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WOOLLY ELM APHID

Woolly Elm Aphid

Potential to cause substantial transplant damage/loss Most danger to plants that are less than 4 years old4 years old American Elm = alternate host Blue-black with white waxy material on back end

Symptoms / Damage Above ground Lack of vigour in young plants Early/premature fall colour change (late July/early

August) Partial leafing out, followed by early season plant

death Below ground White, woolly masses on plant roots

Presence and damage may not be noticed until after infestation (too late?)

Adult, winged aphid

Woolly white masses & aphids on roots Photo by L. Harris

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Woolly Elm Aphid feeding on elm leaves

Swollen, spongy root

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Life CycleElm

Overwinter

Elm

mid-June to mid-July2

5September

Saskatoon Berry

3 July

4July-

October Photo by L. Harris

Management Strategies Orthene / Admire application (soil injection or drench) can be made for plants that are less than 4 years old (non-bearing plants) as well as for

lbearing plants Apply mid-July to early August (better as early as possible) Pre-harvest Interval varies (11 months / 14 day)

Avoid planting near American Elm stands

ROOT WEEVILSROOT WEEVILS

Root Weevils

Various species Wide host rangerange

Root Weevil adult(Photo Courtesy MAFRI)

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Root Weevil adult

Root Weevil larvae

Root Weevil adults & larvae(Photo Courtesy MAFRI)

Symptoms / Damage

Leaves may be notched or ragged(feeding damage) indicates presence indicates presence

Stunting of plants Leaves may turn red

& fruit can be small & seedy

Wilting & plant death may occur in drought conditions

Root Weevil damage(Photo Courtesy MAFRI)

Monitoring

Scout the field margins initially, as adults will walk in Monitor fields in July or August for leaf notchingnotching If notching is observed, return at night to find adults on the leaves with a flashlight Examine crowns of weak plants for injury

Management Strategies

Do not maintain long rotations Ensure fields are isolated from wild plants, which harbour weevilsCh i l t l b ff ti Chemical controls can be effective

CUTWORMSCUTWORMS

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Cutworms

Fi ld l C b C l

Strawberry Cutworm adult (Photo Courtesy MAFRI)

Field-scale Cutworm Damage (Photo Courtesy MAFRI)

Mature Cutworm larva(Photo Courtesy MAFRI)

Strawberry Cutworm larva (Photo Courtesy C.C.Peters)

Strawberry Cutworm early damage (Photo Courtesy MAFRI)

RASPBERRY CROWN BORER

Raspberry Crown BorerPennisetia marginata

Adult moth bli resembling

yellowjacket wasp Affects all cane fruit

Raspberry Crown Borer -adult

Larvae in cane burrow Larvae in cane

burrow(Photo by A.Antonelli)

Raspberry Crown Borer – adult

Raspberry Crown Raspberry Crown Borer – pupae

Symptoms / Damage

Larvae girdle new canes while feeding

Symptoms may be confused with cane blightwith cane blight

Foliage wilts & dies, with fruit remaining attached

Damaged canes will break off when pulled (2nd year)

Swellings may be apparent at the crown when dug

Monitoring

Watch for damaged or wilting canes during summer, especially when surrounding plants appear healthy Dig out suspect crowns looking for holes Dig out suspect crowns, looking for holes and sawdust

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Management Strategies

Prune out loose canes or canes with galls after harvest Remove & destroy wilting canes during summersummer Apply registered chemical treatments

BUD / CLIPPER EEWEEVIL

Bud / Clipper WeevilsAnthonomus signatus

Clipper Weevil damage(Photo Courtesy MAFRI)

Clipper Weevil larva (Photo Courtesy MAFRI)

Clipper Weevil adult (Photo Courtesy NYAES)

Clipper Weevil damage (Photo Courtesy MAFRI)

Symptoms / Damage / Monitoring

Obvious symptom = Clipped flower buds

Monitor fields in May when flower buds begin to developbegin to develop Sample 0.6 m of row in 5 locations in each field 2 times per week from pre-bloom onwards Economic threshold = 13-20 clipped buds per metre of row

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Management Strategies

Minimize the amount of trash in & around fields during mid to late summer Separate new plantings from infested plantingsplantings Tillage of old fields immediately after harvest will reduce clipper populations by harming pupal stage

SASKATOON BUD MOTH

Saskatoon Bud Moth

Epinotia bicordana

Saskatoon Bud Moth - adult

Saskatoon Bud Moth - larva Photo by L. Harris

Symptoms / Damage

Flower buds with tiny holes (oozing droplets may be present) Young leaves and flowers tied together with threads or webbingwith threads or webbing Yellowed flower buds may fall off when touched Loss of green, unripe fruit

Management Strategies

Decis application (1st) when buds are at Green Tip stage Flower bud cluster is visible Buds are very small and tightly packed Buds are very small and tightly packed together Entire cluster appears green in colour

