Words to Know

government - a political system for exercising authority.

aristocracy – a government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility.

citizen – a native of a state or nation with certain rights and privileges.

direct democracy – a government controlled by its citizens either directly or through representatives.

monarchy – a government in which power is in the hands of a single person.

Words to Know continued

natural law – patterns and explanations of the world discovered through reason and intelligence; used by the Greeks in place of superstition & traditional explanations of the world.

republic – a form of government in which power is in the hands of representatives & leaders elected by the people.

senate – in ancient Rome, the supreme governing body, originally made up only of aristocrats.

Objectives

1. To identify the different political systems that developed in ancient Greece.

2. To trace changes in the Greek democracy and the flowering of Greek philosophy during the fifth century B.C.

3. To compare and contrast democracy in Athens with that under the Roman republic.

4. To describe the influence of Roman law on government.

The World

Atlantic

Ocean

Pacific Ocean

Indian Ocean

Pacific Ocean

Arctic Ocean

Arctic Ocean

Arctic Ocean

SOUTH POLE

SOUTH POLE

Question:How does the past influence the present?

Government - a political system for exercising authority.

Democracy - a government BY the people.

Democracy is from the Greek words “demos” meaning people and “kratos” meaning rule or authority

Romans 509 B.C.

Greeks 594 B.C.

Atlantic OceanPacific

Ocean Indian Ocean

Mediterranean Sea

Rise of Democratic Ideas In Greece and Rome

Pacific Ocean

Direct Democracy - government in which citizens rule directly voting on laws, & other matters affecting the city-state. (Like a town meeting today with the people’s representatives hearing what the people want to say.)

Executive Branch President

White House

Legislative Branch Senators &

Representatives Capital Building

Judicial Branch Justices Supreme Court

Separation of Powers –the assignment of executive, legislative, & judicial powers to different groups of officials in a government. (Like the U.S. Government, today)

Solon

(630 – 560 B.C.) increased citizens’ participation in government but it was still a limited democracy.

594 B.C., outlawed slavery based on debt and cancelledfarmers’ debts, averting a revolution established four classes of citizenship based on wealth

instead of heredity. also created a new Council of Four Hundred to prepare business for the already existing Council a fairer code of laws the right of citizens to bring charges against wrong- doers.

Athenian Rulers and their Reforms

He wanted to break up the power of the nobles.His laws allowed all citizens to submit laws for debate and

passage.He also created the Council of Five Hundred which counseled the assembly.

Democracy released unheard of potentials in its citizens and ushered in an age of achievement and prosperity.

508 B.C. Cleisthenes' reforms was felt immediately,

revolutionizing all aspects of Athenian life. Everyone was really happy !

Athens, Greece – The Parthenon

Atop the Acropolis

PlatoAristotle

They did not rely on superstition or tradition but used reason and intelligence (logic) to discover predictable patterns they called

natural laws.

Socrates

Greek Philosophers (Thinkers)

NATURAL LAWS

Greek Philosophers based their philosophy on these natural laws:

1. The universe (land, sky, sea) is put together in an orderly way and issubject to absolute & unchanging laws.

2. People can understand these laws through logic and reason .

338 B.C.

The end of Democracy in Greece and…..……

The beginning of a foreign Monarchy.

Greeks

*Direct democracy

*Paying jurors so more people can participate in government

*3 branches of government

*Written Legal Code

*Natural law

The lands of the Roman Empire, who allowed conquered people the right of equal treatment under the law.

Invading Roman Army

Romans, welcoming their emperor.

•All citizens had the right to equal treatment under the law.

•A person was considered innocent until proven guilty.

•The burden of proof rested with the accuser rather than the accused person.

•Any law that seemed unreasonable or grossly unfair could be set aside.

Roman aristocrats overthrew the harsh king & set up the new government: the Republic

The Romans were the first to give us Representative Democracy with their senators.

The Roman

Republic

Roman Senate

Roman Forum

Justinian’s Code even kings were subject to the law.

451 B.C. The Twelve Tablets (the early code): officials collected all Roman laws

A.D. 528 Justinian (the new code): all Roman laws since 451 B.C. be collected when completed, consisted of four works 1. The Code which contained all the laws 2. The Digest which is a summary of legal opinions 3. The Novellae, laws passed after 534

These established “a government of law, not of men”

Romans*Representative democracy

*the Individual is a citizen of the State not just a subject to a ruler.

*Written Legal Code

*3 branches of government

*All citizens had the right to : equal treatment under the law considered innocent until proven guilty burden of proof rested with the accuser

*Any law that seemed unreasonable or grossly unfair could be set aside.

Rise of Democratic Ideas in Greece and Rome*594 B.C. – In Greece, adult males may attend & present

laws for debate in the assembly.

*509 B.C. – Romans establish a Republic (representative Government).

*508 B.C. – In Greece, the assembly reorganized to limit power of the nobles.

*461 B.C. – In Greece, direct democracy introduced to Athens.

*A.D. 528 – In Rome, EMPEROR JUSTINIAN authorized a panel to compile a written legal code for all Roman citizens including rulers.

*A.D. 533 – Justinian’s Code of Laws (written legal code) completed.

Summary: Rise of Democratic Ideas • Greece/Rome:

• democracy (direct & representative)

• natural laws of the universe (logic, reason, intelligence)

• limit power of nobles

• written code of laws

• separation of power (3 branches of government)