The Longman American Defining Vocabulary TABLES Words Used in the Definitions in this Dictionary

Allthedefinitionsinthisdictionaryhavebeenwrittenusingthewordsonthislist.Ifadefinitionincludesawordthatisnotonthelist,thatwordisshowninSMALL CAPITAL LETTERS.

TheDefiningVocabularyhasbeencarefullychosenafterathoroughstudyofallthewell-knownfrequencylistsofEnglishwords.Furthermore,onlythemostcommonand“central”meaningsofthewordsonthelisthaveactuallybeenusedindefinitions.WehavealsousedaspecialcomputerprogramthatcheckseveryentrytomakesurethatwordsfromoutsidetheDefiningVocabularydonotappearindefinitions.

RestrictionsonPartofSpeechForsomewordsonthelist,alabelsuchasn.oradj.isshown.Thismeansthatthisparticularwordisusedindefinitionsonlyinthepartofspeechshown.Soanger,forexample,isusedonlyasanounandnotasaverb.Butifnowordclassisshownforaword,itcanbeusedinanyofitsusualpartsofspeech:answer,forexample,isusedindefinitionsbothasanounandasaverb.

CompoundWordsDefinitionsoccasionallyincludecompoundwordsformedfromwordsintheDefiningVocabulary,butthisisonlydoneifthemeaningiscompletelyclear.Forexample,thewordbusinessman(formedfrombusinessandman)isusedinsomedefinitions.

PrefixesandSuffixesThemainlistisfollowedbyalistofcommonprefixesandsuffixes.Thesecanbeaddedtowordsonthemainlisttoformderivedwords,providedthemeaningiscompletelyclear.Forexample,thewordnervousness(formedbyadding-nesstonervous)isusedinsomedefinitions.

PhrasalVerbsPhrasalverbsformedbycombiningwordsintheDefiningVocabulary(forexample,putupwith)areNOTusedindefinitionsinthedictionary,exceptinaverysmallnumberofcaseswherethephrasalverbisextremelycommonandthereisnocommonequivalent.So,forexample,giveup(asingive up smoking)andtakeoff(asinthe plane took off)areoccasionallyused.

ProperNounsTheDefiningVocabularydoesnotincludethenamesofactualplaces,nationalities,religions,andsoon,whichareoccasionallymentionedindefinitions.

TABLES

1853

Aaabbreviationabilityableaboutaboveadv.,

prep.abroadabsenceabsentadj.acceptacceptableaccidentaccording(to)accountn.achieveacidacrossactactionn.activeadj.activityactor,actressactualactuallyaddadditionaddressadjectiveadmirationadmireadmitadultadvancedadvantageadventure n.adverbadvertiseadvertisementadviceadviseaffairaffectv.affordafraidafteradv., conj.,

prep.afternoonafterwardagainagainstagen.agoagreeagreementaheadaim

airn.airplaneairportalcoholalivealladv., pron.,

determinerallowalmostalonealongalphabetalreadyalsoalthoughalwaysamongamountn.amuseamusementamusingadj.anancient adj.andangern.anglen.angryanimalannounceannouncementannoyanotheransweranxietyanxiousanyanymoreanyoneanythinganywhereapartapartmentappearappearanceappleappropriateapprovalapproveareaargueargumentarmarmyaroundarrangearrangementarrivalarriveart

articleartificialartistasashashamedaskasleepassociationatatomattachattackattemptattendattentionattitudeattractattractiveauthorityavailableaverageadj., n.avoidawakeadj.awayadv.awkward

Bbabybackadj., adv.,

n.backgroundbackward(s)adv.badadj.bagn.bakebalanceballn.band n.bankn.barn.barelybasen., v.baseballbasicbasketbasketballbathn.bathtubbattlen.bebeachbeakbeamn.beanbearbeardn.beatn., v.

beautifulbeautybecausebecomebedn.beerbeforebeginbeginningbehavebehaviorbehindadv.,

prep.beliefbelievebellbelongbelowadv.,

prep.beltn.bendbeneathberrybeside(s)bestadj., adv.,

n.betteradj., adv.betweenbeyondadj.,

adv.bicyclen.bigadj.billn.birdbirthbitebitteradj.blackadj., n.bladeblamebleedblindblockbloodn.blowblueboardn.boatn.bodyboilbombbonen.bookn.bootn.borderboredboringbornborrow

bothbottlen.bottomn.bowln.boxn.boybrainn.branchbraveadj.breadbreakv.breakfastn.breastn.breathbreathebreedbrickn.bridgen.brightadj.bringbroadadj.broadcastbrotherbrownadj., n.brushbucketn.buildv.buildingbulletbunchn.burnburstburybusn.bushn.businessbusybutconj.buttern.buttonn.buyv.by

