Word Meaning - CIA
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Derivational RelationsDerivational Relations
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Causative VerbsCausative Verbs
State adjectives > a state
Incohative verbs > a beginning or change of state
Causative verbs > cause of the change of a state
Resultative adjectives > the state which is a
result of a process
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Agentive NounsAgentive Nouns
Meaning = the entity who/ which performs theaction of the verb
example:
Verb + -er or or>>> walker, calculator, etc.
Listed as different entries:
- Irregularities = footballer derived from theverb football
- Not possible to be predicted what strategy ofagentive noun to be used
- a person who cooks = cook; cooker
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Lexical UniversalsLexical Universals
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Color TermsColor Terms
Berlin & Kay = identifying underlying similarities in
color term system to be universal
Eleanor Rosch = comparing color term system ofDani and English
Conclusion = preception of color spectrum is the
same for all human beings, but languages provides
different ranges of naming
Reason = color concept > physiological; lingustic
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Core VocabularyCore Vocabulary
Morris Swadesh = core vocabulary list
Cognates = related words from a common
ancestor language2 languages have 90% cognates = closely
related
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Universal LexemesUniversal Lexemes
Anna Wierzbicka et all
Semantic primes = universal
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Word MeaningWord MeaningWord meaning
=
Lexical semantics
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AimAim
To represent the meaning of
each word in the language
To show how the meanings
of words in a language are
interrelated
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The meaning of a word itself
is defined in part by itsrelations with other words inthe language
The meaning of a word itself
is defined in part by itsrelations with other words inthe language
Entailment relationship contains lexical
relations
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Words and Grammatical CategoriesWords and Grammatical Categories
Different categories of words
reflect different semantic
descriptions
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exampleexample
Names : Keanu Reeves
Common nouns: woman, man, tree
Pronouns : I, you, we, theyLogical words : not, and, or, all, any
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Words and Lexical ItemsWords and Lexical Items
Lexical items are functioned to
identity words, so we can get
the semantic meaning of a word
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exampleexample
Grammatical words
Example:
He talks like a duck
He is talking like a duckHe talked like a duck
Three of them have the same lexeme, the verb talk which has thesame lexical meaning
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Phonological words
Example:
a. He scored with his left footb. They made camp at the foot of the mountain
c. I ate a foot-long hot-dog
Three lexemes have the same pronounciation and the same
syntactic category (noun), but we can know that they are different
meanings.
Foot (noun): 1. part of the leg below the ankle, 2. base or bottom
of something, 3. unit of length, one-third of a yard
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Problem with Pinning Down Word MeaningProblem with Pinning Down Word Meaning
Collocation effect
Compare the collocation patterns
of two adjectives strong and
powerful, which might seem to
have similar meanings
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Contextual effect
Pull word meanings in the other direction,towards creativity and semantic shift
Example:
a. I go for a run every morning
b.The bears are here for the salmon run
c. We took the new car for a run
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The problem are aboutThe problem are about
Ambiguity
Same lexemes that have different senses
To avoid it, we can use do so, do so too, so do to identity the
lexical meaning.
Example:
Charlie hates mayonnaise and so does Mary
Vagueness
Same lexemes, same senses, but have different uses
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LEXICAL RELATIONSLEXICAL RELATIONS: Relations between lexems
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HomonymyHomonymy
Meaning : Unrelated senses of the same phonological word
Types : Based on syntactic behavior and spelling
1. Same lexical category & same spelling
ex : lap circuit of a course & lap part of body when sitting down
2. Same category & different spelling
ex : ring & wring (both are verbs)
3. Different categories & same spelling
ex : play (verb) & play (noun)
4. Different category & different spelling
ex : not & knot
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PolysemyPolysemy
Dealing with multiple senses which are judged to be RELATED of the samephonological word.
Distinctions from homonymy :
- The senses in polysemy ARE judged RELATED through the historical development andspeakers intuitions whereas the senses in homonymy ARE NOT RELATED
- Polysemy words are put in the same entries but homonymy words are in two separate entriesEx : Through historical development of the word gay, which means both :
1. Lively, ligh-hearted, bright
2. Homosexual
For many speakers : both meaning are quite distinct thus they are considered as homonymy
Ex 2 : Head (top position) & head (part of body)=polysemy
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SynonymySynonymy
Different phonological words that have same / similar meaning
ex : Large & big
Nice & kind
etc.
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Opposites (antonymy)Opposites (antonymy)
Words which are opposite in meaning
Types :
Simple : Binary pairs, ex : dead & live
Gradable : positive of a term does not
necessarily imply the negative of the other.
Ex : hot & cold
Reverses : Describing movement, ex:
right/left, up/down
Converses :Two entities from alternate
viewpoints.
ex: own & belong to
Taxonomic sisters : Classification systems
ex : red & green are sister-members of the same taxonomy which iscolor
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HyponymyHyponymy
A relation of inclusion, includes a meaning of a more general word.
- Ex : Dog and cat are hyponyms of animal
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MeronymyMeronymy
Describing a part-whole relationship between lexical items.
Sentence Frames :
- X is part of Y, orY has X
Ex :- Nose and cheek are meronyms of face
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Member-collectionMember-collection
A relationship between the word for a unit and the usual word for a
collection of the units.
- Ex : Tree Forest
Book Library
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Portion-massPortion-mass
The relation between a mass noun and the usual unit of measurement or
division.
- Ex : Drop of liquid
Explanation : a count noun ( drop) is added to the mass noun (liquid) resulting
noun phrase into a count nominal (drop of a liquid)