, and must be pointed into the wind. +mall turbines are pointed by

a simple wind ane, while large turbines generally use a wind sensor coupled with a sero motor .

ost hae a gearbox, which turns the slow rotation of the blades into a !uicker rotation that is

more suitable to drie an electrical generator.

Vertical axis:

-ertical$axis wind turbines (or -A'Ts) hae the main rotor shaft arranged ertically. ne

adantage of this arrangement is that the turbine does not need to be pointed into the wind to be

effectie, which is an adantage on a site where the wind direction is highly ariable. It is also an

adantage when the turbine is integrated into a building because it is inherently less steerable.Also, the generator and gearbox can be placed near the ground, using a direct drie from the

rotor assembly to the ground$based gearbox, improing accessibility for maintenance.

The key disadantages include the relatiely low rotational speed with the conse!uential

higher tor!ue and hence higher cost of the drie train, the inherently lower   power coefficient, the

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotor_(turbine)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotor_(turbine)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generatorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generatorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generatorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generatorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_vanehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servo_motorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical-axis_wind_turbinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical-axis_wind_turbinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbine_aerodynamicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbine_aerodynamicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotor_(turbine)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generatorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generatorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_vanehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servo_motorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical-axis_wind_turbinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbine_aerodynamics

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/01 degree rotation of the aerofoil within the wind flow during each cycle and hence the highly

dynamic loading on the blade, the pulsating tor!ue generated by some rotor designs on the drie

train, and the difficulty of modeling the wind flow accurately and hence the challenges of

analysing and designing the rotor prior to fabricating a prototype.

'hen a turbine is mounted on a rooftop the building generally redirects wind oer the

roof and this can double the wind speed at the turbine. If the height of a rooftop mounted turbine

tower is approximately 213 of the building height it is near the optimum for maximum wind

energy and minimum wind turbulence. 

Efficiency:

 4ot all the energy of blowing wind can be used, but some small wind turbines are designed to

work at low wind speeds.

5onseration of mass re!uires that the amount of air entering and exiting a turbine must be

e!ual. Accordingly, 6et&s law gies the maximal achieable extraction of wind power by a wind

turbine as 273 of the total kinetic energy of the air flowing through the turbine. 8urther

inefficiencies, such as rotor blade friction and drag, gearbox losses, generator and conerter

losses, reduce the power deliered by a wind turbine. 5ommercial utility$connected turbines

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_wind_turbinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_masshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betz's_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betz's_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frictionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_(physics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_(physics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_wind_turbinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_masshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betz's_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frictionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_(physics)

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delier 923 to :13 of the 6et limit of power extractable from the wind, at rated operating

speed.

Maximum output:

The bigger the rotor blades, the more energy they can capture from the wind. The giant blades

multiply the wind&s force like a wheel and axle, so een a gentle breee is enough to make the

outer edges of the blades turn around. Although the blades rotate !uite slowly, the inner axle and

turbine rotate with greater force enough to turn the generator and make electricity. ('ind

turbines usually hae anemometers automatic speed measuring deices built into them

and  brakes that lock the blades if the wind speed is too high.).

• There are ery less windy areas in general so generating power through wind energy is

less. To proide an alternatie, the wind energy we utilie here is obtained by fast moing

ehicles (here train).

•

This generated power is utilied to charge the ;5 batteries installed.

•  4ow haing the generated power, it must be used for a rightful purpose and here we

implemented it for automating the railway gate.

ATI4 8 T*= ;=?

•  The rst stage of this project consists of a 1! battery which is

continuously charged from the wind energy generated.• "ith the movement of train the wind turbine rotates through which

wind energy is generated.

•  The charged battery is connected to railway gate to provideautomation in opening and closing of the gate.

http://www.explainthatstuff.com/howwheelswork.htmlhttp://www.explainthatstuff.com/anemometers.htmlhttp://www.explainthatstuff.com/brakes.htmlhttp://www.explainthatstuff.com/brakes.htmlhttp://www.explainthatstuff.com/howwheelswork.htmlhttp://www.explainthatstuff.com/anemometers.htmlhttp://www.explainthatstuff.com/brakes.html

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•  The wor#ing of this project starts with the feedbac# signal from therst $% sensor which indicates the arrival of the train near to therailway gate.

•  Then the buzzer turns on producing a sound signal that indicates the

closing of the gate and parallel to this the tra&c signals indicate a red

signal to the tra&c.•  Then the signal is sent to the stepper motor which moves in steps,

closing the gate. 'ow the train passes through the gate and afterpassing through the second $% sensor, the micro(controller sendssignals to the stepper motor which moves in the opposite direction,opening the gate.

•  The micro(controller also sends signal to the tra&c lights turning it to

green.

•  The charging of the battery similarly happens along with this process)with the movement of the train.

•  There are also *+-s placed across the railway crossing path which

turn on during night and o during day time.

•  The on and o of the *+-s is based on the signal transmitted bythe*% /*ight ependent %esistor0 to the micro(controller.