Woodland Management Dilemmas *** complex habitat, fussy birds · 2016. 12. 8. · (Hinsley et al....
Transcript of Woodland Management Dilemmas *** complex habitat, fussy birds · 2016. 12. 8. · (Hinsley et al....
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Woodland Management
Dilemmas
***
complex habitat, fussy birds
100 m
Monks Wood
Bevill’s
Wood
N
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● Woodland complexity
● Example of resources and climate effects
● Nestboxes
● Airborne remote sensing
● Canopy height and bird communities
► Willow Tit, Nightingale, Marsh Tit, Wood Warbler
● Scrub and habitat types within woodland
● Bird-habitat relationships
● The BIG decision and broad management options
Outline
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Oak-Hickory forest, Georgia (Monk et al. 1970)
► Tree leaf upper surface area: 235 m2
Sessile Oak woodland, 40-120 yrs old, NW England
(Carlisle et al. 1966)
► 22 – 23 million leaves per hectare of wood
► Dry weight: 2,202 – 2,476 kg (about 2 to 2.5 tons)
► Upper surface area: 5.5 m2 per m2 of ground
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Photographs: Nick Greatorex-Davis, Reg Fry, Jeff Higgott
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R.K. Broughton
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Blue Tit 2001
5 7 9 11 13 15 17 199.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
Mean canopy height, m
Mean c
hic
k b
ody m
ass,
g
R2 = 0.61
P = 0.014
N = 8
Hinsley et al. 2002
Funct. Ecol. 16: 851-857
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Blue Tit 2001
5 7 9 11 13 15 17 199.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
Mean canopy height, m
Mean c
hic
k b
ody m
ass,
g
Great Tit 2001
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 1816
17
18
19
20
Mean canopy height, m
Mean c
hic
k body m
ass
, g
R2 = 0.80
P < 0.001
N = 11
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1998
5 7 9 11 13 15 1715
16
17
18
19
20
21
C
Height, m
Mass
, g
2001
5 7 9 11 13 15 1715
16
17
18
19
20
21
AM
ass,
g
2000
5 7 9 11 13 15 1715
16
17
18
19
20
21
B
Mass,
g
1998
5 7 9 11 13 15 1715
16
17
18
19
20
21
C
Height, m
Mass
, g
1999
5 7 9 11 13 15 1715
16
17
18
19
20
21
D
2002
5 7 9 11 13 15 1715
16
17
18
19
20
21
E
1997
5 7 9 11 13 15 1715
16
17
18
19
20
21
F
Height, m
Great Tit
body mass/
canopy height
relationships
1997 - 2002
Hinsley et al. 2006. Photo. Eng.
Remote Sense 72: 1399-1406
759
661 709
648
568
750
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Canopy height profile
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A.G. Gosler
A.G.Gosler
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National population trends (data: BTO web site)
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R.K. Broughton
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MONKS WOOD
TIM
E (
nanose
c)
0
50
100
PULSE INTENSITY
FIRST RETURN
(top of canopy)
LAST RETURN
(ground)
Near infrared
laser pulse
Schematic ALS return pulse waveform
Ross Hill
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Paul Frost
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100 m
Monks Wood
Bevill’s
Wood
N
00 - 01
18 - 20
16 - 18
14 - 16
12 - 14
10 - 12
08 - 10
06 - 08
04 - 06
01 - 04
20 - 23
Tree height (m )
100 m
N
Monks Wood
Data acquired by EA
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Wytham Woods
30
Data acquired by NERC ARSF
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R.K. Broughton
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R.K.Broughton
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Data acquired by NERC ARSF
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x 30 m
Bradfield Woods, Suffolk
Sheephouse Wood, Bucks
Data acquired by NERC ARSF
70 ha
59 ha
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9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1678
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
D
LT
CBC
GW
BF WRCH
BG
ST
J RSDBTGTMT
GCGS
TCCTNH
Mean canopy height, m
Mean c
anopy c
ove
r, %
a) Sheephouse Wood
R2 = 0.95
P < 0.001
n = 23
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5 6 7 8 9 1086
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
GW
D
WW
N
GC
TC
CT
J
MT
GT
BTR
SDBF
G
GS
ST
CHB
WRLTBC
C
Mean canopy height, m
Mean c
anopy c
ove
r, %
a) Bradfield Woods
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1678
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
D
LT
CBC
GW
BF WRCH
BG
ST
J RSDBTGTMT
GCGS
TCCTNH
Mean canopy height, m
Mean c
anopy c
ove
r, %
a) Sheephouse Wood
R2 = 0.21
P = 0.028
n = 23
b)
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00 - 01
18 - 20
16 - 18
14 - 16
12 - 14
10 - 12
08 - 10
06 - 08
04 - 06
01 - 04
20 - 23
Tree height (m )
100 m
N
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Dunnock 20 1 1
Chaffinch 18 7 15
Whitethroat 17 1 0
Willow Warbler 15 0 0
Blackbird 12 4 5
Blue Tit 10 23 33
Wren 9 4 7
Blackcap 6 5 6
Garden Warbler 5 1 0
Song Thrush 4 0 1
Lesser Whitethroat 3 0 0
Chiffchaff 2 2 4
Robin 2 9 10
Great Tit 1 10 21
Treecreeper 0 2 4
Scrub Young Mature
Bird communities and woodland age
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Photos: Pete Stronach
Data: BTO
web site
Willow Tit
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Nightingales: micro-habitat structures