Ccaken.calculatecallcalmadj.cameracampn., v.cann., v.candycapn.capitaln.carcardn.carecareful

carelesscarriagecarrycasen.castlen.catcatchv.cattlecauseceilingcelebratecellcentcentern.centimetercentralcenturyceremonycertainadj.,

determinerchainchairn.chancen.changecharacterchargechasev.cheapcheatv.checkn., v.cheekn.cheerfulcheesechemicalchemistrychestchewchickenn.chiefchildchildrenchinchocolatechoicen.choosechurchn.cigarettecirclen.circularadj.citizencityclaimclassn.claycleanadv., v.clearadj., v.clerkclevercliff

climbv.clockn.closeadj., adv.,

v.clothclothesclothingcloudn.clubn.coalcoastn.coatn.coffeecoinn.coldadj., n.collarn.collectv.collegecolorcombcombinationcombinev.comecomfortcomfortablecommandcommitteecommonadj.communicatecommunicationcompanycomparecomparisoncompetecompetitioncompetitorcomplaincomplaintcompletecompletelycomplicatedcompoundn.computerconcernv.concerningconcertconditionn.confidenceconfidentconfuseconnectconnectionconsciousconsiderconsistcontainercontinuecontinuouscontractn.

controlconvenientconversationcookn., v.cookiecoolcopycorncornern.correctadj.costcottoncoughcouldcouncilcountryn.couragecoursen.courtn.covercown.crackn., v.crashn., v.crazycreamn.creaturecrimecriminalcriticismcriticizecropn.crossn., v.crowdn.cruelcrushv.crycupn.cupboardcurecurlcurrentn.curtainn.curvecustomercut

Ddailyadj., adv.damagedancedangerdangerousdarkdaten.daughterdaydeadadj.dealn.

dealwithdeathdebtdecaydeceitdeceivedecidedecisiondecoratedecorationdecreasedeepadj.defeatdefensedefenddefinitedegreedelaydeliberatedelicatedeliverdemanddepartmentdependdependentdepthdescribedescriptiondesertn.deservedesigndesirabledesiredeskdespitedestroydestructiondetailn.determinationdetermineddevelopdictionarydiev.differencedifferentdifficultdifficultydigv.dinnerdipv.directdirectiondirtdirtyadj.disappointdiscoverdiscoverydiscussdiscussion

diseasen.disgustingdishn.dismissdistancen.distantdividev.dov.doctorn.documentn.dogn.dollardoordoubleadj., v.doubtdownadv.,

prep.drawv.drawerdreamdressn., v.drinkdriven., v.dropdrugn.drumn.drunkpast part.,

adj.dryduckn.dulladj.duringdustn.duty

Eeacheagerearearlyearnearthn.easteasterneasyadj.eateconomicedgen.educateeducatededucationeffectn.effectiveefforteggn.eighteightheither

1854TABLES

elbown.electv.electionelectricelectricityelectronicelseembarrassemotionemphasizeemployv.employeremploymentemptyadj., v.encloseencourageendenemyenergyengineengineern.enjoyenjoyableenjoymentenoughenterentertainentertainmententrancen.envelopeenvironmentequaladj., n., v.equipmentescapeespeciallyestablishevenadj., adv.eveningeventevereveryeveryoneeverythingeverywhereevilexactadj.exactlyexaminationexamineexampleexcellentexceptconj.,

prep.exchangeexciteexcitingexcuseexerciseexist

existenceexpectexpensiveexperienceexplainexplanationexplodeexplosionexplosiveexpressv.expressionextremeeye