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TARNISHED PLANT BUG

Tarnished Plant BugLygus lineolaris

A.K.A. Lygus Bug

One of the most serious & widespread of strawberry pests

Wide range of host plant species Tarnished Plant Bug - adult

Distinctive Triangle Marking

Tarnished Plant Bug nymph (Photo Courtesy MAFRI)

Tarnished Plant Bug adult (Photo Courtesy MAFRI)

Tarnished Plant Bug –nymph & adult on

fruit

Tarnished Plant Bug –adult on flowers

Tarnished Plant Bug –adult on fruit Symptoms / Damage

Yellow, aborting flower buds Droplets of brownish liquid may exude from newly pierced budsF it d f ti Fruit deformation

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Tarnished Plant Bug damage on fruit – damaged seeds

Symptoms / Damage

Feeding by nymphs Nubbins or deformed

fruit Apical seediness

Catfaced berries

Adult feeding CATFACING

Feeding in Raspberries Crumbly berry Reduced plant vigour

NOTE: Catfacing can be caused by other factors, producing identical symptoms

Monitoring Scout the field perimeter in new fields or entire established fields Survey the field from pre-bloom until green fruit stageg f g Tap plants or shake fruit clusters over a non-metallic pie plate Count the number of nymphs per 100 clusters Economic threshold = 1 nymph per inflorescence (strawberries)

Management Strategies

Careful monitoring of TPB populations Remove weeds (especially leguminous species)E lt t h t t Ensure alternate host crops are not planted too close to field / orchards (e.g. alfalfa) Timely application of registered chemicals Saskatoons = Decis application (1st) can be effective

SASKATOON SAWFLY

Saskatoon SawflyHoplocampa

montanicola (+ 3 spp.)

Plant-feeding, f g,non-stinging wasp Yellow with brown markings

Saskatoon Sawfly - adultPhoto by L. Harris

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Symptoms / Damage

Small holes at the top of small, green fruitE t i l d d h ll f it Extensively damaged, hollow green fruit Green fruit may contain larvae

Adults appear in May(3-9 days prior to max flowering)

Feed within nectaries & on pollen

Eggs laid in blossom nectaries (1/flower)

Hatch 4 to 11 days after petal drop

Life Cycle

after petal drop

Larvae feed at top of fruit

Younger fruit usually drop off plant

Older fruit stay on plant (empty shell)

Mature larvae drop out of fruit & overwinter in soil

By end of

June

Management Strategies

Decis application (2nd) at early flowering (25-50% bloom) Decis application (3rd) after petal drop(observe PHI of 21 days)(observe PHI of 21 days) APPLE CURCULIOAPPLE CURCULIO

Apple CurculioAnthonomus quadrigibbus

A type of weevil; reddish-bbrown Long, curved snout

Apple Cucurlio - adultPhoto by L. Harris

Symptoms / Damage

Green fruit and shoot tips with distinctive dark punctures Eggs are laid at base of fruit by stem

Larvae in centre of ripe fruit Larvae in centre of ripe fruit

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Adults emerge in spring at flowering

Found at flowering & petal drop

Feed on immature fruit & shoot tips

Egg laying occurs about 1 month after

peak flowering

Eggs laid at base of fruit by stem (1 egg/fruit)

Larvae eat seeds

Fruit ripen & don’t drop

Larvae develop & pupate within fruit

Adults emerge by mid-July & enter leaf litter

Life Cycle

Management Strategies

Decis application (3rd) just after petal drop (observe 21 day PHI) Removal of affected green fruit can reduce populations (very time consuming)reduce populations (very time consuming) Effective weed management can help keep populations down

RASPBERRY SAWFLY

Raspberry SawflyMonophadnoides

geniculatus

Larval stage feeds on leaves & other plant parts

Raspberry Sawfly – adult

Raspberry Sawfly – damage

Raspberry Sawfly – egg

Raspberry Sawfly – adult

Raspberry Sawfly – larva

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Symptoms / Damage

Feeding on the leaves produces small holesH i f t ti lt i k l t i d Heavy infestations results in skeletonized leaves (veins intact)

Raspberry Sawfly –damage

Monitoring / Management

Visually inspect leaves in June Determine the number of larvae

Determine whether skeletonization is occurring & if controls are number of larvae

presentcontrols are required

Chemical controls are available

OTHER INSECTSOTHER INSECTS

Aphids

Aphids – various stages

Black mould growing on aphid honeydew

Mites

Mite damaged leaves (Photo Courtesy MAFRI)

Two-spotted Spider Mites (Photo Courtesy ARC)

Spider Mite-damaged strawberry(Photo by R. Spencer)

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OTHER DISEASES / INSECTS

BLACKLEAF / WITCHES’ BROOM

HAWTHORN LACE BUG MAPLE LEAFMINER – HEADS UP Spotted Wing Drosophila – HEADS UP APPLE MAGGOT – HEADS UP

Impact of Weeds Competition Reduced crop survival / vigour (especially in establishment years) Reduced yields

Alternate hosts for disease & insect pests Negative customer perception Sloppy appearance Poorly managed operation