in scrub and coppice
- dense thicket foliage
- canopy cover
- sparse ground cover
Fuller & Henderson 1992 Bird Study
Fuller, Henderson & Wilson 1999 British
Wildlife
Wilson, Fuller, Day & Smith 2005 Ibis
Source: Rob Fuller, BTO
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Mature woodland
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Marsh Tit
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0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Shrub
density
Canopy
density
Occupied
Unoccupied
Occupied, n = 10
Unoccupied, n = 6
Shrub density index
t = 5.93, P < 0.001
Tree canopy density index
t = 4.48, P = 0.002
Wytham Woods
Broughton et al. 2006, Ibis 148: 744-752; Hinsley et al. 2007, Ibis 149: 224-233 Data & photos: J. Carpenter
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Yarner Wood, Devon
New Forest
Source: Rob Fuller, BTO
Wood Warbler photo:
Jez Blackburn, BTO
Wood Warbler
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Scrub
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Edges
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Use of dead/live trees and dead wood on live trees by woodpeckers
(Smith, 2007, Proceedings of the BOU Woodland Birds Conference, Leicester 2006)
Nest sites, %
Live tree 52 6 86
Dead tree 34 50 8
Dead wood, live tree 14 44 6
Foraging locations, %
Live tree 95 99
Live wood, live tree 48 87
Dead wood, live tree 52 13
Great spot. Lesser spot. Green
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Number of habitats 5.2 (2.0) 3.1 (0.9) 0.013
Shrub density 2.6 (0.5) 1.9 (0.5) 0.006
Number of hedges 2.4 (2.0) 0.6 (0.9) 0.022
Number of tracks 2.4 (0.8) 1.3 (1.0) 0.025
Total connections 4.5 (1.7) 3.0 (1.2) 0.042
Species-rich Species-poor P
Habitat diversity effects
Willow Warbler 5.6 3
Great Tit 4.6 3
Blackcap 4.2 2
Blue Tit 2.7 2
Wren 2.4 3
Robin 2.4 2
Dunnock 2.3 3
Chaffinch 1.9 1
Blackbird 1.8 3
Average ratio,
Rich:Poor
Significance,
years out of 3
(Hinsley et al. 1998. Proceedings IALE European Congress, pp. 227-232)
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The BIG decision: What do you want?
Main factors to consider: ► Area/shape of the wood
(pre-welly, spade ► Location in the landscape
and chainsaw)
► Characteristics of the landscape
► New planting or existing wood
► Resources – money, machinery, manpower etc.
► Time
► Pest control/exclusion
► Human access and use
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Priorities
New Scientist
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Options
1. Maximise habitat diversity
► Varied canopy height profile and canopy cover
► Varied shrub density
► Glades, wide sunny rides, smaller paths
► Bushy edges, internal and external
► Ponds
► Dead wood – standing, fallen, log piles, brash
► Exploit existing features, e.g. rock outcrops, streams,
bogs, meadows etc. (derelict buildings)
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Options
1. Maximise habitat diversity
2. Target particular species or suites of species
► Willow Tit
► Nightingale
► Spotted Flycatcher
► Redstart, Wood Warbler, Pied Flycatcher
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Options
1. Maximise habitat diversity
2. Target particular species
3. Non-intervention
► Leave it to look after itself
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Options
1. Maximise habitat diversity
2. Target particular species
3. Non-intervention
4. Minimal intervention (tweaking)
► Thin out dense, closed canopy
► Create some glades/wide sunny rides
► Clear away collapsed, dank thickets to
encourage natural regeneration
► Add/encourage bushy edges
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Floristics
Hewson et al. 2011. Forest Ecology and Management 261: 1224-1240.
Broad options
1. Native species rather than exotics
2. Match species to their location – see what is doing well locally
3. Local provenance
4. Have some conifers – adds diversity
5. Consider seed, fruit and invertebrate value
6. Consider shade characteristics
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Shade
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Blakesley, D. & Buckley, G.P. 2010. Woodland creation for wildlife and
people in a changing climate: principles and practice. Pisces Publications, Newbury.
Symes, N. & Currie, F. 2005. Woodland management for birds: a guide to managing
for declining woodland birds in England. The RSPB, Sandy and the Forestry
Commission England, Cambridge.
Smith et al. 2007. Woodland Birds: their ecology and management. Proceedings
of the BOU's 2006 annual spring conference published as a free-to-view online only
supplement of Ibis. http://bouproc.blogspot.com/2008/08/full-proceedings-online.html
Fuller, R.J. 1995. Bird life of woodland and forest. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge.
Savill, P.S., Perrins, C.M., Kirby, K.J. & Fisher, N. 2010. Wytham Woods Oxford’s
Ecological Laboratory. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Ryabitsev, V. 1998. One season in the Taiga. Russian Nature Press, Edinburgh.
(More than 2 million possibilities are available)
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T.H Sparks Oak phenology
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