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WOODLAND INVASIVE WOODLAND INVASIVE SPECIES CONTROLSPECIES CONTROL

Developed by Kent Macy Developed by Kent Macy and Ellen Starr and Ellen Starr

USDA-NRCS Biologists USDA-NRCS Biologists Spring of 2008Spring of 2008

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DEFINITIONS:DEFINITIONS: The focus of this presentation will be on The focus of this presentation will be on

woodland invasive plant species.woodland invasive plant species. Native species: a species that historically occurred Native species: a species that historically occurred

or currently occurs in a particular ecosystem or currently occurs in a particular ecosystem (other than as a result of an introduction). Native (other than as a result of an introduction). Native species have adapted over thousands of years to species have adapted over thousands of years to their surrounding plant and animal communities their surrounding plant and animal communities and local climate and soil conditions. and local climate and soil conditions.

Invasive species are defined as non-native to the Invasive species are defined as non-native to the ecosystem under consideration and whose ecosystem under consideration and whose introduction causes or is likely to cause economic introduction causes or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health.or environmental harm or harm to human health.

Most woodland invasives are introduced from Asia Most woodland invasives are introduced from Asia or Europe.or Europe.

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Invasive SpeciesInvasive Species

IL Woodland Examples:IL Woodland Examples:– Garlic mustard in forested, herbaceous understories.Garlic mustard in forested, herbaceous understories.– Honeysuckles in forested, shrub or vine understories.Honeysuckles in forested, shrub or vine understories.– Buckthorn in N. IL forested & wetland, shrub Buckthorn in N. IL forested & wetland, shrub

understories.understories.– Autumn and Russian olive in forested, shrub Autumn and Russian olive in forested, shrub

understories.understories.

Maples can be considered invasive depending on Maples can be considered invasive depending on the habitat type. Maples are usually referred to as the habitat type. Maples are usually referred to as the “Climax Community” of a forest by ecologists.the “Climax Community” of a forest by ecologists.

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Garlic MustardPhotos courtesy of The Nature

Conservancy and U. of Wisconsin

•Coarsely toothed, heart-shaped, alternately arranged leaves.

•When crushed, smells like garlic.

•4-part, white flowers.

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Garlic MustardGarlic Mustard Edge habitat (doesn’t do well in deep shade – will Edge habitat (doesn’t do well in deep shade – will

quickly invade openings). Max. growth is with quickly invade openings). Max. growth is with 50% light.50% light.

Biennial herb.Biennial herb. Flowers in late April – May.Flowers in late April – May. Seed bank takes 5 years to deplete. Production Seed bank takes 5 years to deplete. Production

varies by site and year. Seeds spread by varies by site and year. Seeds spread by attaching to feet, tires, and by water, primarily.attaching to feet, tires, and by water, primarily.

Likes nitrogen.Likes nitrogen. Seedlings decline 30-50% from early to late Seedlings decline 30-50% from early to late

spring.spring. Stays green later in the fall, and greens up earlier Stays green later in the fall, and greens up earlier

than most natives.than most natives. Not browsed by deer, or many other critters.Not browsed by deer, or many other critters.

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Control of Garlic MustardControl of Garlic Mustard Biological (in the future): Biological (in the future):

– a root rot (a root rot (Fusarium solani)Fusarium solani) and turnip or and turnip or cucumber mosaic virus. 4 types of beetles.cucumber mosaic virus. 4 types of beetles.

– Eat the stuff! High in vitamin A. Tastes like Eat the stuff! High in vitamin A. Tastes like garlic.garlic.

MechanicalMechanical– Pull before spring flowering (pulls easily if Pull before spring flowering (pulls easily if

ground is soft). Be sure to get upper half of root.ground is soft). Be sure to get upper half of root.– Cut flower stalks low (ground level best).Cut flower stalks low (ground level best).– Fires seem to have little effect positive or Fires seem to have little effect positive or

negative. negative.

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Control of Garlic MustardControl of Garlic Mustard (continued)(continued)

Chemical Chemical – Glyphosate (apply ONLY during dormant Glyphosate (apply ONLY during dormant

season). Apply in early spring.season). Apply in early spring.– Basagran (NOT near trees)Basagran (NOT near trees)– Garlon/Pathfinder (needs applicator Garlon/Pathfinder (needs applicator

license)license) SeeSee

http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/allipet.rtfdocumnts/allipet.rtf for more informationfor more information

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Bush Honeysuckles (Amur, Tatarian, and Morrow)

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Bush HoneysucklesBush Honeysuckles

Shrubby, opposite leaf arrangement, Shrubby, opposite leaf arrangement, simple entire margins, pointed leaves, red simple entire margins, pointed leaves, red berries. berries.

