Zakya H. KafafiZakya H. KafafiDirector, Division of Materials Research (DMR)Director, Division of Materials Research (DMR)

National Science FoundationNational Science Foundationzkafafi@nsf.govzkafafi@nsf.gov

2010 WISE Career Development Conference, A&M University, College Station, TX2010 WISE Career Development Conference, A&M University, College Station, TX

Women in Science and Women in Science and Engineering Research & Engineering Research &

Education: Looking Back, Racing Education: Looking Back, Racing ForwardForward

Women in Science and Engineering Women in Science and Engineering Research & Education: Looking Back, Research & Education: Looking Back,

Racing ForwardRacing Forward

Maria Klawe Harvey Mudd College

2006

Shirley Ann JacksonRensselaer Polytechnic Institute

1999

Drew Gilpin Faust Harvard University

2007

Outline of My TalkOutline of My TalkStatus of Women in Science & Engineering• Past: Looking Back at the last decade• Present• Future: Racing Forward to the next decade

The MIT Report (1999): A Case Study• The Status of Women Faculty in Science at MITThe Status of Women Faculty in Science at MIT• Its major findingsIts major findings• Its impactIts impact

Their Career Paths• Are they similar or different than the career paths of men Are they similar or different than the career paths of men presidents? What are the characteristics of these leaders?presidents? What are the characteristics of these leaders?• What are the efforts at NSF and DMR in this regard?What are the efforts at NSF and DMR in this regard?

The First Woman President of an Ivy League University

Judith Rodin was the first permanent woman and 7th president of the University of Pennsylvania at the age of 49

She is widely recognized for her ground-breaking research She is widely recognized for her ground-breaking research in obesity, eating disorders, aging, and women’s healthin obesity, eating disorders, aging, and women’s health

1972-1994: a Yale faculty member who helped pioneer the 1972-1994: a Yale faculty member who helped pioneer the fields of behavioral medicine and health psychologyfields of behavioral medicine and health psychology

She also served as the Department of Psychology Chair, She also served as the Department of Psychology Chair, Dean of the Graduate School of Arts & Sciences, and Dean of the Graduate School of Arts & Sciences, and Provost of Yale University Provost of Yale University

2005-present: S2005-present: She is president of the Rockefeller Foundation, one of the world’s oldest, most influential, and innovative foundations*

3

1994 – 20041994 – 2004EDUCATION:BA Psychology, Univ of PennsylvaniaPh.D. Psychology, Columbia Univ

* Many of the 20th century’s big breakthroughs—Social Security, the Green Revolution, the discovery of DNA, and family planning—can be traced to early funding from the Rockefeller Foundation

The % women faculty in the The % women faculty in the School of Science has not School of Science has not increased for at least a increased for at least a decade!!decade!!

As of 1994, there were 22 As of 1994, there were 22 women and 252 male facultywomen and 252 male faculty

% Women Faculty in the School of Science at MIT % Women Faculty in the School of Science at MIT

4

A Study on the Status of Women Faculty in Science at MITA Study on the Status of Women Faculty in Science at MITCommittee Chaired by Nancy HopkinsCommittee Chaired by Nancy Hopkins

Status and equitable treatment of women Status and equitable treatment of women faculty in the School of Sciencefaculty in the School of Science

MAIN ISSUE:MAIN ISSUE:

Statistics on Female Undergraduates at MIT

5

The Percent of Female Undergraduates at MIT stayed below 5% over the first 60 years of the last century and increased by almost an order of magnitude from 1966-2006

EXCLUSION AND MARGINALIZATIONEXCLUSION AND MARGINALIZATION

Committee collected data and conducted interviews Committee collected data and conducted interviews with women faculty and Department Headswith women faculty and Department Heads

Difference in salaryDifference in salary Exclusion of women faculty in positions of power Exclusion of women faculty in positions of power

and administrative responsibility within departments and administrative responsibility within departments or within the broader MIT communityor within the broader MIT community

Apparent discriminationApparent discrimination Unequal access to space and resourcesUnequal access to space and resources Non-democratic practices and administrative Non-democratic practices and administrative

procedures, known only to a few, lead to unequal procedures, known only to a few, lead to unequal access to the substantial resources of MITaccess to the substantial resources of MIT

6Difference in treatment among tenured faculty!!Difference in treatment among tenured faculty!!