Ffacefactfactoryfailv.failurefaintadj., v.fairadj.fairlyfaithfaithfulfallfalseadj.familiarfamilyfamousfarfarmfarmerfartherfarthestfashionn.fashionablefastadj., adv.fastenfatfathern.faultn.favorablefavoriteadj.fearn.feathern.featurefeedv.feelv.feeling(s)femalefencen.feverfewfieldn.fiercefifthfight

figuren.fillv.filmv.(andn.for

camera)finaladj.finallyfinancialfindv.findoutfineadj.fingern.finishfirefirmadj., n.firstadv.,

determinerfishfitadj., v.fivefixv.flagn.flamen.flashn., v.flatadj.fleshflightfloatv.floodfloorn.flourn.flowflowern.flyn., v.foldfollowfoodfootn.footballforprep.forbidforcen., v.foreignforestforeverforgetforgiveforkn.formn., v.formalformerfortunateforward(s)adv.four(th)framen.freefreedomfreezev.frequentadj.fresh

friendfriendlyfrightenfrighteningfromfrontadj., n.fruitn.fulladj.funfuneralfunnyfurn.furniturefurtheradj., adv.future

Ggainv.gallongamen.garagen.gardengasn.gasolinegaten.gatherv.generalgenerallygenerousgentlegetgiftgirlgivev.gladglassadj., n.gluegov.goatgod,Godgoldgoodgoodbyegoodsgoverngovernmentgracefulgradegradualgraingramgrammargrandadj.grandfathergrandmothergrandparentgrassn.grateful

graven.grayadj., n.greatadj.greengreetgreetinggroundn.groupn.growgrowthguardv.guessv.guestn.guideguiltygunn.

Hhabithairhalfhallhammern.handn.handlehangv.happenv.happyhardhardlyharmharmfulhathatev.hatredhaveheadj.headn.healthhealthyhearheartheatheavenheavyadj.heelheighthellohelphelpfulher(s)hereherselfhidev.highadj., adv.highschoolhillhim

TABLES

1855

himselfhishistoricalhistoryhitv.holdholeholidayhollowadj.holyhomeadv., n.honesthonorn.hookn.hopehopefulhornhorsen.hospitalhotadj.hotelhourhousen.howadv.humanhumoroushumorhundred(th)hungryhuntv.hurryhurtv.husbandn.

Iicen.ideaifignoreilladj.illegalillnessimageimaginaryimaginationimagineimmediateimmediatelyimportanceimportantimpressiveimproveimprovementinadv., prep.inchincludeincludingincome

increaseindependentindoor(s)industrialindustryinfectinfectioninfectiousinfluenceinforminformationinjureinjuryinkn.innerinsectinsideinsteadinstitutioninstructioninstrumentinsultv.insuranceinsureintelligentintelligenceintendintentioninterestinterestinginternationaladj.interruptintointroduceintroductioninventinvitationinviteinvolveinward(s)ironadj., n.islanditpron.itsitself

Jjawn.jeweljewelryjobjoinjointjokejudgejudgmentjuicejump

justadv.justice

Kkeepv.keyn.kickkillv.kilogramkilometerkindkingkisskitchenkneen.kneelknifen.knockknotknowv.knowledge

Llackladylakelamblamplandlanguagelargelastadv.,

determinerlatelatelylaughlaughterlawlawyerlayv.layern.lazyn.lead/ledv.leafn.leanv.learnleastleatherleavev.leftlegn.legallendlengthadv.,

pron.lesslesson

letv.letgoofletoutletterleveladj., n.librarylidlieliedownlifeliftlightlikeprep., v.likelylimitlinen.lionlipliquidlistn.listenv.literatureliterlittlelivev.loadloafn.localadj.locklonelylongadj., adv.looklookforlooseadj.loselosslotloudlovelowadj.lowerv.loyalloyaltyluckn.luckylung

Mmachinen.machinerymagazinemagicmailmainadj.makev.makeintomakeupmale

mann.managemanagermannermanymapn.marchmarkmarketn.marriagemarriedmarrymassmatchmaterialn.mathematicsmattermayv.memealmeanv.meaningn.meansmeasuremeatmedicaladj.medicinemeetv.meetingmeltmembermemorymentalmentionv.messmessagemessymetaln.metermethodmiddleadj., n.mightv.milemilitaryadj.milkmillion(th)mindminen., pron.mineralministern.minuten.mirrorn.missv.mistn.mistakemixv.mixturemodeln.modernadj.

