Work Study (2)_2
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Transcript of Work Study (2)_2
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Time StudyTime Study
What is time study?What is time study?
Time study is a work measurement technique forTime study is a work measurement technique for
recording the time of performing a certain specificrecording the time of performing a certain specific
job or its element carried out under specific job or its element carried out under specific
condition and for analyzing the data so as to obtaincondition and for analyzing the data so as to obtain
the time necessary for an operator to carry out at athe time necessary for an operator to carry out at adefined rate of performance.defined rate of performance.
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Time study is a method of direct observation.Time study is a method of direct observation.
trained observer watches the job and trained observer watches the job and
records data as the job is being performedrecords data as the job is being performed
over a number of cycles.over a number of cycles.
Time study equipmentTime study equipment the stop watch in general! two types of watch arethe stop watch in general! two types of watch are
used for time study.used for time study.
"ly back"ly back #ontinuous#ontinuous
These watches may be used any of the followingThese watches may be used any of the following
time scalestime scales
SecondsSeconds
$ecimal minutes$ecimal minutes
$ecimal hours$ecimal hours
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Selecting the jobSelecting the job
The job in question is a new one! notThe job in question is a new one! not
previously carried out %new product!previously carried out %new product!component! operation or set of activities&component! operation or set of activities&
change in material or method of working change in material or method of working
has been made and a new time standard ishas been made and a new time standard is
required.required. complaint has been received from a worker complaint has been received from a worker
or worker's representative about the timeor worker's representative about the time
standard for an operation.standard for an operation.
particular operation appears to be a particular operation appears to be a(bottleneck) holding up subsequent(bottleneck) holding up subsequent
operations and possibly previous operations.operations and possibly previous operations.
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Standard times are required before anStandard times are required before anincentive scheme is introduced.incentive scheme is introduced.
piece of equipment appears to be piece of equipment appears to beidle for an e*cessive time or its outputidle for an e*cessive time or its outputis low! and it therefore becomesis low! and it therefore becomesnecessary to investigate the method ofnecessary to investigate the method ofits use.its use.
The job needs studying as aThe job needs studying as apreliminary to marking a methodpreliminary to marking a methodstudy! or to compare the efficiency ofstudy! or to compare the efficiency of
two proposed methods.two proposed methods.
The cost of a particular job appears toThe cost of a particular job appears tobe evidenced by a pareto type ofbe evidenced by a pareto type ofanalysis.analysis.
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+efore starting the study! there are a+efore starting the study! there are anumber of points to be observed in relationnumber of points to be observed in relationto the approach to the worker and the job heto the approach to the worker and the job he
is doing.is doing. ,. -ake sure the job has been method,. -ake sure the job has been method
studied. specially where the standard timestudied. specially where the standard timeis to be used for incentive purposes.is to be used for incentive purposes.
/. in an organisation where time study has/. in an organisation where time study hasnever been used before! supervision andnever been used before! supervision andworker representatives should be told theworker representatives should be told thereasons for the study programme and givenreasons for the study programme and givenand insight into tie study procedure.and insight into tie study procedure.
0. 1t is good policy to ask the supervisor or0. 1t is good policy to ask the supervisor orworkers representatives to be studied. Theworkers representatives to be studied. Theworker should be a competent steadyworker should be a competent steadyperson with an average rate of workig.person with an average rate of workig.
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2. the worker should be told the reasons for2. the worker should be told the reasons forthe study. Why he has been selected andthe study. Why he has been selected andasked to work at his normal pace e*plainingasked to work at his normal pace e*plaining
any problems that may arise during the timeany problems that may arise during the timethe study is taken.the study is taken.
3. workers should be allowed plenty of time3. workers should be allowed plenty of timeto settle down to new methods.to settle down to new methods.
4. when making the study the observer4. when making the study the observershould take a position where he can see theshould take a position where he can see thewhole of the job being performed. This iswhole of the job being performed. This isgenerally to the side of the operator! slightlygenerally to the side of the operator! slightlyto the rear and appro*imately 4 feet away.to the rear and appro*imately 4 feet away.
5o attempt should be made to carry out5o attempt should be made to carry outtiming from a concealed position! without thetiming from a concealed position! without theoperators knowledge or with the watch in theoperators knowledge or with the watch in thepocket.pocket.
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6. the observer should take a6. the observer should take acomfortable standing position for thecomfortable standing position for the
duration of the study.duration of the study.
RatingRating
7ating is a technique used to assess7ating is a technique used to assessthe speed and (effectiveness) of anthe speed and (effectiveness) of anoperator.operator.
#onsider may take into account#onsider may take into account
Speed of movementSpeed of movement ffortffort ffectivenessffectiveness etc.etc.
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8ow accurate is rating?8ow accurate is rating?