7

MIT REPORT (1999)MIT REPORT (1999) Make the Committee on Women Faculty a standing committee Establish an open communication between Department Heads

and women faculty Collect equity data Raise community consciousness Seek out women for influential positions Advise Department Heads to place senior women faculty on

search committees Review the compensation system Replace administrators who continue discriminatory practices Watch for, and intervene to prevent, the isolation and gradual

marginalization Promote integration of junior women faculty Address the childbearing issue for junior women faculty

Ruth Jean SimmonsRuth Jean SimmonsBrown UniversityBrown University

20012001

Drew Gilpin Faust Harvard University

2007

Shirley Marie TilghmanShirley Marie TilghmanPrinceton UniversityPrinceton University

20012001

Amy GutmannAmy GutmannUniversity of PennsylvaniaUniversity of Pennsylvania

20042004

• At present, 50% of the presidents of Ivy League universities are WOMEN• The presidents of Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, and Yale are Men

8

Mary Sue ColemanMary Sue ColemanUniv of MichiganUniv of Michigan

20022002

Drew Gilpin Faust Harvard Univ

2007

Shirley Marie TilghmanShirley Marie TilghmanPrinceton UnivPrinceton Univ

20012001

Amy GutmannAmy GutmannUniv of PennsylvaniaUniv of Pennsylvania

20042004

• At present, >50% of the “MIT-9” presidents are WOMEN• The presidents of Cal Tech, UC Berkeley, Stanford, and Yale are Men

Susan HockfieldSusan Hockfield MITMIT20042004

Percent of Women PresidentsPercent of Women Presidents

Type of InstitutionType of Institution 19861986 20062006

Doctorate-granting institutionsDoctorate-granting institutions 4% 4% 14%14%Master's institutionsMaster's institutions 10%10% 22%22%Baccalaureate institutionsBaccalaureate institutions 16%16% 23%23%Associate's institutionsAssociate's institutions 8% 8% 29%29%Special Focus institutionsSpecial Focus institutions 7% 7% 17%17%

  

American Council of Education, 2007, American Council of Education, 2007, American College President Study, American College President Study, Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C. Note: institutional types based on the Carnegie Classification 2005Note: institutional types based on the Carnegie Classification 2005 10

UNIVERSITY PRESIDENTSUNIVERSITY PRESIDENTS

According to the data collected by the American Council According to the data collected by the American Council on Education, the typical president in 2006 was: on Education, the typical president in 2006 was: • a white male a white male • age 60age 60• marriedmarried• with a doctorate degree with a doctorate degree • had been in office 8.5 years had been in office 8.5 years • served previously as a chief academic officer or provostserved previously as a chief academic officer or provost

Do women presidents fall under the same Do women presidents fall under the same characteristics of a typical men president?characteristics of a typical men president?

11

WOMEN UNIVERSITY PRESIDENTSWOMEN UNIVERSITY PRESIDENTS

Did they follow similar career paths to Did they follow similar career paths to those of men university presidents?those of men university presidents?

Let’s take a look at the careers of some Let’s take a look at the careers of some women university presidentswomen university presidents

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MARIA KLAWEMARIA KLAWE The first Woman President of Harvey Mudd The first Woman President of Harvey Mudd

College, at the age of 51 College, at the age of 51 A renowned computer scientistA renowned computer scientist Husband: Nick Pippenger Husband: Nick Pippenger

– – Theoretical Computer ScientistTheoretical Computer Scientist They have two children, Janek and SashaThey have two children, Janek and Sasha

EDUCATION:EDUCATION:B. Sc. Mathematics, University of AlbertaB. Sc. Mathematics, University of AlbertaPh.D. Mathematics, University of AlbertaPh.D. Mathematics, University of Alberta

PRIOR POSITIONS:PRIOR POSITIONS:• Dean of Engineering and professor of Computer Science at Princeton UniversityDean of Engineering and professor of Computer Science at Princeton University• Dean of Science, Vice-President of Student and Academic Services, and Head ofDean of Science, Vice-President of Student and Academic Services, and Head of Computer Science at the University of British ColumbiaComputer Science at the University of British Columbia

