2030AGENDAFORSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT

Women’sEconomicEmpowerment:StrengtheningPublicandPrivate

SectorImpactthroughAccountabilityandMeasurement(SDG5)

MargoThomas(Women’sEconomicImperative)

EleanorCarey(Data2X)DinahBennett(ICE)

JaclynBerfond(Women’sWorldBanking)BorisBranisa(INESAD)

YolandaGibb(Women’sEconomicImperative)ColetteHenry(DundalkInstituteofTechnology)

EunKyungKim(KoreanWomen'sDevelopmentInstitute)GalaDíazLangou(CIPPEC)

KarenMiller(Women’sWorldBanking)MariMiura(SophiaUniversity)

NicolaPatterson(NewcastleUniversity)SmitaPremchander(SamparkNGO&Trust)

LindaScott(DoubleXEconomy)

SubmittedonMarch15,2019RevisedonMarch31,2019

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AbstractWomenaroundtheworld faceawidearrayofeconomicrealities,andlive in varied social, cultural and political contexts. But they are alsobound by common experiences which shape the ways that womeninteractwiththeeconomydifferentlyfrommen.Effortstoadvancethemeasurementofwomen’s economic empowermentmusthighlight thesystemicbarriers thatwomen faceusingstandardobjective indicatorsandhighlighttheeconomicvalueofwomen’sunpaidwork.Moreover,itisequallyimportanttomeasureandaccountforsubjectivedimensionsof ‘empowerment’ using proxy indicators that can be measuredobjectively(Buvinic,2017).ThisPolicyBriefproposesmechanismsformeasuringWEEgoingbeyondthe standard measures of legal and pay equity. It makesrecommendations outlining the need to work towards commondefinitionsandtargetsforWEE,aswellaskeyactionswhichpublicandprivate sector actors can begin to implement immediately to have apositive impact on WEE and build robust monitoring and evaluationsystemstotrackobjectiveandsubjectiveaspectsofWEE.Inaddition,thisbriefoutlinesspecificareasofmeasurementofWEEforbothpublicandprivatesectors,recognizingthatcountriesshouldmeasuretheirlevelofprogressagainsttheirownstartingpointsratherthancomparingagainstothercountries. “Women’seconomicempowermentisattheheartofthe2030Agenda.Wewill not achieve the Sustainable DevelopmentGoals if there is noaccelerated action to empower women economically. We know thatwomen’sparticipationinallspheresoflife,includingintheeconomy,isessential to sustainable and durable peace and to the realization ofhuman rights.” United Nations Secretary-General, António Guterres,March2017

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Challenge

MEASURINGWOMEN’SECONOMICEMPOWERMENT

Women’seconomicempowerment(WEE)iswomen’s independent ability to participatein, contribute to and make economicdecisions which have the potential foreconomic advancement (Golla et al., 2011;OECD, 2011).With the growing recognitionthat gender equality promotes economicstability and growth, under the respective2018PresidenciesofCanadaandArgentina,membersoftheG7andG20committedtoanincreased focusongendereconomicequity.This commitment is largely driven by thegrowingbodyofevidencethatpointstoWEEboostingeconomicgrowthandproductivity,enabling greater equality of overall incomedistribution, supporting higher corporateprofits, increasing economic resilience,supportingbankstabilityandcontributingtoother development outcomes such asimproved health for women and children(IMF2018).However,asnotedbytheIMF(2018)there ismuchworktobedone since, “Despite progress, women and men do not have the sameopportunities to participate in economic activity, and when women doparticipate, they do not receive the same recognition, wages, or benefits asmen.”

Moreover,basedontheWorldEconomicForum’sestimates,atthecurrentrateofprogressitwilltake217yearstoclosetheoverallglobalgendergapinfemalelaborforceparticipationandequaleconomicopportunities.