Leaf out 2 weeks earlier and retain leaves Leaf out 2 weeks earlier and retain leaves longer in the fall than most other shrubs longer in the fall than most other shrubs (incl. native honeysuckles).(incl. native honeysuckles).

Prefers partial shade.Prefers partial shade.

Berries spread by birds and rodents.Berries spread by birds and rodents.

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Bush Honeysuckle ControlBush Honeysuckle Control Biological Control:Biological Control:

– No effective ones known. An aphid causes No effective ones known. An aphid causes witches’ brooming, which decreases floweringwitches’ brooming, which decreases flowering

Mechanical Control: Mechanical Control: – Pulling is effective when ground is soft and Pulling is effective when ground is soft and

plants are smaller. A weed wrench or root talon plants are smaller. A weed wrench or root talon can help. can help. (www.misterhoneysuckle.com)(www.misterhoneysuckle.com)

– Cutting or grubbing also effective if done yearly Cutting or grubbing also effective if done yearly for 3 or more years.for 3 or more years.

– Burning will knock them back, but must be done Burning will knock them back, but must be done several years in a row or every other year for several years in a row or every other year for effective control. Fires need to be hot and effective control. Fires need to be hot and repeated.repeated.

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Bush Honeysuckle Control (cont.)Bush Honeysuckle Control (cont.) Chemical:Chemical:

– Best results have been from cutting plants Best results have been from cutting plants in the fall, then treating the stumps with in the fall, then treating the stumps with Glyphosate 50% soln. or Garlon.Glyphosate 50% soln. or Garlon.

– A “flush” of seedlings come up the year A “flush” of seedlings come up the year after treating the larger plants. Need to after treating the larger plants. Need to follow-up with a foliar spray treatment on follow-up with a foliar spray treatment on the resprouts or seedlings. Foliar spray in the resprouts or seedlings. Foliar spray in fall after other plants have gone dormant.fall after other plants have gone dormant.

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Japanese Honeysuckle

A vine with opposite, pointed leaves

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Japanese HoneysuckleJapanese Honeysuckle

A vine - uppermost leaves are separate, A vine - uppermost leaves are separate, not joined (perfoliate) like native not joined (perfoliate) like native honeysuckles. Berries are black, not red.honeysuckles. Berries are black, not red.

Flowers late April – JulyFlowers late April – July

Retains leaves throughout much of winter.Retains leaves throughout much of winter.

Forest openings and edges.Forest openings and edges.

Spread by birds, primarily.Spread by birds, primarily.

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Japanese Honeysuckle ControlJapanese Honeysuckle Control Biological: Biological: Some potentials (aphids & Some potentials (aphids &

viruses) in China and the Southern U.S.viruses) in China and the Southern U.S. Mechanical:Mechanical:

– Burning: Fall (October) burn had best Burning: Fall (October) burn had best results. Followup burn with glyphosate in results. Followup burn with glyphosate in spring.spring.

– Pulling: only effective on very small areas Pulling: only effective on very small areas if roots AND shoots can be pulled & if roots AND shoots can be pulled & removed.removed.

– Mowing/Cutting: ineffective - cut material Mowing/Cutting: ineffective - cut material can take root!!can take root!!

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Japanese Honeysuckle ControlJapanese Honeysuckle Control (cont.)(cont.)

Chemical:Chemical:– Best results appear to be glyphosate Best results appear to be glyphosate

applied just after the first frost (before applied just after the first frost (before first hard frost). IDNR has had success first hard frost). IDNR has had success with a 2% mist application.with a 2% mist application.

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Buckthorn (Common and Glossy)

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Buckthorn (Common and European)Buckthorn (Common and European) Prefers woodland edges.Prefers woodland edges. Gets up to 20’ tall.Gets up to 20’ tall. European (glossy), prefers wetter areas.European (glossy), prefers wetter areas. Any texture soils; slightly acidic to Any texture soils; slightly acidic to

alkaline.alkaline. Fruit spread by animals and water.Fruit spread by animals and water. Leafs out in late April, retains until late Leafs out in late April, retains until late

October. Flowers late May – June.October. Flowers late May – June.

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Buckthorn ControlBuckthorn Control

Biological: No known methods.Biological: No known methods. Mechanical: Mechanical:

– Cutting/Mowing: Basically just knocks it back.Cutting/Mowing: Basically just knocks it back.

– Girdling: 3cm wide cut into phloem layer at Girdling: 3cm wide cut into phloem layer at base of tree works. No resprouts!base of tree works. No resprouts!

