Word formation
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WORD WORD FORMATIONFORMATION
Presented byPresented by
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Word formation is the creation of a new word
I
t is s a branch of science of the language, which
studies the patterns on which a language forms new
lexical items (new unities, new words)
I
t’s a process of forming words by combining root
and affixal morphemes.
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DIFFERENT TYPES OF WORD FORMATION:
T
here are 2 ways of word formation: productive and non-
productive ways.
P
roductive ways includes affixation, word composition,
conversion, abbreviation.
N
on-productive way includes sound interchange, stress
interchange, sound imitation, blending, back formation.
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PRODUCTIVE WAY. PRODUCTIVE WAY. AFFIXATION.AFFIXATION.
I
t consists of adding an affix to the stem of a definit part of speech.
The main function of suffixation is to form one part of speech from
another.
T
he secondary function is to change the lexical meaning of the same
part of speech.
A
ffixation is devided into suffixation and prefixation.
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PREFIXATION
A
prefix is an affixation process that includes adding a
morpheme at the beginning of the word. There are
different types: negative prefixes(unfair, non-stop),
pejorative prefixes(to misbehave), prefixes of place
(Locative prefixes)(midway, transatlantic), prefixes of
size, degree and status(micro-, macro-, mini-, co-, vice-),
prefixes of time and order(ex-wife, midnight, preview),
prefixes of number (mono-, poly-, semi-, tri-) and others.
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SUFFIXATION
It is a formation of new words by adding suffixes to the stem.
There are 5 groups of suffixation:
- Noun-forming –er, -dom, -ism- Adjective-forming –able, -less, -ous- Verb-forming -ize, -ify, -en- Adverb-forming –ly, -ward, -wise- Numeral-forming –teen, -ty, -fold
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COMPOUNDINGCOMPOUNDING
It refers to the joining of two separate words to produce a single word. The two words don’t lose their individual sounds.
• Bookcase• Fingerprint• Sunburn• Doorknob• Basketball
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CONVERSIONCONVERSION
T
his is the change of the function of the word.
For example when a noun comes to be used as
a verb.Bag – to bagBack – to back Bottle – to bottle
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ABBREVIATIONABBREVIATION
Word groups can be shortened.
Examples:
professor-prof. Fantasy-fancy.
Abbriviation can be graphical (a.m.- in the morning, i.e.- that is) and Initial (J.V.- joint venture, BBC, UK, UNESCO)
Abbreviation of words consists in clipping a part of a word.
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CLIPPINGCLIPPING
Clipping a synonym of reduction. In this process a word that has more than one syllable is reduced to a shorter form
• Brassiere (bra)• Fanatic (fan)• Situation Comedy (sitcom)
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NON-PRODUCTIVE WAY. NON-PRODUCTIVE WAY. BLENDING.BLENDING.
N
ew words are formed from a word group or two
synonyms by clipping the end of the first component
and the beginning of the second component medical + care = medicare
Spanish + English = Spanglish Spanish + English = Spanglish
Modulator + demodulator = ModemModulator + demodulator = Modem
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BACKFORMATIONBACKFORMATION
o
r Negative derivation.
A
complex word exists first, the non-affixed form is derived later, e.g.
–baby-sitter to baby-sit
–editor to edit
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SOUND IMITATION SOUND IMITATION O
ther terms for sound imitation are onomatopoeia and echoism.W
ords coined by this type of word building are made by imitating different kinds of sounds that may be produced by animals, birds, human beings and inanimate objects.
Dogs – bark
cocks – cock-a-doodle-doo
ducks – quack
cats – mew (miaow, meow)
cows – moo (low).
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STRESS INTERCHANGESTRESS INTERCHANGE
i
s one of the ways of word building, based on a shift of stress
'conduct – to con'duct
'present – to pre'sent
'frequent - to fre'quent