Thisbrief recognizes that issuesofWEEarecomplex, requiringculturalandcontextualsensitivity,andrecognitionofthefactthatwomendonotconstitutea homogenous group and, as a consequence, ‘one size’ economic policies,

WEEandtheSDGsWEEisaprerequisiteforsustainabledevelopmentthatcutsacrossall17SustainableDevelopmentGoals,inparticular:• Goal1:Endpovertyinallitsforms,everywhere

• Goal2:Endhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutrition,andpromotesustainableagriculture

• Goal3:Ensurehealthylivesandpromotewell-beingforallages

• Goal4:Ensureinclusiveandequitablequalityeducationandpromotelifelonglearningopportunitiesforall

• Goal5:Achievegenderequalityandempowerallwomenandgirls

• Goal8:Promotesustained,inclusiveandsustainableeconomicgrowth,fullandproductiveemploymentanddecentworkforall

• Goal10:Reduceincomeinequalitywithinandamongcountries

Source:UNWomen

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initiativesandmeasuresdonot‘fitall.’Moreover,althoughempowermentitselfistransversalacrosseconomic,political,socialandpsychologicaldomains(FoxandRomero,2016)andisoftenperceivedattheleveloftheindividual,itcanand should bemeasured at the household and community levels aswell tocapture the ripple effects of WEE (Buvinic, 2017; Scott, 2016). Hence thechallengeindefiningandmeasuringtheempowermentofwomenaseconomicactors is to establish a common framework thatworks at different levels ofanalyses,givenvariationsincontext.

Challenge1:AccountabilityandimpactonWEEwilllookdifferentindifferentcontexts

ToadvanceWEE,multiplestakeholdersmustassumeandbeheldaccountableforimpactthroughmeasurementandcorrespondinggovernancemechanisms.AccountabilityandimpactonWEEwilllookdifferentforthepublicandprivatesectors, for economies with large informal sectors versus those that arepredominantlyformalized,thosethatrelyonagricultureversusthosethataredrivenbytheservicesorindustry.Variedcultural,socialandpoliticalcontextsalsomake settinggoals that enable cross-country comparability a challenge.This brief takes the approach of outlining broad policy areas for majorstakeholders(publicandprivatesectors)thatshouldbeconsideredtoensurethatWEEisachievedandhasthedesiredimpactonlabour(wageandsalariedemployment),farmingandentrepreneurship,distributionofunpaidwork,anddigitalandfinancialequity.

Challenge 2: Paucity and quality of data compromise measurability andaccountability

Interventions to improveWEEmay be directed at one or a number of thefollowing:directoutcomessuchasknowledge,skillsoracquiringproductiveassets; intermediate outcomes such as changes inwomen’s decision-makingroles in theirbusinesses/ farms;or finaloutcomessuchasbusiness income,employment, asset ownership, gender norms, and women’s self-confidence(Buvinic and Furst-Nichols, 2015). Some indicators have more establishedmethodologiesthanothershowever.

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Much of the focus in measurement of WEE to date has been on economicoutcomesratherthantheprocessthroughwhichwomenbecomeeconomicallyempowered (Buvinic, 2017). In addition, even formeasures that have beenwidelyagreed,datacollectiontosupportthesemeasuresislowandtherearesignificant gaps on issues such as occupational safety and health (OSH)conditions. As a result, related policy and decision making has beencorrespondinglyweak.Moreover,astheworldofworkevolves,coverageandmeasurement issues that already existedmaybecomeexacerbated andnewgapsindataonwomen’seconomiclivesmayemerge.Specificdatachallengesinclude:

• Data on individuals in informal jobs (both as employees and in self-employment), which in some developing countries accounts for themajorityofemployment,isparticularlydifficulttocapture.Aswomenaremore likely thanmen to be in themost vulnerable informal jobs (ILO2018b),dataonthisgroupiscrucialtoensurethatcountriescanmovetowardsformalizationinagender-sensitiveway.

• Dataonwork,payandworkingconditionsatanindividuallevel,i.e.payorprofit,isalsolowindevelopingcountrycontexts.

• The conceptualization of the household has to be de-constructed tobetter estimate women’s contribution to the economy since currentconceptsofthehouseholdmakeswomeninvisible.

• WEEisshapedbybothpaidandunpaidwork,themajorityofwhichisdonebywomen.However,coverageofdataonunpaidworkiscurrentlylowandfailuretodealwiththisissuehampersourunderstandingofWEE(Scott2016)atthenationalandsub-nationallevels.

• Measurement of access to and ownership of assets, including physicalassets like land,aswellasnotionalassets suchas financialanddigitalassets, formenandwomenseparately isalsoachallengethatmustbemet.