Weed Management Strategies

Control weeds before planting (1-2 year) Manage weeds as best as you can in early establishmentPl ti l h (S k t ) Plastic mulch (Saskatoons) Manage the between-row spaces Mow Grass or other crop Bare soil

Weed Management Strategies

For established plantings - Registered chemicals are effective & available Chemical applications must be carefully timed to avoid damaging plantsto avoid damaging plants

For Saskatoons – if planning orchard renovation – DON’T apply Casoron in fall prior

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Strawberry - Pre & Planting Year Chemicals

Weed Problem Preplant 2-4 weeks

4-6 weeks

Late Summer Late Fall

Emerged weeds (incl. rhizomatous perennials

Glyphosate (Spot

treatment / directed spray)

Treflan EC

Annual Weeds

Treflan ECRival DF/EC

Bonanza 400/480

Dacthal W-75Dual II Magnum

Sinbar1Devrinol 50DF3

Sinbar1

Annual Weeds & quackgrass Venture L3 Venture L3

Seedling Weeds (annual & perennial) Gramoxone Devrinol

50DF3

1 Failure to irrigate after treatment may result in damage to plants3 Apply only 1X per season

*** Adapted from MAFRI “Fruit Guide 2000”

Strawberry - Fruiting Year ChemicalsWeed

Problem Early Spring Renovation Soon After Late Fall

Annual grasses & quackgrass

Venture L2,3

Poast UltraVenture L3 Venture L3

Devrinol 50DF3

Glyphosate2 (spot t t t/di t d

Sinbar1Sinbar1

Annual weeds

treatment/directed spray)

Dacthal W-751

Aim EC2,3 (hooded spray)

Chateau WDG4 (hooded spray or broadcast)

Gramoxone

Devrinol 50DF3

Dacthal W-751

Chateau WDG4

(hooded spray or broadcast)

Sinbar1

Devrinol 50DF3

GramoxoneDacthal W-751

Goal 2XL2,3

Canada ThistleGlyphosate2 (spot

treatment/directed spray)

Lontrel 3603

1 Failure to irrigate after treatment may result in damage to plants2 Consult label for appropriate pre-harvest intervals3 Apply only 1X per season4 Hooded spray for non-dormant plants *** Adapted from MAFRI “Fruit Guide 2000”

Raspberry – Pre & Planting Year Chemicals

Weed ProblemYear of Planting

Pre-Planting Post-Planting Fall

Emerged weeds (incl. rhizomatous perennials Glyphosate

Annual Grasses Venture LPoast Ultra

Annual Weeds Devrinol 50DF/10G3 Devrinol 50DF/10G3

Perennial Weed Seedlings

Canada Thistle

Quackgrass Venture LPoast Ultra

3 Apply only 1X per season*** Adapted from MAFRI “Fruit Guide 2000”

Raspberry – Established Planting Chemicals

Weed ProblemEstablished Plantings

Early Spring FallEmerged weeds (incl. rhizomatous perennials

Annual Grasses Venture L2,3

Poast Ultra Venture L2,3

Devrinol 50DF/10G3

Gramoxone Devrinol 50DF/10G3

Annual Weeds

GramoxoneSimazine 80WP / 480 / Princep

Nine-T / Simanex SimazineAim EC2,3 (hooded spray)

Sinbar2

Devrinol 50DF/10G3

GramoxoneCasoron G41/G21

Stryke 4G1

Perennial Weed Seedlings

Simazine 80WP / 480 / Princep Nine-T / Simadex Simazine

GramoxoneGramoxone

Canada Thistle Casoron G41/G21

Stryke 4G1

Quackgrass Venture L2,3

Poast Ultra Venture L3

1 Should only be applied to well-established plantings (minimum 2 years) & then every 2 years2 Follow label directions for appropriate pre-harvest intervals3 Apply only 1X per season *** Adapted from MAFRI “Fruit Guide 2000”

Saskatoon Berry – Chemical Controls

WeedPre-Planting Planting Year Fruiting Years

Pre-Planting Early Spring Fall

Annual grasses &

broadleaves

Glyphosateproducts (non-

selective)

Trifluralinproducts

(Bonanza / Rival / Treflan

Poast Ultra(15 days)

Casoron G2/G4; Stryke 4G(9 months)Rival / Treflan

Canada Thistle

Casoron G2/G4; Stryke 4G(9 months)

Annual broadleaves

Linuron / Lorox(50days)

* Numbers in brackets indicate appropriate pre-harvest interval** Adapted from MAFRI Fruit Crop Protection 2004

PEST MANAGEMENT REGULATORY AGENCY

(P ) E BE E(PMRA) E-LABEL SEARCH

http://pr-rp.hc-sc.gc.ca/ls-re/index-eng.php

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Rob Spencer, BSA, MSc, P.Ag.Commercial Horticulture Specialist

Alberta A Info Centre

robert.spencer@gov.ab.ca

Alberta Ag-Info Centre

310-FARM