July 2006 – PresentJuly 2006 – Present

13

Klawe has been active in many organizations promoting women and Klawe has been active in many organizations promoting women and leadership in science and technologyleadership in science and technology

Chair of the board for the Anita Borg Institute for Women and Chair of the board for the Anita Borg Institute for Women and Technology, Palo Alto, CaliforniaTechnology, Palo Alto, California

Became the 10th member of the Microsoft Board in 2009Became the 10th member of the Microsoft Board in 2009 Elected to the American Academy of Arts and SciencesElected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Trustee for the Institute for Pure and Applied Mathematics at UCLA, Trustee for the Institute for Pure and Applied Mathematics at UCLA,

the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute in Berkeley, and the the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute in Berkeley, and the American Mathematical SocietyAmerican Mathematical Society

Honorary doctorates from Dalhousie University (2005), Queen's Honorary doctorates from Dalhousie University (2005), Queen's University (2004), the University of Waterloo (2003), and Ryerson University (2004), the University of Waterloo (2003), and Ryerson University (2001)University (2001)

MARIA KLAWEMARIA KLAWE

14

MARIA’S ARTMARIA’S ART

"I've been painting and drawing for as long as I can remember. I found it hard to"I've been painting and drawing for as long as I can remember. I found it hard to choose between a career in art and a career in math/science. I eventually optedchoose between a career in art and a career in math/science. I eventually opted for math/science, because I thought it would be easier to do art on the side thanfor math/science, because I thought it would be easier to do art on the side than math/science on the side."   math/science on the side."   

15

MARIA’S ARTMARIA’S ART

"I took a number of fine arts courses while in university but was quite discouraged by"I took a number of fine arts courses while in university but was quite discouraged bythe attitude of the faculty toward students majoring in science (they felt science studentsthe attitude of the faculty toward students majoring in science (they felt science studentsshouldn’t be allowed in courses for those majoring in fine arts). As I became a professionalshouldn’t be allowed in courses for those majoring in fine arts). As I became a professionalmathematician and then a computer scientist, it became clear that also being an artist would mathematician and then a computer scientist, it became clear that also being an artist would diminish my credibility (already in question because of being female), so I kept my paintingdiminish my credibility (already in question because of being female), so I kept my paintingsecret. When I turned 40, I decided to come out of the closet and I hung several of my paintingssecret. When I turned 40, I decided to come out of the closet and I hung several of my paintingsin my office as well as in my home."in my office as well as in my home." 16

"Today, I show paintings whenever I try to recruit students to engineering. I want them to know"Today, I show paintings whenever I try to recruit students to engineering. I want them to know that many leading engineers and scientists are artists, musicians, dancers, or writers.that many leading engineers and scientists are artists, musicians, dancers, or writers. Engineering and science are creative disciplines. It shouldn’t be surprising that the creativeEngineering and science are creative disciplines. It shouldn’t be surprising that the creative energy, passion, and talent cross into other areas. I can’t imagine living without painting. It’s aenergy, passion, and talent cross into other areas. I can’t imagine living without painting. It’s a form of expression of ideas and emotion that I cannot express through any other medium.”form of expression of ideas and emotion that I cannot express through any other medium.”

MARIA’S ARTMARIA’S ART

17

SHIRLEY ANN JACKSONSHIRLEY ANN JACKSON First Woman President of First Woman President of

Rensellaer Polytechnic Institute, at Rensellaer Polytechnic Institute, at the age of 52 (July 1999 – Present)the age of 52 (July 1999 – Present)

Husband: Dr. Morris A. Husband: Dr. Morris A. Washington – Physics Professor at Washington – Physics Professor at RPIRPI

They have one son, AlanThey have one son, Alan

18

SHIRLEY ANN JACKSONSHIRLEY ANN JACKSON In July 1999, Shirley Ann Jackson, became the eighteenth president of In July 1999, Shirley Ann Jackson, became the eighteenth president of

Rensellaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), the oldest technological universityRensellaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), the oldest technological university in the United Statesin the United States A renowned theoretical physicist, who studies the subatomic world, A renowned theoretical physicist, who studies the subatomic world,

Shirley Ann Jackson became the first woman president of RPIShirley Ann Jackson became the first woman president of RPI