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Challenge3

GovernanceMechanismsandMeasurementofProgress:

a. PublicSector

Mechanismsandmeasurementsofprogressneedtotakeaccountofthepublicsector’sroleinWEEonthreelevels:publicsectorasemployer;publicsectorasshaperandimplementerofpolicythatcanenhanceorslowWEE;andpublicsectorascompilerofofficialstatisticsonWEEandasuserofthesestatisticstodefine andmonitor progress in public policies regardingWEE. As noted byThomasetal.(2018):

“Thecollectionanddisseminationofrobustandconsistentsex-disaggregatedeconomicandsocialdatatoinformandsupportevidence-basedpolicymakingposesasignificantchallenge.Therefore,theintegrationandimplementationofagenderfocusondatacollection,disaggregation,analysisandpublicationalldemographic, social and economic statistics are critical for designing,implementingandmonitoringgender-informedpolicies”.

b. PrivateSector

Accountabilitymechanismsarechallengingintheprivatesectorastheymustdealwiththeprivatesector’sroleasemployers,i.e.directlyinfluencingWEE,butalsointermsofthegoodsandservicestheyproduceandhowthesedirectlyor indirectly impactWEE, and the data they generate that can be useful tomeasureandmonitorWEE.AccesstoandsharingofmeaningfuldataonWEEisakeychallengeforprivatesectororganizationswhichtheproposalsbelowaredesignedtoaddress.

Proposal

Proposal1

Agreeadefinitionandframeworkofwomen’seconomicempowerment(WEE)to facilitate the setting of clear goals and targets for labor, farming and

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entrepreneurship,digitalandfinancialequity

A number of frameworks for and definitions of WEE have been devised,includingtheframeworkshowninFigure1below.Thereisgeneralagreementthat key areas of focus for the measurement of WEE include (a) women’seconomicoutcomes,e.g. labourmarketoutcomes;and(b)subjectiveaspectssuch as increases in women’s agency. However, a universally adopteddefinition/frameworkhasnotbeenarrivedat.Thefirstproposaltherefore,isfor countries to work together to establish a common definition andmeasurementframeworkonWEEprocessandoutcomesthatwillapplyacrosscultures(Scott2016).Thiswouldenableagreementongoalsandtargets.

Source:Women’sWorldBanking,2018.

Proposal2

Strengthen the public sector’s direct (policy-making and budgeting) andindirect(datacompilation)roleinbringingaboutWEE

Accountability mechanisms to hold public sector actors accountable as

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employers,policymakers,andstatisticscompilers,willnecessarilyinvolvecivilsociety actors, self-reporting between government arms, and the electorateprioritizingandfollowingactivitiesonWEE.

With regard to the public sector’spolicymaking and implementing role,werecommendthefollowing(Thomas,etal,2018):

• Designandimplementpolicyprocessestosystematicallyincludeagenderfocusonthedeterminantsofgenderinequitiesbyrequiring,implementing,andresourcingimpactassessmentstoassureinclusivity,transparency,consistencyandaccountability.

• Implementgenderbudgetingatnationalandsub-nationallevels,placingimplementationandaccountabilityatthepoliticalcenteroffiscaldecision-makingontheministriesoffinance.

Recognizing that data constitute essential inputs for quality policy design,benchmarkingandmeasuringprogressonimplementation,andaccountability(Thomas, et al, 2018), we recommend that governments take the followingstepstoimproveWEEdataavailabilityandquality:

• Provide resources tonational statistical systems to close genderdatagaps.

• Give priority to the following categories of statistical datacollection: labor, digital and financial inclusion;measurement ofunpaid work; participation in the agricultural and agri-businesssectors;and,accesstocaresupportandsocialprotection.

• Develop robust reporting and communication mechanisms to

Box1.CommentaryontheImportanceof

SexDisaggregatedData“Whenwedon’tcountwomenorgirls,theyliterallybecomeinvisible,”saysSarahHendriks,directorofgenderequalityattheBill&MelindaGatesFoundation.“Thedearthofdatamakesitdifficulttosetpoliciesandgaugeprogress,preventinggovernmentsandorganizationsfromtakingmeasurablestepstoempowerwomenandimprovelives.”MayraBuvinic,Data2X/U.N.FoundationSeniorFellow

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share this information with stakeholders for analysis, policydesign, impact assessments, monitoring and evaluation, andadvocacy.

Supportinggender-based research initiatives suchas theworkof theGlobalWomen’s Entrepreneurship Policy research group, which examines existingpoliciesona comparativebasis across countriesusinga gender lens, is alsorecommended(Henryetal.,2017).

Recommendationsunderproposal3belowalsopertaintothepublicsector’sroleincollectingdatafromtheprivatesectorandasemployersintheirownright.