7ating is subjective and relies7ating is subjective and relies
on the skill of the observeron the skill of the observercarrying out the rating e*ercisecarrying out the rating e*ercise
and the observer's concept ofand the observer's concept of
the rate of working relative to athe rate of working relative to astandard of ,99:.standard of ,99:.
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lementlement
n element is a distinct part of a specified n element is a distinct part of a specified job selected for convenient of observation. job selected for convenient of observation.-easurement and analysis-easurement and analysis..
+reaking down the job in to elements+reaking down the job in to elements;; lements should be easily identified! withlements should be easily identified! with
definite beginnings and endings so that!definite beginnings and endings so that!once established. They can be repeatedlyonce established. They can be repeatedlyrecognized. The point at which one elementrecognized. The point at which one elementends and another begins is called breakends and another begins is called break
point. +reakpoints must be decided by thepoint. +reakpoints must be decided by thework study officer when he divides the workwork study officer when he divides the workcycle into elements.cycle into elements.
ll breakpoints can be recognised by a ll breakpoints can be recognised by asound or by a change of direction of a handsound or by a change of direction of a hand
or arm.or arm.
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lements should be as short as canlements should be as short as can
be conveniently timed by a trainedbe conveniently timed by a trained
observer! but should not be less thanobserver! but should not be less than9.,9 minutes and more than 9.399.,9 minutes and more than 9.39
minutes.minutes.
-anual elements should be separated-anual elements should be separated
from machine elements for future usefrom machine elements for future useas synthetic data.as synthetic data.
Short elements should be ne*t to longShort elements should be ne*t to long
elements.elements.
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7easons for breaking down the job into elements7easons for breaking down the job into elements
<ariations in speed! pace and effort which an<ariations in speed! pace and effort which anoperator works can be more accuratelyoperator works can be more accurately
recorded over short periods of time. Thererecorded over short periods of time. There
could be some parts of the work=cycle withcould be some parts of the work=cycle with
the operator performs better than others.the operator performs better than others.
The more clear=cut the item of work which isThe more clear=cut the item of work which is
timed! separately! the more readily can antimed! separately! the more readily can an
appropriate fatigue allowance be arrived atappropriate fatigue allowance be arrived at
for incorporation with the element.for incorporation with the element.
To ensure that productive work is separatedTo ensure that productive work is separatedform unproductive work.form unproductive work.
To enable a detailed job specification to beTo enable a detailed job specification to be
produced.produced.
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S-<S-<
S-< > time that is allowed to performS-< > time that is allowed to perform
the job satisfactory.the job satisfactory.
S-< +asic time @ llowancesS-< +asic time @ llowances
Standard -inute <alueStandard -inute <alue
S-< +.T @ llowances
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+asic Time+asic Time
The basic time for the operation isThe basic time for the operation is
found by applying concept of ratingfound by applying concept of rating
to relate the observed to that of ato relate the observed to that of a
standard place of working.standard place of working. #alculated as follows;#alculated as follows; +asic time observed time A+asic time observed time A observedobserved
ratingrating
,99,99
%%BT = Observed timeBT = Observed time * Observed Rating =* Observed Rating = AA
constant)constant)
100100
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*ample..*ample..
7ating7ating 3939 6363 ,99,99 ,/3,/3
Bbserved timeBbserved time ,./,./ 9.C9.C 9.49.4 9.39.3
+asic Time+asic Time ,./A39,./A39 9.CA639.CA63 9.4A,999.4A,99 9.3A,/39.3A,/3
,99 ,99 ,99 ,99,99 ,99 ,99 ,99
9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.49.4
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Types of allowancesTypes of allowances
,.,. 7ela*ation llowances7ela*ation llowances Dersonal needsDersonal needs This allowance provides for the necessity toThis allowance provides for the necessity to
leave the workplace to attend to personalleave the workplace to attend to personalneeds such as washing! going to the lavatoryneeds such as washing! going to the lavatory
or fetching a drinkor fetching a drink #ommon figures are from 3 to 6 percent of#ommon figures are from 3 to 6 percent of
basic time.basic time. +asic fatigue+asic fatigue
This allowance! always a constant is given toThis allowance! always a constant is given totake account of the energy e*pended whiletake account of the energy e*pended whilecarrying out work and to alleviate monotony.carrying out work and to alleviate monotony.
common figure is 2 percent of basic time. common figure is 2 percent of basic time.
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#ontingency allowances#ontingency allowances contingency allowance is a small contingency allowance is a small
allowance of time which may beallowance of time which may be
included in a standard time to meetincluded in a standard time to meet
legitimate and e*pected items oflegitimate and e*pected items of
work or delays! the precisework or delays! the precise
measurement of which ismeasurement of which is
uneconomical because of theiruneconomical because of their
infrequent or irregular occurrence.infrequent or irregular occurrence.