– Pulling/Grubbing: shallow-rooted, may re-Pulling/Grubbing: shallow-rooted, may re-sprout, do follow-up chemical treatment.sprout, do follow-up chemical treatment.

– Burning: lack of burnable material below heavy Burning: lack of burnable material below heavy infestations limit use. If possible, burns in late infestations limit use. If possible, burns in late April reduce vigor of buckthorn. May encourage April reduce vigor of buckthorn. May encourage resprouting/reseeding.resprouting/reseeding.

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Buckthorn Control (cont.)Buckthorn Control (cont.)

Chemical:Chemical:

– Glyphosate: Glyphosate: 50% solution on fresh-cut stumps in fall or 50% solution on fresh-cut stumps in fall or

winterwinter3% solution foliar spray in May (after leaf-3% solution foliar spray in May (after leaf-

out).out).

– 2,4-D ester w/diesel fuel: lower basal-bark 2,4-D ester w/diesel fuel: lower basal-bark application done first half of growing season application done first half of growing season works well.works well.

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Autumn and Russian Olive

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Autumn and Russian OliveAutumn and Russian Olive

Simple, Elliptical, Entire margins, Simple, Elliptical, Entire margins, Alternate leaf arrangement.Alternate leaf arrangement.

Fixes nitrogen – can grow on infertile Fixes nitrogen – can grow on infertile sites.sites.

Tolerates light shadeTolerates light shade Breaks dormancy early April in N. IL.Breaks dormancy early April in N. IL. Seeds spread by birds – can produce Seeds spread by birds – can produce

seed within 3-5 years. Seeds can seed within 3-5 years. Seeds can remain viable for 3 years.remain viable for 3 years.

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Autumn and Russian Olive ControlAutumn and Russian Olive Control

Biological: None knownBiological: None known

Mechanical: Not very effective – Mechanical: Not very effective – Autumn and Russian olive resprout Autumn and Russian olive resprout readily after cutting (without readily after cutting (without chemical spray on stump) or burning. chemical spray on stump) or burning. Even small plants are difficult to pull Even small plants are difficult to pull out of the ground. out of the ground.

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Autumn and Russian Olive ControlAutumn and Russian Olive Control (cont.)(cont.)

Chemical:Chemical:

– Glyphosate applied on fresh cut stumps Glyphosate applied on fresh cut stumps or girdles, especially late August - or girdles, especially late August - September.September.

– Garlon basal-applied with diesel oil.Garlon basal-applied with diesel oil.

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Multiflora RoseMultiflora Rose

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Multiflora RoseMultiflora Rose

Alternate leaf arrangementAlternate leaf arrangement Compound leaves, odd pinnateCompound leaves, odd pinnate Serrated marginsSerrated margins Prominent stipulesProminent stipules Thorns on stemsThorns on stems

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Multiflora Rose ControlMultiflora Rose Control

Mechanical Control:Mechanical Control: – pulling, grubbing-pulling, grubbing-

completely removing completely removing roots- ok for light roots- ok for light infestations. infestations.

– Prescribed burning will Prescribed burning will hinder invasion and hinder invasion and control spread.control spread.

– Mowing, 3-6 cuttings/ Mowing, 3-6 cuttings/ growing season for 2-4 growing season for 2-4 years. Cutting years. Cutting preferred over mowing preferred over mowing in high quality in high quality communities.communities.

Chemical ControlChemical Control– Cutting and painting or Cutting and painting or

spraying herbicide on spraying herbicide on stemsstems

– Glyphosate 10-20% or Glyphosate 10-20% or Triclopyr (Garlon 3A)Triclopyr (Garlon 3A)

– Kills the roots and Kills the roots and Prevents re-sproutsPrevents re-sprouts

– Fall through winter most Fall through winter most effective effective

– Avoid Triclopyr if rain is Avoid Triclopyr if rain is within 1-4 dayswithin 1-4 days

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Other IL Woodland Invasives:Other IL Woodland Invasives: KudzuKudzu Oriental (Round-leafed) BittersweetOriental (Round-leafed) Bittersweet Reed CanarygrassReed Canarygrass Japanese BarberryJapanese Barberry European PrivetEuropean Privet Climbing EuonymusClimbing Euonymus Burning BushBurning Bush

SeeSee http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs.htmlhttp://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs.html for life histories and control methods.for life histories and control methods.