1856TABLES

momentmoneymonkeyn.monthmonthlymoodmoonn.moraladj.moremorningmostmothern.motoradj., n.mountainmousemouthn.movev.movementmoviemuchmudmultiplymurdermusclen.musicmusicianmustv.mymysteriousmystery

Nnailnamenarrowadj.nastynationnationaladj.naturalnaturenavynearadj., adv.,

prep.nearlyneatnecessaryneckneedneedlen.negativeneithernerven.nervousnestn.netn.networkn.nevernew

newsnewspapernextadj., adv.nicenightnineninthnoadv.,

determinernoisen.nonepron.nonsensenoonenornormalnorthnorthernnosen.notnotenothingnoticenounnownowherenumbern.nursenut

Oobeyobjectn.obtainoccasionn.oceano’clockoddofoffadv., prep.offenseoffendoffensiveadj.offerofficeofficerofficialoftenoiln.oldold-fashionedonadv., prep.onceadv.oneoniononlyontoopenadj., v.operate

operationopinionopponentopportunityopposeasopposedtooppositeoppositionororangeorderordinaryorganorganizeorganizationoriginoriginalotheroughtour(s)outadj., adv.outdoor(s)outeroutsideoveradv., prep.oweowndeterminerowneroxygen

Ppackv.packagepagen.painn.painfulpaintpaintingpairn.paleadj.pann.pantspapern.paralleladj., n.parentn.parkpartn.particularadj.partlypartnern.partyn.passv.passagepassengerpastpathpatiencepatientadj.

patternn.pausepaypaymentpeacepeacefulpenn.penciln.peoplen.peppern.perperfectadj.performperformanceperhapsperiodn.permanentpermissionpersonpersonalpersuadepetn.photographphrasen.physicaladj.pianon.pickv.pickuppicturen.piecen.pign.pilen.pilotn.pinpinkadj., n.pipen.pityplaceplainadj., n.planplanen.plantplasticplaten.playpleasantpleasepleasedpleasuren.plentypron.pluralpocketn.poempoetpoetrypointpointedpoisonpoisonous

polen.policen.polishpolitepoliticalpoliticianpoliticspooln.poorpopularpopulationportn.positionn.positivepossesspossessionpossibleadj.possiblypossibilitypostpotn.potatopoundn.pourpowdern.powern.powerfulpracticalpracticepraiseprayprayerpreferpreparationpreparepresentadj., n.preservev.presidentpressv.pressuren.pretendprettyadj.preventpreviouspreviouslyprice n.priestprinceprincipleprintprisonprisonerprivateadj.prizen.probablyadv.problemprocessn.producev.product

TABLES

1857

productionprofessionprofitn.programprogressn.promisepronouncepronunciationproofn.propertyproposalprotectprotectionprotectiveprotestproudproveprovidepublicadj.publiclypullpumppunishpunishmentpurepurplepurposen.pushput

Qqualityquantityquarrelquartern.queenn.questionquickadj.quietadj., n.

Rrabbitn.raceradion.railroadrainraisev.rangen.rankn.rapidadj.rareratn.raten.ratherrawreachreact

reactionreadv.readyadj.realrealizereallyreasonreasonablereceiverecentrecentlyrecognizerecordn., v.redreducereductionrefusalrefusev.regardv.regularadj.relatedrelativerelationrelationshiprelaxreligionreligiousremainremarkn.rememberremindremovev.rentrepairrepeatv.replyreportrepresentrepresentativen.requestn.respectresponsiblerestrestaurantrestrictresultreturnn., v.rewardricerichridriderightadj., adv.,

n.ringriperiseriskriver

roadrobrockn.rollv.romanticadj.roofn.roomn.rootn.ropen.roseroughadj.roundadj.rown., v.royaladj.rubv.rubberruderuinv.rulerulerrunrushv.

Ssadsafeadj.safetysailsalarysalesaltn.samesandn.satisfactionsatisfactorysatisfysavev.sayv.scalen.scatterv.sceneschooln.sciencescientificscientistscissorsscreenn.screwseasearchseasonn.seatsecondadv., n.,

determinersecrecysecretsecretaryseev.