Proposal3

Buildrobustpublic-privatedatasharingmechanismstoenablemonitoringandevaluationofkeyareasofWEEinemploymentandenterpriseandfarming.

Employment (wage and salaried). Standardized measures of rank and payshouldbemandatedforreportingonanannualbasis.

• Pay,inparticular,shouldbereportedaccordingtoasetformula,suchaswas done by the U.K. government in spring of 2018, in order thatdifferencescannotbehiddenandsourcesofpayinequityaremadeclear.

• Anationalsurvey,similartotheoneconductedbytheWorldEconomicForum’s2010CorporateGenderGapReport, shouldbeundertaken tomonitor availability of supportive programs, such as mentoring ormaternityleave,aswellasperceptionsofbarriersandwomen’scareerprogresswithinfirms.

• Public disclosure of board and senior management composition bygendershouldbemandated.

• Governmentsshouldcollectdatafromsmallandmediumfirms,notjustfromlargecorporations,asthemajorityofeverypopulationisemployedbyfirmswithfewerthan250employees.

• Thesedatawillonlycaptureindividualsemployedintheformalsector

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however. Individuals in the informal sector or working informally informalsectorjobsandthe‘gigeconomy’shouldbeenumeratedthroughimprovedlabourforcesurveys,inlinewithnewguidancefromtheILO(ILO2018a).

EnterpriseandFarming.

• Existingdatacollectiononenterpriseshouldincludeagendermarkertoidentify female owned or operated businesses, with a standardizeddefinitionsothatcross-nationalcomparisonscanbemade.

• Similarly, female-owned or operated farms should be identified andmeasured.Equallyimportantistobettermeasurewomen’sparticipationin farming, both subsistence production and cash cropping (UNFAO2017;ILO2018a).

• Existing laws barring collection of gender data by banks and otherfinancialsectorprovidersshouldbeliftedwheretheyareinoperation,and

• Sex-disaggregatedfinancialdataonaccountownershipandusage,creditlevelsandinterest,savings,insurance,pensionsetc.shouldbereportedregularlyinananonymizedformattofinancialregulatorsin-countryandtotheIMFFinancialAccessSurvey.

• Sex-disaggregated digital data on ownership and use of digitalcommunication technologies and on mobile banking should beencouraged and made available on an anonymized basis to monitordigitalandfinancialinclusion.

Mechanisms of accountability in the private sector require strengthening.Often, unless a regulation gives government bodies the ability to mandateinformation, voluntary or self-reporting mechanisms are used. However,voluntaryand self-reporting schemesarenot sufficient. In somecases theseschemesareusedtowardoffmandatoryreportingandlimitoversight.Public-privatesectorcollaborationsshouldbepursuedtoincreaseaccesstoandmineprivatesectordataforpublicgoodWEEpurposes.

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CONCLUSION

Women’seconomicempowerment(WEE)isacomplexissue.Itisinfluencedbymyriad social, cultural and political factors, and will always be a context-dependent phenomenon. This Policy Brief has outlined the key challengesassociated with the measurement of WEE and has offered a number ofproposals for its enhancement. However, the success of these proposals iscontingentonthefollowing:

1. Acknowledgment and understanding of both the systemicbarriersandcontextualdifferencesinvolvedinWEE;

2. Concertedeffortstoaddressthedatagaps;

3. Application of a gender lens to all areas of economicempowerment, including policies and support initiativesdesignedtopromotesame;and

4. Commitment from all stakeholders to play their part inenhancingWEEglobally.

Finally,meetingthemeasurementchallengetoassessnotonlytheoutcomesbuttheprocessofWEEasameanstoWEEoutcomesandavaluedendinitself,shouldalsobeprioritized.

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References

• Buvinic,M.2017.MeasuringWomen’sEconomicEmpowerment:Overview.Availableat:http://www.womeneconroadmap.org/sites/default/files/Measures_Overview.pdf.