EDUCATION:EDUCATION: B. Sc. Physics, MITB. Sc. Physics, MIT Ph.D. Physics, MITPh.D. Physics, MIT

PRIOR POSITIONS:PRIOR POSITIONS: Chairman of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory CommissionChairman of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Theoretical physicist at AT&T Bell LaboratoriesTheoretical physicist at AT&T Bell Laboratories Professor of theoretical physics at Rutgers UniversityProfessor of theoretical physics at Rutgers University

19

July 1999 – PresentJuly 1999 – Present

““AIM FOR THE STARS”AIM FOR THE STARS” Shirley’s passion for science blossomed Shirley’s passion for science blossomed

during her childhood, with bumblebee during her childhood, with bumblebee experiments and go-cart racesexperiments and go-cart races

Her talent for math and her drive to Her talent for math and her drive to succeed have taken her career in amazing succeed have taken her career in amazing directionsdirections

Growing up in Washington D.C. in Growing up in Washington D.C. in 1960s, little Shirley absorbed her father’s 1960s, little Shirley absorbed her father’s principle: “Aim for the stars”principle: “Aim for the stars”

By the age of eight, Shirley Ann Jackson By the age of eight, Shirley Ann Jackson was developing her passions for science, was developing her passions for science, knowledge, and accomplishmentsknowledge, and accomplishments

She graduated as valedictorian from the She graduated as valedictorian from the segregated Roosevelt High School in segregated Roosevelt High School in D.C. in the 1960s D.C. in the 1960s

She then joined the first wave of African She then joined the first wave of African American students to be accepted at MITAmerican students to be accepted at MIT

20

SHIRLEY ANN JACKSONSHIRLEY ANN JACKSON One of only two African-American women in her One of only two African-American women in her

undergraduate classundergraduate class First to earn a doctorate degree from MITFirst to earn a doctorate degree from MIT One of the first two African-American women in the United One of the first two African-American women in the United

States to earn a doctorate in physicsStates to earn a doctorate in physics Shirley Ann Jackson was both the first woman and the first Shirley Ann Jackson was both the first woman and the first

African-American to serve as the Chairman of the U.S. African-American to serve as the Chairman of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory CommissionNuclear Regulatory Commission

She is the first African-American woman to lead a top-50 She is the first African-American woman to lead a top-50 national research universitynational research university

In April 2009, Barack Obama appointed Dr. Jackson to serve In April 2009, Barack Obama appointed Dr. Jackson to serve on the President’s Council of Advisors of Science and on the President’s Council of Advisors of Science and TechnologyTechnology

21

DREW GILPIN FAUSTDREW GILPIN FAUST

22

July 2007 – PresentJuly 2007 – Present

First Woman President of Harvard First Woman President of Harvard University, at the age of 59 University, at the age of 59

Husband: Charles E. Rosenberg Husband: Charles E. Rosenberg – – Historian of Medicine and Science at Historian of Medicine and Science at Harvard UniversityHarvard University

They have two daughters, Jessica and They have two daughters, Jessica and LeahLeah

DREW GILPIN FAUSTDREW GILPIN FAUST Became the twenty-eighth president of Harvard in July 2007 Became the twenty-eighth president of Harvard in July 2007 A renowned historian and scholar of the Civil War and American South, Gilpin A renowned historian and scholar of the Civil War and American South, Gilpin

is the first woman president to lead Harvard, the oldest university in the United is the first woman president to lead Harvard, the oldest university in the United States, founded in 1636 States, founded in 1636

She is the first president since 1672 without any degree from HarvardShe is the first president since 1672 without any degree from Harvard She is Lincoln Professor of History in Harvard’s Faculty of Arts and Sciences She is Lincoln Professor of History in Harvard’s Faculty of Arts and Sciences

EDUCATION:EDUCATION: BA in History, Bryn Mawr UniversityBA in History, Bryn Mawr University MA in American Civilization, University of PennsylvaniaMA in American Civilization, University of Pennsylvania Ph.D. in American Civilization, University of PennsylvaniaPh.D. in American Civilization, University of Pennsylvania

PRIOR POSITIONS:PRIOR POSITIONS: Founding Dean of the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced StudyFounding Dean of the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study Annenberg Professor of History and Director of the Women’s Studies Program, Annenberg Professor of History and Director of the Women’s Studies Program,