seedn.seemseizesellv.sendsensationsensen.sensiblesensitivesentencen.separateadv., v.seriesseriousseriouslyservantserveservicen.setn., v.settlev.seven(th)severalseveresewsexn.sexualshadeshadown.shakeshallshamen.shapesharesharpadj.shesheepsheetshelfshelln.sheltershinev.shinyshipn.shirtshockn., v.shoen.shootv.shopshoren.shortadj.shotn.shouldshouldern.shoutshown., v.shutshysickadj.sicknessside

sidewayssightn.signsignalsilencen.silentsilksillyadj.silversimilarsimilaritysimplesincesinceresingsingleadj.singularsinkv.sistersitsituationsix(th)sizen.skillskillfulskinn.skirtn.skyn.slaven.sleepslidev.slightadj.slipv.slipperyslopeslowsmallsmartsmellsmilesmokesmoothadj.snaken.snowsosoapn.socialadj.societysockn.softsoiln.soldier n.solidsolutionsolvesomepron.,

determinersomehowsomeone

1858TABLES

somethingsometimessomewheresonsongsoonsoreadj.sorrown.sorrysortn.soulsoundn., v.soupsouradj.southsouthernspacen.spadespeakspecialadj.specificspeechspeedn.spellv.spendspinv.spiritn.splitv.spoilv.spoonn.sport(s)n.spotn.spreadv.springsquareadj., n.stagen.stairstampstandv.standardstarn.startstatestatementstationn.staysteadyadj.stealv.steamn.steeln.steepadj.stemn.stepstickstickystiffadj.stilladj., adv.stingstitch

stomachn.stonen.stopstorestormn.storystraightadj.,

adv.strangestrangerstreamn.streetstrengthstretchv.strictstrikev.stringn.strongstructuren.strugglestudentstudystupidstylen.subjectn.substancesubtractsucceedsuccesssuccessfulsuchsuckv.suddensuffersugarn.suggestsuitsuitcasesuitablesumn.summern.sunn.suppersupplyn., v.supportsupposesureadj.surfacen.surprisesurroundv.swallowv.swearsweepv.sweetswellv.swimswingswordsympathetic

sympathysystem

Ttablen.tailn.takev.takecareoftalktalltastetaxtaxin.teateachteamn.tearv., n.technicaltelephonetelevisiontelltemperaturetemporaryten(th)tendtendencytennistensen.tentterribleterrortestthanthankthatconj., pron.,

determinerthetheatertheir(s)themthenadv.therethereforethesetheythickadj.thiefthinadj.thingthinkv.thirdthispron.,

determinerthoroughthosethoughthoughtthousand(th)

threadn.threatthreatenthreethroatthroughadv.,

prep.throwthumbn.ticket n.tietightadj.timen.tiren.tiredtiringtitletotobaccotodaytoen.togethertoilettomorrowtonguetonighttootooln.toothtopadj., n.totaladj., n.touchtouristtowardtowern.towntoyn.tracktradetraditiontraditionaltrafficn.traintrainingtranslatetransparenttraptraveltreatv.treatmenttreetribetrickn., v.tripn.tropicaltroubletruckn.trueadj.trunk

truthtrusttryv.tubetunen.turntwicetwisttwotypen.typical

Uuglyuncleunderprep.understandunderwearundouniformn.unionunituniteuniverseuniversityunlessuntilupadj., adv.,

prep.upperadj.uprightadj., adv.upsetv., adj.upsidedownupstairsadj.,

adv.urgentususeusefuluselessusual

Vvacationvalleyvaluableadj.valuen.varietyvariousvegetablevehicleverbveryadv.victoryviewn.violenceviolent

TABLES

1859

visitvoicen.votevowel

Wwaistwaitv.wakev.walkwalln.wanderwantv.warn.warmadj., v.warmthwarnwarningwashwastewatchwaterwave

wayweweakwealthweaponwearv.weathern.weavev.weddingweekweeklyadj., adv.weighweightn.welcomewelladj., adv., n.westwesternadj.wetadj.whatdeterminer,

pron.whateverwheatwheeln.whenadv., conj.

wheneverwherewhetherwhichwhicheverwhileconj.whipwhisperwhitewhowholewhosewhywideadj., adv.widthwifewildadj., adv.willwillingwinv.windn., v.windowwinen.wingn.

wintern.wiren.wiseadj.wisdomwishwithwithinprep.withoutprep.womanwoodwoodenwoolwordn.workworldwormn.worryworseworstworthwouldwoundwrapv.wrist

writewrongadj., adv.,

n.

Yyardyearyearlyyellowadj., n.yesterdayyetyouyoungyour(s)yourself

Zzero

1860TABLES

Prefixes and Suffixes that Can Be Used with Words in the Defining Vocabulary

-able-al-ance-ationdis-ed

-ence-er-ful-ic-icalim-

in--ing-ionir--ish-ity

-ive-ive-less-ly-ment-ness

non-re-self-thun--y