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Cost – Share Programs for Invasive Cost – Share Programs for Invasive Species ControlSpecies Control

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USDA-NRCS Programs:USDA-NRCS Programs:– EQIPEQIP– WHIPWHIP

IDNR Programs: IDNR Programs: – Forestry Development ActForestry Development Act– Conservation Stewardship ProgramConservation Stewardship Program– Acres for WildlifeAcres for Wildlife– LIPLIP

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EQIP and WHIP, Fiscal year 2008EQIP and WHIP, Fiscal year 2008 (2002 Farm Bill Rules)(2002 Farm Bill Rules)

EQIP Forest Management Implementation:EQIP Forest Management Implementation:

– Forest Stand Improvement PracticeForest Stand Improvement Practice

Crop Tree Release, thinning $50.89/acreCrop Tree Release, thinning $50.89/acre

Invasive Species – herbaceous $93.75/acreInvasive Species – herbaceous $93.75/acre– Herbaceous invasive infestation >50%Herbaceous invasive infestation >50%

Invasive Species – woody $187.50/acreInvasive Species – woody $187.50/acre– Woody invasive infestation > 50%Woody invasive infestation > 50%

– Prescribed Burning Practice Prescribed Burning Practice Conducting the burn, $25.00/acreConducting the burn, $25.00/acre

WHIP General Rates same as EQIPWHIP General Rates same as EQIP

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2008 EQIP and WHIP (cont.)2008 EQIP and WHIP (cont.) WHIP Essential Habitat rates (must benefit WHIP Essential Habitat rates (must benefit

Endangered or Threatened Species)Endangered or Threatened Species)

– Forest Stand Improvement practice:Forest Stand Improvement practice:Crop tree release, thinning $67.85/acreCrop tree release, thinning $67.85/acre

Invasive species – herbaceous $125.00/acreInvasive species – herbaceous $125.00/acre– Herbaceous invasive infestation >50%Herbaceous invasive infestation >50%

Invasive species – woody $250.00/acreInvasive species – woody $250.00/acre– Woody invasive infestation > 50%Woody invasive infestation > 50%

– Prescribed Burn practicePrescribed Burn practiceConducting a prescribed burn $25/acre (same Conducting a prescribed burn $25/acre (same

as EQIP).as EQIP).

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Forest, Woodland, SavannaForest, Woodland, Savanna

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Invasive Species Control in SavannasInvasive Species Control in Savannas 643-Restoration and Management of Declining Habitats643-Restoration and Management of Declining Habitats

– Light infestation: vegetation or heavy residues Light infestation: vegetation or heavy residues which will cause some difficulty in normal which will cause some difficulty in normal planting.planting.

– Medium infestation: 60% or more of an area in Medium infestation: 60% or more of an area in herbaceous plants, or up to 40% of an area in herbaceous plants, or up to 40% of an area in light woody inv. Cover, stems 2” or less in light woody inv. Cover, stems 2” or less in diameter.diameter.

– Heavy infestation: >40% of an area occupied by Heavy infestation: >40% of an area occupied by woody inv. Veg. < 2” at ground line, but can woody inv. Veg. < 2” at ground line, but can include up to 25 stems/acre > 2” in diameter at include up to 25 stems/acre > 2” in diameter at ground line.ground line.

– Very heavy infestation: >40% of an area occupied Very heavy infestation: >40% of an area occupied by woody invasive vegetation > 2” in dia. at by woody invasive vegetation > 2” in dia. at ground line.ground line.

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Remnant Savanna Restoration ScenarioRemnant Savanna Restoration Scenario

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EcoCATs/E&T ReviewsEcoCATs/E&T Reviews Need to do these for EQIP and WHIP Need to do these for EQIP and WHIP

practices, including Forest Stand practices, including Forest Stand Improvements and Prescribed Burns.Improvements and Prescribed Burns.

Even if nothing shows up on the Even if nothing shows up on the EcoCAT, we have to complete an E&T EcoCAT, we have to complete an E&T Review for Indiana bats, because they Review for Indiana bats, because they can show up anywhere in IL woodlands.can show up anywhere in IL woodlands.

Helps us to avoid harming Indiana bats Helps us to avoid harming Indiana bats or any other species that show up on or any other species that show up on the EcoCAT report. the EcoCAT report.

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IDNR ProgramsIDNR Programs

FDA – Forestry FDA – Forestry Development ActDevelopment Act– Focus of the FDA is Focus of the FDA is

timber productiontimber production– Requires 300 stems Requires 300 stems

per acreper acre

CSP -CSP -Conservation Conservation Stewardship Stewardship ProgramProgram– For non forest landsFor non forest lands

WetlandsWetlands PrairiesPrairies savannassavannas

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““Mad” Biologist ripping out an invasive species Mad” Biologist ripping out an invasive species with her bare hands!with her bare hands!