University of Pennsylvania, where she served for 25 years on the facultyUniversity of Pennsylvania, where she served for 25 years on the faculty

23

REBELLIOUS DAUGHTERREBELLIOUS DAUGHTER

24

What were the odds that the president of Harvard would be a woman? What were the odds that the president of Harvard would be a woman? Raised in the Shenandoah Valley, VA.Raised in the Shenandoah Valley, VA. Drew was told repeatedly by her mother: “It’s a man’s world, sweetie, and the Drew was told repeatedly by her mother: “It’s a man’s world, sweetie, and the sooner you learn that, the better off you’ll be.”sooner you learn that, the better off you’ll be.”

In October 2007, upon her appointment as Harvard’s new president, Drew,In October 2007, upon her appointment as Harvard’s new president, Drew,was given a brown manila envelope that had been entrusted to thewas given a brown manila envelope that had been entrusted to theUniversity Archives in 1951 by James B. Conant, Harvard’s 23 president,University Archives in 1951 by James B. Conant, Harvard’s 23 president,and to be opened in the 21and to be opened in the 21st st century. It was addressed to “My dear Sir”…century. It was addressed to “My dear Sir”…

DREW GILPIN FAUSTDREW GILPIN FAUST““One of the things that I think characterize myOne of the things that I think characterize mygeneration – that characterizes me, anyway, and othersgeneration – that characterizes me, anyway, and othersof my generation – is that I’ve always been surprised byof my generation – is that I’ve always been surprised byhow my life turned out,”… I’ve always done more thanhow my life turned out,”… I’ve always done more thanI ever thought I would. Becoming a professor – I neverI ever thought I would. Becoming a professor – I neverthought I would have imagined that. Writing books – Ithought I would have imagined that. Writing books – Inever would have imagined that. Getting a Ph.D. – I’mnever would have imagined that. Getting a Ph.D. – I’mnot sure I would have even have imagined that. I’venot sure I would have even have imagined that. I’velived my life a step at a time. Things sort of happened.”lived my life a step at a time. Things sort of happened.”

25

WOMEN UNIVERSITY PRESIDENTSWOMEN UNIVERSITY PRESIDENTS

Amazingly, they did not “plan or dream to become Amazingly, they did not “plan or dream to become university presidents”university presidents”

They seized the opportunity, when it occurredThey seized the opportunity, when it occurred They chose this path to make a difference and to show They chose this path to make a difference and to show

that they can do the jobthat they can do the job At the same time, their spouses did not sacrifice their At the same time, their spouses did not sacrifice their

careers, and did not become high-profile volunteers, careers, and did not become high-profile volunteers, who served as informal leaderswho served as informal leaders

What struck me is the similarities among such a diverse group What struck me is the similarities among such a diverse group of women, in terms of their education, career paths, of women, in terms of their education, career paths, leadership styles, and philosophies.leadership styles, and philosophies.

Their Career PathsTheir Career Paths

26

Bachelor's degrees awarded in S&E and Bachelor's degrees awarded in S&E and non-S&E fields, by gender: 1966–2007non-S&E fields, by gender: 1966–2007

Women have earned approximately half of S&E bachelor’s degrees since 2000

• The number of bachelor's degrees earned by women have increased since 1966 reaching 244,000 in S&E and 642,000 in non-S&E in 2007• The number of bachelor's degrees earned by men in S&E fields remained fairly flat for much of the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s before rising through 2007 27

Doctoral degrees awarded to U.S. citizens & Doctoral degrees awarded to U.S. citizens & permanent residents, by gender: 1989–2007 permanent residents, by gender: 1989–2007

SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Statistics, special tabulations of U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System, Completions Survey, 1989–2007.