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-achine delay allowances-achine delay allowances
These are applied to the total basic timesThese are applied to the total basic timesfor those elements which are concernedfor those elements which are concerned
with the operation of machinery.with the operation of machinery.
#ommon used as follows;#ommon used as follows;
Single needle lockstitchSingle needle lockstitchE:E:Twin needle lockstitchTwin needle lockstitch ,2:,2:
Three thread overlockThree thread overlock 6:6:
"our thread overlock"our thread overlock E:E:
"ive thread overlock"ive thread overlock ,,:,,:
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Types of allowanceTypes of allowance
,. rela*ation allowance,. rela*ation allowance Dersonal needs %from 3 to 6: of basicDersonal needs %from 3 to 6: of basic
time&time& +asic fatigue+asic fatigue
%2 : of basic time&%2 : of basic time&
/. #ontingency llowances/. #ontingency llowances
%less than 3 percent&%less than 3 percent&
0. -achine attention llowances0. -achine attention llowances
Single needle lockstitchSingle needle lockstitch > E: = ,/: > E: = ,/:
$ouble needle lockstitch$ouble needle lockstitch > ,2: = ,6: > ,2: = ,6:
Three thread over lockThree thread over lock = 6:= 6:
"our thread over lock"our thread over lock = E:= E:
"ive thread over lock"ive thread over lock =,,:=,,:
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S-< calculationS-< calculation
lement descriptionlement description BbserBbserratingrating
Bbser.Bbser.timetime
+asic+asicTimeTime
"req."req. +asic+asicTimeFGTimeFGmtmt
Get bundle and sortGet bundle and sortpartsparts
E3E3 9.0/9.0/ 9.0929.092 ,F09,F09 9.9,99.9,9
-atch pocket flap to-atch pocket flap tolininglining
,93,93 9.,,9.,, 9.,,49.,,4 ,F,,F, 9.,,49.,,4
Sew round flapSew round flap ,99,99 9.2C9.2C 9.2C99.2C9 ,F,,F, 9.2C99.2C9
Trim threads and turnTrim threads and turn
out flapout flap
3C3C 9.039.03 9./EC9./EC ,F,,F, 9./EC9./EC
Top stitch flapTop stitch flap E9E9 9.349.34 9.3929.392 ,F,,F, 9.3929.392
#lose bundle and#lose bundle andplace asideplace aside
,,9,,9 9./09./0 9./309./30 ,F09,F09 9.99C9.99C
TotalTotal ,.2,4,.2,4
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Total basic timeFgarment %brought forward&Total basic timeFgarment %brought forward&,.2,4,.2,4
dd machine attention allowances 6: dd machine attention allowances 6:
6: fo %9.2C9 @ 9.392& 9.96 * 9.EC2 9.94E6: fo %9.2C9 @ 9.392& 9.96 * 9.EC2 9.94E9.94E9.94E
+asic time @ - %,.2,4 @ 9.94E&+asic time @ - %,.2,4 @ 9.94E&,.2C3,.2C3
dd personal needs and rela*ation allowances dd personal needs and rela*ation allowances,2:,2:
,2: of ,.2C3 9.,2 * ,.2C3 9./9C,2: of ,.2C3 9.,2 * ,.2C3 9./9C9.9/C9.9/C
Standard minute <alue %S-<& Standard minute <alue %S-<& +asic time @ all allowances +asic time @ all allowances
,.2C3 @ 9./9C ,.4E0 %S-<&,.2C3 @ 9./9C ,.4E0 %S-<&
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DroductivityDroductivity
The need to improveThe need to improve
productivity is necessary withinproductivity is necessary within
any business facing competitionany business facing competition
on price or lack of profitability Hon price or lack of profitability H
it is continual process.it is continual process.
What is productivity?What is productivity?
There is a basic formula for theThere is a basic formula for the
calculation on productivitycalculation on productivity
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Droductivity Droductivity outputoutput
input %resources& input %resources&
Droductivity is often confusedDroductivity is often confused
with higher production. 8igherwith higher production. 8igher
production does not necessarilyproduction does not necessarily
mean higher productivity.mean higher productivity.
Droduction can rise without anDroduction can rise without an
increase in productivity! if inputincrease in productivity! if input
costs rise disproportionately.costs rise disproportionately.
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8igher productivity can be8igher productivity can be
improved by having;improved by having;
Same out put with lower inputSame out put with lower input
Br Br
+y producing higher output with+y producing higher output withsame inputsame input
BrBr
Droducing higher output withDroducing higher output withlower input.lower input.
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Ways of improving productivityWays of improving productivity
Droduct enhancementsDroduct enhancements$esign innovations$esign innovationsStandardizing designStandardizing design 1nvesting in training and the1nvesting in training and the
development of employees.development of employees. 1nvesting in better plant and1nvesting in better plant and
equipment.equipment.