• Buvinic,M.andFurst-Nichols,R.2015.Measuringwomen’seconomicempowerment:companiontoaroadmapforpromotingwomen’seconomicempowerment.Availableat:http://www.womeneconroadmap.org/sites/default/files/Measuring%20Womens%20Econ%20Emp_FINAL_06_09_15.pdf

• Fox,L.,andRomero,C.2016.Inthemind,thehousehold,orthemarket?Conceptsandmeasurementsofwomen’seconomicempowerment.Availableat:http://www.womeneconroadmap.org/sites/default/files/Louise%20Fox%20-%20Measuring%20subjective%20empowerment%20v3-2.pdf

• Golla,A.etal,2011.UnderstandingandMeasuringWomen’sEconomicEmpowerment:Definition,FrameworkandIndicators.Washington,DC:ICRW.Availableat:https://www.icrw.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Understanding-measuring-womens-economic-empowerment.pdf

• Henry,C.,Orser,B.,Coleman,S.,Foss,L.&theGlobalWEPResearchTeam.2017.Women’sEntrepreneurshipPolicy:A13nationcrosscountrycomparison.InternationalJournalofGender&Entrepreneurship,9(3):206-228.

• ILO2018a,MainfindingsfromtheILOLFSPilotStudies,Availableathttps://www.ilo.org/stat/Areasofwork/Standards/lfs/WCMS_627815/lang--en/index.htm

• ILO,2018b,WomenandMenintheInformalEconomy:Astatisticalpicture.Availableat:https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_626831.pdf

• IMF,2018.PursuingWomen’sEconomicEmpowerment.Washington,DC:IMF.Alsoavailableat:https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Policy-Papers/Issues/2018/05/31/pp053118pursuing-womens-economic-

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empowerment• IMF.FinancialAccessSurvey.Availableathttp://data.imf.org/?sk=E5DCAB7E-A5CA-4892-A6EA-598B5463A34C.

• Kochhar,K.,S.Jain-Chandra,M.Newiak,2017.Women,Work,andEconomicGrowth:LevelingthePlayingField.Washington,DC:IMF.

• OECD,2011.Women’sEconomicEmpowermentIssuesPaper.Paris:OECD.Alsoavailableat:https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Policy-Papers/Issues/2018/05/31/pp053118pursuing-womens-economic-empowerment

• Scott,L.2016.Advisorynoteonmeasures:women’seconomicempowerment.Availableathttps://www.doublexeconomy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/advisory-note-on-measures-final2016.pdf.

• Thomas,M.Novión,C.C.etal.2018“Gendermainstreaming:astrategicapproach”,(T20PolicyBrief),GlobalSolutionsJournal,1[2],155-173.

• UNFAO,2017.Guidelinesforcollectingdataforsex-disaggregatedandgender-specificindicatorsinnationalagriculturalsurveys.Availableat:http://gsars.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/GENDER-FINAL_Guideline_May2017-Completo-10-1.pdf

• WorldEconomicForum,2010.TheGlobalGenderGapReport.Availableat:http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GenderGap_Report_2010.pdf

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Appendix

TheSustainableDevelopmentAgendaandGenderEquality

Thepost-2015developmentagenda,ledbyUNMemberStateswithbroadparticipationfromarangeofstakeholders,has targetsagreedunderGoal5ongenderequalityandwomen’sempowerment.Goal 5 also has links to Goal 8 on sustained, inclusive economic growth, full and productiveemployment and decent work for all and Goal 10 on reducing inequalities between and withincountries.

SDG 5 aims to achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls by 2030. It has nineassociatedtargets,allwithlinkstoeconomicempowerment.

● Endallformsofdiscriminationagainstallwomenandgirlseverywhere

● Eliminateallformsofviolenceagainstallwomenandgirlsinthepublicandprivatespheres,includingtraffickingandsexualandothertypesofexploitation.

● Eliminateallharmfulpractices,suchaschild,earlyandforcedmarriageandfemalegenitalmutilation.

● Recognizeandvalueunpaidcareanddomesticworkthroughtheprovisionofpublicservices,infrastructure and social protection policies and the promotion of shared responsibilitywithinthehouseholdandthefamilyasnationallyappropriate.

● Ensurewomen’sfullandeffectiveparticipationandequalopportunitiesforleadershipatalllevelsofdecisionmakinginpolitical,economicandpubliclife.

● Ensureuniversalaccesstosexualandreproductivehealthandreproductiverights.

● Undertakereformstogivewomenequalrightstoeconomicresources,aswellasaccesstoownershipandcontroloverlandandotherformsofproperty,financialservices,inheritanceandnaturalresources,inaccordancewithnationallaws.

● Enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communicationstechnology,topromotetheempowermentofwomen.

● Adoptandstrengthensoundpoliciesandenforceablelegislationforthepromotionofgender

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equalityandtheempowermentofallwomenandgirlsatalllevels.