Women earned increasing numbers of doctoral degreesthroughout the period in both S&E and non-S&E fields

• In 2007, women earned 47% of S&E doctoral degrees up from 33% in 1989, in contrast to the generally flat or downward trend for men• Men earned roughly 10,000 S&E doctoral degrees in both 1989 and 2007

28

• Materials Science and Engineering Gender Equity Workshop, Adelphi, MD, May 18-20, 2008

• Materials Science and Materials Engineering Education Workshop, Arlington, VA, September 18-19, 2008

• Workshop on Excellence Empowered by a Diverse AcademicWorkforce: Chemists, Chemical Engineers and Materials Scientists with Disabilities, Arlington, VA, February 8-10, 2009

To Develop a Diversified Materials Research & Education Workforce

DMR Sponsored WorkshopsDMR Sponsored WorkshopsUltimate Goal

29

MSE Gender Equity Workshop*

May 18-20, 2008University of Maryland Conference Center, Adelphi, MD

http://www.mse.uiuc.edu/gender/index.htm

* Held at the annual meeting of University Materials Council* Sponsors: NSF (DMR & ENG), DOE-BES,UMC, and UIUC MSE department

Goal: Understand key issues of gender equity in MSE departments and develop strategies to foster an inclusive workplace environment

• Topics included current status, understanding biases, balancing work and family life, improving the workplace environment, etc.

• ~100 Participants: from academia, National labs., funding agencies

• A report was just published

30

REFERENCESREFERENCESJUDITH RODINJUDITH RODINhttp://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/rodin_legacy/biography.htmlhttp://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/about-us/leadership/judith-rodin-phdhttp://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/uplans/rodin.html

MARIA KLAWEMARIA KLAWE http://www.hmc.edu/about/administrativeoffices/officeofthepresident1/bio.htmlhttp://www.hmc.edu/about/administrativeoffices/officeofthepresident1/bio.htmlhttp://kara.allthingsd.com/20090309/microsoft-gets-brainy-new-board-member-mariahttp://kara.allthingsd.com/20090309/microsoft-gets-brainy-new-board-member-mariaklawe-and-also-announces-13-cent-dividend/klawe-and-also-announces-13-cent-dividend/http://www.anitaborg.org/about/who-we-are/maria-klawehttp://www.anitaborg.org/about/who-we-are/maria-klawe

SHIRLEY ANN JACKSONSHIRLEY ANN JACKSONhttp://www.rpi.edu/president/profile.htmlhttp://www.rpi.edu/president/profile.htmlhttp://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=11554#descriptionhttp://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=11554#descriptionhttp://www.girls-explore.com/bios/shirley-jackson.phphttp://www.girls-explore.com/bios/shirley-jackson.phphttp://www.strawberrylady.com/blackhistory/jackson/ShirleyAnnJackson.htmhttp://www.strawberrylady.com/blackhistory/jackson/ShirleyAnnJackson.htmDiane O’Connell, Strong Force: The Story of Physicist Shirley Ann Jackson, 2006Diane O’Connell, Strong Force: The Story of Physicist Shirley Ann Jackson, 2006

DREW GILPIN FAUSTDREW GILPIN FAUSThttp://www.president.harvard.edu/biographyhttp://www.president.harvard.edu/biographyhttp://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/12/education/12harvard.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/12/education/12harvard.html

31

EXCLUSION AND MARGINALIZATIONEXCLUSION AND MARGINALIZATION Comparison between tenured vs untenured Comparison between tenured vs untenured

facultyfaculty Difference in salaryDifference in salary Exclusion of women faculty in positions Exclusion of women faculty in positions

of power and administrative of power and administrative responsibility within departments or responsibility within departments or within the broader MIT communitywithin the broader MIT community

Apparent discriminationApparent discrimination Unequal access to space and resourcesUnequal access to space and resources Non-democratic practices and Non-democratic practices and

administrative procedures, known only administrative procedures, known only to a few, lead to unequal access to the to a few, lead to unequal access to the substantial resources of MITsubstantial resources of MIT

Committee collected data and Committee collected data and conducted interviews with women conducted interviews with women faculty and Department Headsfaculty and Department Heads

Same resourcesSame resources Same salariesSame salaries Same other material benefitsSame other material benefits Received good support from their Received good support from their

departments in their scientific departments in their scientific endeavorsendeavors

Felt included in departmental Felt included in departmental activities and intellectual activities and intellectual networkingnetworking

Junior women faculty, who have Junior women faculty, who have children, felt that demands of children, felt that demands of family are a potential obstacle to family are a potential obstacle to success in their careerssuccess in their careers

Committee did not collect dataCommittee did not collect data

32

No apparent difference in treatment among No apparent difference in treatment among untenured faculty!!untenured faculty!!

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERSQUESTIONS AND ANSWERS