-anagement > Worker -anagement > Worker 1mproving the planning or work1mproving the planning or work 1mproving methods of production1mproving methods of productionffective worker selection processffective worker selection process
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Ways of improving productivityWays of improving productivity
improving worker effectivenessimproving worker effectiveness Droviding workers with adequateDroviding workers with adequate
trainingtraining 1mproving morale1mproving morale 7ewarding success7ewarding success 1mproving attendance levels1mproving attendance levels 7educing labour turnover 7educing labour turnover ffective communicationsffective communications -easuring the performance.-easuring the performance. -onitoring the ID1's against proven-onitoring the ID1's against proven
established standard.established standard.
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Work StudyWork Study
Work study may be defined as aWork study may be defined as acollection of techniques withcollection of techniques with
integral communication processintegral communication process
that are used to e*amine andthat are used to e*amine and
record the work that people arerecord the work that people are
doing with the objective ofdoing with the objective of
optimising the skills and efforts ofoptimising the skills and efforts of
the people employed asthe people employed asindividuals or groups.individuals or groups.
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Work studyWork study
== Work study
Sets the
standard
Wants low smv
#B
Sales
ccounts
costing
Wants high S-<
Juality
Droduction
Supervisors
workers
9:
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Work studyWork study
-ethod improvement Time standard-ethod improvement Time standard
Work Study
-ethod Study Work measurement
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GS$GS$ $efinition;$efinition;
GS$ is a technique for methods analysis and theGS$ is a technique for methods analysis and the
setting of time standards for the sewn productssetting of time standards for the sewn productsindustries.industries.
GS$ was developed using -T- core data! toGS$ was developed using -T- core data! toprovide a consistent! accurate and easy toprovide a consistent! accurate and easy tounderstand! easy to communicate! methodsunderstand! easy to communicate! methods
analysis and time standards determinationanalysis and time standards determinationtechnique. 1t was designed specifically for thetechnique. 1t was designed specifically for thesewn products industries! and was researchedsewn products industries! and was researchedand developed within these industries.and developed within these industries.
The final system consists of 04 items of data in 6The final system consists of 04 items of data in 6categories with simple retrieval codes for ease ofcategories with simple retrieval codes for ease of
application and understanding. ach data has aapplication and understanding. ach data has aconstant T-K value. There is also a system ofconstant T-K value. There is also a system ofsewing code derivation within the system andsewing code derivation within the system andsewing formulae to facilitate the calculation ofsewing formulae to facilitate the calculation ofmachine time.machine time.
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-T- #ore $ata-T- #ore $ata
7esearchers from the KI -T-7esearchers from the KI -T-
association and methodsassociation and methods
workshop! now GS$ %corporate&workshop! now GS$ %corporate&
limited! developed a new D-TSlimited! developed a new D-TS
called -T- core data.called -T- core data. $efinition; -T- core data is a$efinition; -T- core data is a
fle*ible! multilevel! predeterminedfle*ible! multilevel! predetermined
motion time system that can bemotion time system that can beentered at any level in order toentered at any level in order to
achieve the level of accuracyachieve the level of accuracy
required by the user.required by the user.
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Get and Dut dataGet and Dut data
GTGT
7each = Grasp7each = Grasp
DKTDKT
-ove = Locate =-ove = Locate = 7elease7elease
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$ata System #oncept$ata System #oncept
,. Bbtain part or parts and match,. Bbtain part or parts and match /. Dre=form andFor put parts%s& to/. Dre=form andFor put parts%s& to
machine foot.machine foot.
Sew parts together withSew parts together withalignmentsFadjustments andFor thealignmentsFadjustments andFor theaddition of parts between sewingaddition of parts between sewingbursts.bursts.
2. trimming of threads or detaching2. trimming of threads or detachingwork from the machinework from the machine
3. putting parts aside.3. putting parts aside.
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The main uses of the GS$The main uses of the GS$
systemsystem
#osting designs#osting designs
Line +alancingLine +alancing
1nvestment ppraisal1nvestment ppraisal Dre=production DlanningDre=production Dlanning
Time StandardsTime Standards
Bperator TrainingBperator Training -ethods rationalisation-ethods rationalisation
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GS$GS$
GS$ also used in theGS$ also used in the
calculation ofcalculation ofDayment and reward systemsDayment and reward systems
ID1 monitorsID1 monitors
Knit costsKnit costs
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The advantages of the GS$The advantages of the GS$
approach to method and timeapproach to method and time
studystudy -ethods sensitive-ethods sensitive Mour own specificationMour own specification #onsistent#onsistent ccurate ccurate
Transferable between locationTransferable between location Trace abilityTrace ability DredictiveDredictive asy to communicateasy to communicate liminates the need for performance ratingliminates the need for performance rating
asy to understandasy to understand $esigned specifically to the sewn products$esigned specifically to the sewn products
industries.industries.