WORK STUDY

Productivity

Productivity has a number of different meanings General equation of productivity

Productivity=Output/InputThe others;*Labor productivity=units produced/hours worked*Capital productivity=output/capital input*Material productivity=output/materials input

Determine a productivity term related with you! ----Total scores / Target skores?

An input-output model of the firm

Productivity Index

Labor productivity and “output per hour” U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics holds a

standard guidelines. All relationships are determined output/input

Labor productivity index=Total annual output/the total hours worked.

Output=“real” annual sales Input= average number of employees×average number of hours during

the year………….

Technological Innovation Changes in technology =increase in productivity expected. Technological innovations=increased labor output, a reduction in

costs, reduction in the price of the product or service. Examples; dial telephone? farm machinery? Computer?What are the high technology requires?

increase in investmentIncrease in employees’ skills

Heavy working conditionsComputer is an integral parts of machine

Measurement of Individual Worker Productivity Worker performance can be measured by worker productivity It is necessary standard time of a job. For example, if the standard time to assemble a bench grinder is

3.00 minutes and if the operator 260 grinders during the day. Output? Input ? 260×3.00=780 8 hours (480 minutes)

Performance index= %5.162100480

780

Productivity of Capital

The productivity of capital= tools, machines and other operating facilities

Factors: maintenance, obsolescence Million dolar investments…..

Motion and Time study and Productivity

What is relations between Motion and Time study and Productivity?

Productivity of Organization and Individuals Elimination of unnecessary work The design of methods and procedures Most effective and least effort System must be suited to the person. Measuring work methods for determining a

performance index or productivity index.

Motion and Time study and Productivity

Motion and Time Study, Problem solving processes Industrial engineers Staff specialist Managers Supervisors Employees Design of jobs, determine work schedules, human

effectiveness, improving life satisfactions

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Time and Motion Study: Defined

A method created to determine the ‘correct time’ it takes to complete a certain task

A method to establish ‘the one best way to perform a task’

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Time and Motion Study: Purposes

To end ‘goofing off’ and to establish what constituted a fair days work

To make sure that the job being evaluated does not include any unnecessary motion by the worker

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Time and Motion Study: History Frederick W. Taylor and his followers

developed and refined the Time Study Frank B. Gilbreth and his wife Lillian

developed and refined the Motion Study Historically the two studies are discussed

individually, today they generally are discussed as one

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Time and Motion Study: In your Organization

Historically: T&M Studies were used in the manufacturing industry to evolve pay scales with the thought that money was the only motivation for work

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Time and Motion Study: In your Organization cont’d

Today: T&M Studies can be effective for

performance evaluations T&M Studies can be used for planning

purposes in order to predict the level of output that may be achieved

T&M Studies can be used to uncover problems and create solutions

T&M Studies can be used for time cost analysis

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Time and Motion Study: Objective

The objective of the Time and Motion Study is to determine a ‘normal’ or average time for a job, by using observers to record exactly how

much time is being devoted to each task.

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How it Works Step-by-Step

1. Establish the standard job method.

2. Break down thejob into elements

3. Study the job.4. Rate the worker’s

performance

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How it Works Step-by-Step cont’d

5. Compute the average time

6. Compute the normal time

Nt=(t)(RF) or

Normal Time=(elemental average time)

(rating factor)

7. Compute the standard time

ST=(Nt)(1+AF) or

Standard Time=(Normal cycle time)(1+Allowance factor)

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Time and Motion Study: Exercise

ElemeElementnt

t (min)t (min) RFRF

11 2.512.51 1.101.10

22 5.295.29 1.151.15

33 4.214.21 1.101.10

44 3.573.57 1.051.05

Compute the standard time for this job using an allowance factor of 20 percent.

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Solution

Use the formula

(t)(RF)=Nt

Element 1

(.251)(1.10)=.2761

Element 2

(.529)(1.15)=.6084

And so on for element 3 and 4

ElemeElementnt

T(minT(min))

RFRF tt NtNt

11 2.512.51 1.11.100

.25.2511

.276.27611

22 5.295.29 1.11.155

.52.5299

.608.60844

33 4.214.21 1.11.100

.42.4211

.463.46311

44 3.573.57 1.01.055

.35.3577

.374.37499

To get the normal cycle time you sum the Nt values.

Here = 1.73 min

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Solution

To compute the standard time use the 20 percent allowance factor

Nt(1+AF)=ST

Here

1.73(1+.20)=2.08

So the standard time for each element of this job is 2.08 minutes

Indirect factory labor? Increasing the use of mechanization and automation direct

labor decreased and attention was given to the indirect labor. Factory operations; machinesmore complex highly trained people for operate,

service and maintain.Employees are important for out of main factory operations such

as;*electronic data processing*recording,*analyzing,*measuring nonrepetitive activities*work sampling

Nonmanufacturing Activities

Increase in indirect factory laborincrease in office work (banks, mail-order houses, hospitals, department stores, supermarkets, government and military)time and motion study principles are need for this field.

The General Problem-Solving Process

Methods design is a form of creative problem solving.

There are five steps described here are useful in the logical and systematic approach to solving almost any problem

1. Problem definition 2. Analysis of problem 3. Search for possible solutions 4. Evaluation of alternatives Recommendation for action

Problem definition

Costs are too high. Output must be increased There is a bottleneck in order filling in the

warehouse. ? ?

A case study

Problem definition: In a bank system, employees are complaining long working hours. Their motivations and job satisfactions are low.

The manager want to do new arrangement. Analysis of problem Search possible solutions Evaluation of alternative solutions

Methods design worksheet-problem definition

Analysis of Problem

Case study

Search possible solutions

Evaluation of alternative solutions Multiple shift design Multiple break assignments

Compressed workweeks (3, 4, 5 workdays)