● AddressinggenderdisparitiesisrecognizedinSDG8fordecentworkandeconomicgrowththrough“fullandproductiveemploymentanddecentworkforallwomenandmen,includingforyoungpeopleandpersonswithdisabilities,andequalpayforworkofequalvalue”(Target8.5)andto“protectlabourrightsandpromotesafeandsecureworkingenvironmentsforallworkers,includingmigrantworkers,inparticularwomenmigrants,andthoseinprecariousemployment” (Target 8.8). SDG targets 1.3 and 10.4 underline the importance of socialprotection,withfiscalandwagepolicies,inaddressinginequalities.

● Addressing gender disparities is also recognized in SDG 10 for reduced inequalities, byensuring “equal opportunity and by reducing inequalities of outcome, including byeliminating discriminatory laws, policies and practices and promoting appropriatelegislation,policiesandactioninthisregard”(Target10.3)—andintherevitalizationoftheGlobalPartnershipforSustainableDevelopmentinGoal17.

Source:Box1.1.LeaveNoOneBehind:ACalltoActionforGenderEqualityandWomen’sEconomicEmpowerment. UN Secretary-General High Level Panel on Women’s Economic EmpowermentReport,2016.

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SDGGoal5TargetsandIndicators

Targets Indicators

5.1End all forms of discrimination against allwomenandgirlseverywhere

5.1.1Whetherornotlegalframeworksareinplacetopromote,enforceandmonitorequalityandnon-discriminationonthebasisofsex

5.2Eliminateallformsofviolenceagainstallwomenand girls in the public and private spheres,includingtraffickingandsexualandothertypesofexploitation

5.2.1Proportion of ever-partnered women and girlsaged 15 years and older subjected to physical,sexualorpsychologicalviolencebyacurrentorformer intimate partner in the previous 12months,byformofviolenceandbyage5.2.2Proportionofwomenandgirlsaged15yearsandolder subjected to sexual violence by personsotherthananintimatepartnerintheprevious12months,byageandplaceofoccurrence

5.3Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child,early and forced marriage and female genitalmutilation

5.3.1Proportionofwomenaged20-24yearswhoweremarriedor inaunionbeforeage15andbeforeage185.3.2Proportionofgirlsandwomenaged15-49yearswho have undergone female genitalmutilation/cutting,byage

5.4Recognize and value unpaid care and domesticwork through the provision of public services,infrastructureandsocialprotectionpoliciesandthe promotion of shared responsibility withinthe household and the family as nationallyappropriate

5.4.1Proportionoftimespentonunpaiddomesticandcarework,bysex,ageandlocation

5.5Ensurewomen’s full andeffectiveparticipationand equal opportunities for leadership at alllevels of decision-making in political, economicandpubliclife

5.5.1Proportion of seats held bywomen in nationalparliamentsandlocalgovernments5.5.2Proportionofwomeninmanagerialpositions

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5.6Ensure universal access to sexual andreproductive health and reproductive rights asagreed in accordance with the Programme ofAction of the International Conference onPopulation and Development and the BeijingPlatformforActionandtheoutcomedocumentsoftheirreviewconferences

5.6.1Proportion of women aged 15-49 years whomake their own informed decisions regardingsexual relations, contraceptive use andreproductivehealthcare5.6.2Number of countrieswith laws and regulationsthat guaranteewomenaged15-49yearsaccessto sexual and reproductive health care,informationandeducation

5.aUndertakereformstogivewomenequalrightstoeconomic resources, as well as access toownershipandcontroloverlandandotherformsof property, financial services, inheritance andnatural resources, in accordance with nationallaws

5.a.1(a) Proportion of total agricultural populationwithownershiporsecurerightsoveragriculturalland, by sex; and (b) share of women amongownersorrights-bearersofagriculturalland,bytypeoftenure5.a.2Proportion of countries where the legalframework (including customary law)guarantees women’s equal rights to landownershipand/orcontrol

5.bEnhance the use of enabling technology, inparticular information and communicationstechnology, to promote the empowerment ofwomen

5.b.1Proportion of individuals who own a mobiletelephone,bysex

5.cAdopt and strengthen sound policies andenforceable legislation for the promotion ofgender equality and the empowerment of allwomenandgirlsatalllevels

5.c.1Proportionofcountrieswithsystemstotrackandmakepublicallocations forgenderequalityandwomen’sempowerment

Source:https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg5